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2.2.4.4. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors ..................................... 262.2.4.5. Other factors influencing arterial stiffness .................................. 262.3. Development of arterial pulse wave analysis .......................................... 272.3.1. Modern equipment............................................................................ 362.3.1.1. Oscillometric devices .................................................................. 372.3.1.2. Piezo-electronic device .............................................................. 382.3.1.3. Tonometric device ...................................................................... 392.4. The parameters of pulse wave reflections in applanation tonometry ...... 412.4.1. Pulse wave ....................................................................................... 412.4.2. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) ............................................................... 432.4.3. Augmentation pressure .................................................................... 462.4.4. Augmentation index (AIx) ................................................................. 462.4.5. Pulse pressure (PP) ......................................................................... 472.4.6. Ejection duration ............................................................................... 472.4.7. Subendocardial viability ratio ............................................................ 472.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 492.6. References ............................................................................................. 50CHAPTER 3. REPRODUCIBILITY OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESSMEASUREMENTS FROM NON-INVASIVE PULSE WAVE ANALYSIS ........... 72vi
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 733.1.1. Objectives ......................................................................................... 743.1.2. Hypothesis ........................................................................................ 743.2. Methods .................................................................................................. 743.2.1. Subjects ............................................................................................ 743.2.2. Arterial stiffness measurement ......................................................... 753.2.3. Statistical analysis ............................................................................ 773.3. Results .................................................................................................... 783.4. Discussion .............................................................................................. 823.4.1. Statistical clarification ....................................................................... 823.4.2. Factors influencing reproducibility .................................................... 833.4.3. Reproducibility on healthy vs. clinical conditions .............................. 853.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 863.6. References ............................................................................................. 87CHAPTER 4. ACUTE CHANGES IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS FOLLOWINGEXERCISE IN HEALTHY CAUCASIANS AND SOUTH ASIANS ..................... 904.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 914.1.1. Arterial stiffness ................................................................................ 91vii
Page 1 and 2: CHANGES IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND O
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWithout the support
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 9 and 10: 4.6. References ...................
Page 11 and 12: 6.2. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) ..
Page 13 and 14: 7.4.1. Pulse wave reflections .....
Page 15 and 16: 8.4.2. Management of insulin resist
Page 17 and 18: 10.1.1. Objectives ................
Page 19 and 20: 11.2.4. IT support ................
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 The struc
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1 Commerciall
Page 25 and 26: Table 9.6 Chi-squared independence
Page 27 and 28: SBPSystolic blood pressureSEVRSuben
Page 29 and 30: differed from oxygen consumption un
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Page 34 and 35: To establish the changes in arteria
Page 36 and 37: Arterial stiffness as a marker of c
Page 38 and 39: Chapter Seven investigates the effe
Page 40 and 41: Henry, R. M., Kostense, P. J., Spij
Page 42 and 43: Triposkiadis, F., Kallikazaros, I.,
Page 44 and 45: 2.1. Arterial mechanics2.1.1. Struc
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.3 Diagrammatic representat
Page 48 and 49: Figure 2.5 Schematic representation
Page 50 and 51: Metalloproteinases (MMP), collectiv
Page 52 and 53: 2.2.3. Genetic relationsArterial st
Page 54 and 55: (Schimmler 1965; Avolio et al. 1983
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increasing age (Heffernan et al. 20
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2011). In more recent medicine, San
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appearance, it was also a simple mo
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adding a screw, the device was capa
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development of new hydraulic and el
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Budapest, Hungary). A list of commo
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Figure 2.16 The Complior- A piezo-e
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Khoshdel et al (2006) carried out a
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Figure 2.18 Structure of an arteria
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Figure 2.20 A sequence of pulse wav
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induces the release of nitric oxide
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2.5. ConclusionsVarious molecular,
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left ventricular load in a northern
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of primary coronary events in hyper
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Frank, O. (1926). "Die Theorie der
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Hope, S. A., Meredith, I. T., and C
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Kullo, I. J., and Malik, A. R. (200
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McNulty, M., Mahmud, A., and Feely,
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Nemes, A., Takacs, R., Gavaller, H.
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levels in essential hypertension."
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Sengstock, D. M., Vaitkevicius, P.
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glycation end products." The Journa
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Yan, S. D., Schmidt, A. M., Anderso
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3.1. IntroductionCentral aortic pre
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for arterial stiffness twice conseq
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‘suprasternal notch’ using a ta
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Table 3.1 Paired t-test results for
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Table 3.2 Intra class correlations
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data are centred and scaled using a
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hour-to-hour and week-to-week repro
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3.6. ReferencesAvest, E., Holewijn,
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Siebenhofer, A., Kemp, C., Sutton,
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4.1. Introduction4.1.1. Arterial st
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4.1.3. HypothesesH1- There will be
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continuous breath-by-breath measure
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exercise capacity variables and art
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Table 4.2 Difference in exercise va
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Table 4.4 Difference in exercise va
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Table 4.6 Difference in baseline ar
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Table 4.8 Changes in arterial stiff
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Figure 4.1 VO 2 peak vs. Augmentati
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4.4. DiscussionPulse wave analysis
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pressure and a decrease in SEVR aft
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participants would improve the powe
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4.6. ReferencesACSM. (2000). ACSM's
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M. (2009). "The accuracy of central
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Vaitkevicius, P. V., Fleg, J. L., E
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5.1. Introduction5.1.1. Obesity pre
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5.1.3. HypothesisIn young healthy I
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Site 4 Supra-iliac - A diagonal fol
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independent t test was used to find
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5.3.2. RelationshipsThe relationshi
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The participants who had higher phy
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compared with their body mass index
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Pulse wave velocity had significant
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quality of the results using this l
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de Jongh, R. T., Ijzerman, R. G., S
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Maffeis, C., Talamini, G., and Tato
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Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Russell,
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6.1. Erectile dysfunctionErectile d
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enlargement of the penis and compre
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and listed the prevalence of ED. Th
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the patient had experienced an MI.
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6.1.5.2. Drug induced EDA medical t
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C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marke
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High risk:Unstable or refractory an
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elaxation and the inflow of arteria
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1998). A structured care for chroni
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These step changes include myocardi
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Negotiation of a written individual
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and primary health care teams take
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life improved in all the age groups
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Successful risk factor modification
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and consequent dissatisfaction is m
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(Turner et al. 2002). More research
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Blumentals, W. A., Gomez-Caminero,
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Jackson, G. (2006). "The second Pri
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Marchionni, N., Fattirolli, F., Fum
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Taylor, H. A., Jr. (1999). "Sexual
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7.1. Introduction7.1.1. Pathology o
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7.2.2. SubjectsThe study involved 1
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decreasing the number of undiagnose
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7.3. ResultsIn total, all the male
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PercentageModerate6%Complete18%Seve
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7.3.2. Medication for ED in CR7.3.2
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7.5 Correlations between erectitile
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CR. However, the recommendations fo
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2003; Enko et al. 2008). Peripheral
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7.4.2.1. International index of ere
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average cavernosal artery being 0.5
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according to their level of risks.
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7.6. ReferencesBarrett-Connor, E. (
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Mahmud, A., Hennessy, M., and Feely
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Wave Velocity as Index of Arterial
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8.1. Introduction8.1.1. Development
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The International Diabetes Federati
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8.1.2. Controversies among definiti
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Nutrition Survey, shows that 73.9%
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density lipoproteins (HDL), and vic
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8.2.7. Lifestyle8.2.7.1. DietDietar
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8.2.7.4. EducationEducation levels
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(NHANES III) found that 4% of USA a
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8.4. Management of metabolic syndro
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doses of statin are recommended to
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8.4.5.2. DietA lack of awareness of
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programmes, using recently develope
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Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., and Sha
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Bhatheja, R., and Bhatt, D. L. (200
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de Oliveira, E. P., de Souza, M. L.
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Fan, J. G., Zhu, J., Li, X. J., Che
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Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Dani
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cause and cardiovascular mortality
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the incidence of metabolic syndrome
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Adult Treatment Panel III definitio
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Orchard, T. J., Becker, D. J., Bate
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Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Lehmkuhl, E.,
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Tillin, T., Forouhi, N., Johnston,
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CHAPTER 9. PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSI
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the American Heart Association (Gru
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were used to screen the population.
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9.2.4. Quality controlThe result fr
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Table 9.1 Demographic and lifestyle
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Table 9.2 Chi-squared ‘goodness o
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Figure 9.2 Percentage of individual
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The univariate correlations between
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Table 9.7 Chi-squared significance
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physical activities were comparativ
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carbohydrate meal consumption is re
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countries such as Thailand (12%-18%
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and abdominal obesity with multiple
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Samal, D., Greisenegger, S., Auff,
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10.1. IntroductionMetabolic syndrom
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and sub-endocardial viability ratio
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able to pace themselves with the sp
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10.3.2. Total group changesThe chan
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Table 10.2 Changes in pulse wave an
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However, there were no significant
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Table 10.4 Comparison of arterial s
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10.3.5. RelationshipsIn general, th
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Table 10.7 Correlations between phy
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decrease after 20 weeks aerobic tra
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a Chinese population also had a sim
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10.4.4. LimitationsA larger number
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muscle contraction at comparable wo
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Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
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CHAPTER 11. EFFECTS OF AN IT-SUPPOR
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and diet are the major recommendati
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people’s lives. Use of text messa
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test. Participants were asked not t
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the internet using multi-messaging
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Table 11.1 Changes in arterial stif
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Table 11.2 Changes in health relate
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Table 11.3 Changes in blood glucose
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group-2 improved from 732 ±230.6m
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developed metabolic syndrome and le
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home-based exercise programme in pa
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significant improvement compared wi
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11.6. ReferencesAmerican Thoracic S
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systematic review and meta-analysis
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Maximisation study (BRUM): a random
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Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
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Thomas, R. J. (2007). "Cardiac reha
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CHAPTER 3: REPRODUCIBILITY OF ARTER
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CHAPTER 7: CHANGES IN ERECTILE DYSF
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CHAPTER 11: EFFECTS OF AN IT SUPPOR
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withdrawn and excluded from the the
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the prevalence is increasing global
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APPENDIX I. Bland- Altman plots sho
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Figure A.1.3 Bland - Altman limits
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Figure A.1.5. Bland - Altman limits
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Fig. A.2.2 VO 2 Peak vs. pulse wave
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Fig. A.2.4 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
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Fig. A.2.6 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
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Fig. A.2.8 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic aug
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Fig. A.2.10 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic pu
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Fig. A.2.12 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic sy
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Fig. A.2.14 VO2 Peak vs. aortic Dai
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Fig. A.2.16 VO2 Peak vs. mean press
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Fig. A.2.18 VO2 Peak vs. ejection d
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Fig. A.2.20 VO2 Peak vs. subendocar
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Fig. A.2.22 VO2 Peak vs. heart rate
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EGIR 8.9%Ko et al (2006)China, Hong
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Lee et al (2007)Son le et al (2005)
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Gentles et al (2007) New Zealand 35
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Dekker et al (2005) Netherlands 50-
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Goodpaster et al (2005)USA, Pittsbu
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