2009 Global Hunger Index - International Food Policy Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2009 GHI by severIty and overall vulnerabIlIty to tHe Global downturn High Vulnerability Low Vulnerability Medium Vulnerability ≤ 4.9 (low) Albania Croatia Kyrgyz Republic Moldova 5.0 to 9.9 (moderate) Armenia Honduras Azerbaijan Georgia Guyana Uzbekistan 10.0 to 19.9 (serious) Ghana Lao PDR Lesotho Mauritania Mongolia Nigeria Sudan Tajikistan Vietnam Benin Cameroon Congo, Rep. Guinea Malawi Nicaragua Sri Lanka Bolivia Gambia, The Mali Myanmar Nepal Senegal Uganda Source: Vulnerability data are from IMF (2009). Note: For the 2009 GHI, data on the proportion of undernourished are for 2003–05, data on child mortality are for 2007, and data on child malnutrition are for the latest year in 2002–07 for which data are available. Table includes only countries for which both 2009 GHI and IMF vulnerability data are available. At the microeconomic level, the financial crisis has decreased demand for food and pushed food prices lower. Global food prices are still high, however, compared with levels at the turn of the millennium and remain particularly high in developing countries. The financial crunch and recession have presented additional threats to the livelihoods of the poor and hungry. Wages of unskilled workers have been cut, jobs have been lost altogether, and remittances have diminished. Many small farmers who took advantage of rising agricultural prices to invest 20.0 to 29.9 (alarming) Angola Central African Rep. Djibouti Haiti Liberia Zambia Bangladesh Burkina Faso Cambodia Comoros India Madagascar Mozambique Niger Pakistan Rwanda Tanzania Togo Guinea-Bissau Kenya Yemen, Rep. ≥ 30.0 (extremely alarming) Burundi Congo, Dem. Rep. Chad Eritrea Ethiopia Sierra Leone in agricultural technologies find themselves unable to pay off their debts. Resources for the most vulnerable, such as aid from donors and social protection funds from governments, are squeezed as well. While the poor and the hungry are in general hurt the most by the food and financial crises, the exact impacts at the household level differ widely. The nature and the size of effects depend on household characteristics such as whether the household is a net food producer or consumer, the share of food in its budget, its access to 18 Financial Crisis Adding to the Vulnerabilities of the Hungry | Chapter 03 | 2009 Global Hunger Index
services and assets, and its vulnerability to nonprice factors (Benson et al. 2008). The direct effects of financial turmoil and the fall in export revenue and remittances are likely to be felt most by the urban poor and those employed in low-skilled manufacturing industries. Yet the rural poor are also severely affected indirectly because of the close rural–urban and farm–nonfarm linkages in many developing countries (Heady 2009). Within households, the food and financial crises also affect household members to different degrees. Crises tend to affect women more deeply and for longer because women more often lack the income and assets that could help them cope with the crisis (Quisumbing et al. 2008). Conclusion Policy responses to the food and financial crises must recognize that impacts differ across and within countries. Social protection strategies should be designed to mitigate the current shock for the most vulnerable, lay the foundation for sustainable recovery, and at the same time prevent negative impacts in the future. Nutrition interventions, such as school feeding and programs for improved early childhood nutrition and improved nutrition for pregnant and lactating mothers, should be strengthened and expanded to ensure universal coverage. 1 Countries with high overall vulnerability are projected to experience a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of 2.5 percent or more and a decline in reserves of 0.5 months of imports or more. Medium overall vulnerability corresponds to a 0.5–2.5 percent drop in real GDP and a drop in reserves of less than 0.5 months of imports. Low overall vulnerability corresponds to less than a 0.5 percent drop in real GDP. Countries with high overall vulnerability had reserve coverage of less than three months of imports in 2008 and could lose more than an extra 0.5 months in the shock scenario. Countries with medium overall vulnerability either currently have more than three months of export coverage and are projected to lose more than 0.5 months in the shock, or currently have less than three months of coverage and are projected to lose less than 0.5 months with the shock. Countries with low overall vulnerability currently have more than three months of import coverage and are projected to lose less than 0.5 in the shock scenario. “We are living on the edge.” “We do not understand what is going on in Tana*. The politicians there do not care what happens to the coastal populations.” “Many food items have become so expensive that we only consume tiny amounts of it, even fish. We eat very simple things, rice and more often cassava.” * Antananarivo, the capital Fara Southern Madagascar Hojieva Jumagul Kuhistoni Mastcho district, Republic of Tajikistan “I have a son, who lives in Russia as a migrant. He has helped me during the past 2 years. He regularly sent money, with which we repaired our house, bought a satellite dish and provided for the wedding of my daughter. He has not sent anything for 6 months, saying that he doesn’t have a job there.” “Neighbours say that many people are afraid to go to Russia now. They are afraid that they will not be able to find jobs.” 2009 Global Hunger Index | Chapter 03 | Financial Crisis Adding to the Vulnerabilities of the Hungry 19
Page 1: 2009 - - - Global HunGer Index The
Page 4 and 5: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 6 and 7: Contents summary 5 CHapter 01 The C
Page 8 and 9: 01 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 10 and 11: wHat Is tHe Global HunGer Index? 0
Page 12 and 13: 02 - - Whereas in southeast asia th
Page 14 and 15: da Mexico Country proGress In reduC
Page 16 and 17: Mexico United States of America Bel
Page 18 and 19: 03 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 22 and 23: 04 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 24 and 25: strenGtH oF relatIonsHIp (CorrelatI
Page 26 and 27: sub-saHaran aFrICa The positive end
Page 28 and 29: Ujjwala Shatra West Bengal, India
Page 30 and 31: Odinaeva Khosiyat Ayni district, Ta
Page 32 and 33: 05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 34 and 35: Informally employed mother Korogoch
Page 36 and 37: Implications for programs and polic
Page 38 and 39: Betiya Soren Informally working mot
Page 40 and 41: To date, women have seldom owned la
Page 42 and 43: appendIx Data Sources and Calculati
Page 44 and 45: data underlyInG tHe CalCulatIon oF
Page 46 and 47: 2008 Global Gender Gap Index and su
Page 48 and 49: 2008 Global Gender Gap Index and su
Page 50 and 51: IblIoGrapHy Ahmed, A. U., and C. de
Page 52 and 53: Wiesmann, D. 2004. An international
Page 54: ImprInt Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e.

2009 Global Hunger Index - International Food Policy Research ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?