Exotic Plant Management in California Annual Grasslands

TABLE 22.3List of Biological Control Agents Against Grassland Weeds, Approved for Release in CaliforniaWeed Scientific name Biological control agent Distribution Year of intro Infestation ControlCommon St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Agrilus hyperici Established widely 1950 Moderate UnknownChrysolina hyperici Unknown 1945 Unknown UnknownChrysolina quadrigemina Established widely 1946 Heavy ExcellentChrysolina varians No establishment 1952 Absent UnknownZeuxidiplosis giardi Established limited 1950 Light PoorDiffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Bangasternus fausti Established widely 1994 Moderate GoodLarinus minutus Established widely 1995 Moderate GoodSphenoptera jugoslavica Established widely 1980 Heavy UnknownUrophora affinis Established widely 1976 Light PoorUrophora quadrifasciata Established limited 1990 Slight PoorSpotted knapweed Centaurea maculosa Agapeta zoegana Established limited 1993 Light Poor(C. biebersteinii)Cyphocleonus achates Established limited 1993 Light PoorLarinus minutus Established limited 1995 Light GoodTerellia virens Established limited 1995 Light PoorUrophora affinis Established widely 1976 Light PoorUrophora quadrifasciata Established limited 1990 Light PoorSquarrose knapweed Centaurea virgata Bangasternus fausti Established widely 1996 Moderate Excellentvar. squarrosaCyphocleonus achates No establishment 1995 Absent NoneLarinus minutus Established widely 1997 Heavy ExcellentSphenoptera jugoslavica Established limited 1998 Moderate FairTerellia virens No establishment 1998 Absent NoneUrophora affinis No establishment 1998 Absent NoneUrophora quadrifasciata Established widely 1998 Light PoorPuncturevine Tribulus terrestris Microlarinus lareynii Established widely 1961 Heavy ExcellentMicrolarinus lypriformis Established widely 1961 Heavy ExcellentTansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea Longitarsus jacobaea Established widely 1969 Heavy ExcellentPegohylemyia seneciella Established widely 1966 Light PoorTyria jacobaeae Established widely 1959 Light GoodMediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis Phrydiuchus tau Established limited 1976 Light Unknown