Aero Engineers-7 level.pdf - Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal
Aero Engineers-7 level.pdf - Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal
Aero Engineers-7 level.pdf - Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal
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v_!$=!%=xjfO{ ;'/Iff -Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL, @)$^u}/ ;}lgs xjfO{ p8fg P]g, @)!% -;+zf]wg ;d]t_!^=!&=g]=gf=p=k|f= sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DjGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^g]=gf=p=k|f= cf=k|= ;DjGwL lgodfjnL, @)%&!*= gful/s p•og lgodfjnL, @)%*!(= g]=gf=p=k|f= ljdfg:yn ;]jf z'Ns lgodfjnL, @)^&@)=@!=e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o xjfO{ gLlt, g]kfndf xjfO{ <strong>of</strong>tf<strong>of</strong>tsf] ljsf; / ko{6ggLlt ;DjGwL hfgsf/L@@= ljZjJ<strong>of</strong>kLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cjwf/0ff / k|<strong>of</strong>]u;]jf ;DjGwL1.0 GENERAL1.1 Safety precaution at work place.1.2 Torque, wrenches and its use. Micrometers, Vernier gauges, Dial gauges andtheir uses.1.3 Joining <strong>of</strong> metals:- Gas welding, Arc welding, Brazing and Soldering.1.4 None Destructive testing methods1.5 Causes & types <strong>of</strong> corrosions, Methods used to protect against corrosion.2.0 AERODYNAMICS:-3.1 ICAO Standard Atmosphere. Indicated Airspeed and True Air speed.3.1 Lift & Drag: Lift: Airfoils, Pressure Distribution, Coefficient <strong>of</strong> Drag: Induced& Form Drag. Laminar &Turbulent Flow, Boundary Layer, Angle <strong>of</strong> Attack,Centre <strong>of</strong> Pressure, Lift Drag Ratio.3.1 Stability & Control: Equilibrium and centre <strong>of</strong> gravity. Longitudinal,directional and lateral stability. Functions <strong>of</strong> tail plane, ailerons, elevators,rudder, flaps, slats and spoilers. <strong>Aero</strong>dynamic balancing <strong>of</strong> controls. Tabsbalance,trimming and servo-tabs. Elementary aero-elasticity and flutter, massbalance.3.1 Maneuvers: Forces on the <strong>Aero</strong>-plane during Climb, descend, turn and roll.
3.0 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE :-3.3 Fuselage: Types <strong>of</strong> fuselage construction: Monocoque and Semi Monocoque.Stresses skin construction: Frames, bulkheads, Longerons, Stringers, Cutouts,etc.3.3 Wings and Empennage: Stresses skin wings: Spars, Ribs, Panels, Leading &Trailing Edges. Mass balance and <strong>Aero</strong>dynamic balance <strong>of</strong> Control Surfaces.3.3 Landing Gear: Types: Tail Wheel, Tricycle, Fixed, Retractable. Shock Strut:Principles, Brakes: Brakes mechanism, Heat dissipation, Antiskid System.6.0 AIRCRAFT SYSTEM :-.1 Hydraulics Systems: Principles, Functions, Layout, Fluids Reservoirs, Pumps:Types, Engine driven pumps, Actuators: Linear, Rotary. Accumulator.Hydraulics Valves: Flow controllers, Cut-outs, Relief valves, Reducingvalves, Non return valves, etc..2 Pneumatic System: Principles, Functions, Layouts. Low pressure systems forturbine engine starting, anti icing..3 Air Conditioning system: Heating & Ventilating Systems for un pressurizedaircraft. Air Source: Air bleeds. Flow & Pressure control: Flow control valves,Pressure controllers, Out flow valves, Cooling systems: Heat exchangers, Aircycles Coolers..4 Oxygen system: Oxygen storage, Distribution and flow control Oxygenmasks..5 Ice Protection system: De-icing & Anti icing system. Protection <strong>of</strong> leadingedges, Air intakes, wind screens and Propellers..6 Fire Protection System: Fire risk in aircraft. Principle <strong>of</strong> fire & smokedetection equipment. Fire extinguishing, Extinguishing agents, Typical systemlayout.
.7 Fuel and Fuel System: Fuel Specification: kerosene, wide cut, Additives. Tank& Fuel system Layouts. Types <strong>of</strong> tanks, venting, tank pumps, quantity andflow indication, cocks & pipes, Jettisoning. Refueling & de-fuelling: overwing and under wing system, filtration, fire and explosion precautions.Protection from ice. Vapor locking and microbiological contamination.5.0 GAS TURBINE ENGINES:5.1 Turbine engine theory: Constant pressure cycles: effect <strong>of</strong> altitude,temperature and forward speed on performance. surging and stalling; methodsalleviation.5.2 Turbines: - Impulse & reaction blading. Cooling <strong>of</strong> discs and blades.5.3 Combustion: Principles <strong>of</strong> continuous combustion. Cannular and annularcombustion chambers. Types <strong>of</strong> fuel nozzles.5.4 Lubrication: Oil Supply system: tanks – integral & external, filters, coolers &etc. Engine Oil system, pumps, distribution, pressures regulation, filters andchip dictators, scavenge system.5.5 Engine Fuel supply & controls: Fuel system components: pumps, controlunits, filters, safety devices, distributors, and fuel burners.5.6 Power plant: Engine mounts, firewall, cowlings, heat shrouds, jet pipes. Firewarning and extinguishing systems. Engine starting system; electrical & airpressure systems, Ignition & relighting system. Engine instrumentations:Tachometers, Pressure, Temperature & vibration indicators. Engine pressuresratio indication.6.0 AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENTS.6.1 Aircraft batteries: Lead acid batteries: construction, rating, servicing &charging. Nickel – cadmium bat tries: construction, rating, servicing andcharging. Charging room requirements.6.2 DC power supply: Aircraft generators: Shunt-wound and alternator –Rectifier types. Voltage regulation: types <strong>of</strong> regulation, cut-outs, reversecurrent, relays, circuit protection. Typical DC power system: currentbalancing.6.3 AC power supply: Aircraft alternators: Single phase & three-phase,excitation. Alternator’s drives: constant speed devices.
6.4 Aircraft electrical circuits: Aircraft wiring: Single & double pole circuits.Fuses, circuit breakers, junction boxes, relays. Aircraft bonding & staticdischarge systems.6.5 Power plan electrics: Engine starting system: Types <strong>of</strong> starters motors forturbine engines; starter motor generators. Ignition system: High energyignition. Sparking-plugs & igniters.6.6 Power consuming systems: electrical systems for lightning, heating, radiostation power supply. Over heating & fire protection systems. Electrical deicing& Anti-icing systems.7 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS7.1 Instrument basis: VFR and IFR mandatory instruments. Units for speed,Altitude, Pressures, Temperature & Quantity.7.2 Instrument installation: Mounting: panels, vibration protection. Location <strong>of</strong>Pitot-heads, Static vents, Computers, Black boxes.7.3 Instruments: Construction, Operation <strong>of</strong> altimeters, Airspeed indicators, Rate<strong>of</strong> climb indicator, Mach meters, Pitot static systems, Air data systems.Gyroscopic instruments: Attitude indicators, Directional gyros and turns andbank indicators, Capacitance type quantity indicating system. Temperatureindicators: thermocouples.7.4 Compasses: Principles <strong>of</strong> direct reading and remote reading compasses.Compasses calibration, selection <strong>of</strong> swinging site, deviations and theircompensations, correction cards.8.0 BASIC RADIO AND NAVIGATION THEORY8.1 Wave Propagation. Radio waves: characteristics, propagation at LF, MF, HFand VHF; Polarization. Relation between velocities <strong>of</strong> propagation, frequencyand wave length.8.2 Antennae Fundamentals. Half and quarter wave antennae. Advantage <strong>of</strong>SSB equipment.Antennae tuning and loading. Antennae losses. Aircraft Antennae:aerodynamic and structural considerations.Loop and sense antennae: HF and VHF communication.
8.3 Radio Receivers . Functions, necessary stages to receive amplitude –modulated wave.Receiver characteristics: Sensitivity, Selectivity, Stability, Signal to Noiseratio, fidelity.8.4 Radio Transmitter : Functions, Block Diagram, Stages.8.5 Radar aids to Navigation. Principle <strong>of</strong> Radar detection, Range and Bearingmeasurements.9. <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Aviation</strong> Requirements & ICAO Annexes9.1 Mandatory radio equipments for VFR, IFR and long range navigation:<strong>Nepal</strong>ese <strong>Civil</strong> Airworthiness Requirements for radio stations.9.2 International Standards, particularly: Annex 1:- Chapter 4; Annex 6:- Part 1,Chapter 8 and 11; Part II Chapter 8 and 11; Part III chapter 4 and 8.
Model QuestionsA) Objective Question1. Which tool is used to calibrate a micrometer or check its accuracy ?a) Gauze blockb) Dial Indicatorc) Machinist Scaled) None <strong>of</strong> the AboveB) Short Answer Question1. What is the smallest increment that can be read directly on verniermicrometer caliber?C) Long Answer Question1. Define Lift ad Thrust.
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