What happens when you think?Some technology allows researchers tolook into the body of a living person.As recently as the 1970s, there was no wayfor doctors <strong>and</strong> scientists to see inside ofthe body without putting a patient throughsurgery. Today, researchers <strong>and</strong> others usemagnets <strong>and</strong> computer technology, such asthe MRI scan above, to look at the internalorgans of live patients.ConnectingCONCEPTSAnimals Although onlyvertebrates have a spinalcolumn, most animals haveneurons. Neurons arespecialized cells that sendsignals to different organsystems throughout thebody. Neurons connect thebrain to muscles <strong>and</strong> othertissues, <strong>and</strong> some neuronssend such fast signals thatthey can make a personblink in less than one onehundrethof a second.colored LM; magnification 25,000Chapter 29: <strong>Nervous</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Endocrine</strong> <strong>Systems</strong> 873
29.1How Organ <strong>Systems</strong>CommunicateKEY CONCEPT The nervous system <strong>and</strong> the endocrine system provide the means by which organsystems communicate.MAIN IDEAS• The body’s communication systems help maintainhomeostasis.• The nervous <strong>and</strong> endocrine systems have differentmethods <strong>and</strong> rates of communication.VOCABULARYnervous system, p. 874endocrine system, p. 874stimulus, p. 874central nervous system (CNS), p. 875peripheral nervous system (PNS), p. 875Connect Scientists try to find new ways, such as MRI scans, to study the brainbecause the brain is so important. Your brain lets you think <strong>and</strong> move. It controlsdigestion, heart rate, <strong>and</strong> body temperature. Your brain does these things withhelp from the endocrine system <strong>and</strong> the rest of the nervous system.FIGURE 29.1 The nervous system(yellow) is a physically connectednetwork, while the endocrine system(red) is made up of physicallyseparated organs.MAIN IDEAThe body’s communication systems helpmaintain homeostasis.Homeostasis depends on the ability of different systems in your body tocommunicate with one another. To maintain homeostasis, messages must begenerated, delivered, interpreted, <strong>and</strong> acted upon by your body. The nervoussystem <strong>and</strong> the endocrine system are the communication networks that allowyou to respond to changes in your environment countless times each day.• The nervous system is a physically connected network of cells, tissues, <strong>and</strong>organs that controls thoughts, movements, <strong>and</strong> simpler life processes suchas swallowing. For example, when you walk outside without sunglasses ona sunny day, your nervous system senses the bright light coming into youreyes. It sends a message that tells your pupils to shrink <strong>and</strong> let in less light.• The endocrine system (EHN-duh-krihn) is a collection of physicallydisconnected organs that helps to control growth, development, <strong>and</strong>responses to your environment, such as body temperature. For example,when you are outside on a hot day or you exercise, your body starts to feelwarm. Your endocrine system responds by producing messages that tellyour body to sweat more so that you can cool down.Both of these systems, which are shown in FIGURE 29.1, let you respond toa stimulus in your environment <strong>and</strong> maintain homeostasis. A stimulus(STIHM-yuh-luhs) is defined most broadly as something that causes a response.In living systems, a stimulus is anything that triggers a change in anorganism. Changes can be chemical, cellular, or behavioral.Analyze What stimuli cause you to sweat <strong>and</strong> cause your pupils to shrink?874 Unit 9: Human Biology