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Converting Georeferences• GIS applications often require conversion ofprojections and ellipsoids– These are standard functions in popular GIS packages• Street addresses must be converted to coordinates formapping and analysis– Ui Using geocoding functions• Placenames can be converted to coordinates usinggazetteers
Other ways to GeoreferencePlace Names• The earliest form of georeferencing– And the most commonly used in everyday activitiesiti• Many names of geographic features are universallyrecognized– Others may be understood only by locals• Names work at many different scales– From continents to small villages and neighborhoods• Names may pass out of use in time– Where was Camelot?
Page 2: Uniqueness• A georeference may be
Page 5 and 6: ProcessReal WorldReference Ellipsoi
Page 7 and 8: Reference EllipsoidThe diameter of
Page 9 and 10: Ellipsodal and Datum• The referen
Page 11 and 12: Common Datums• WGS84 - World Geod
Page 13 and 14: Geographic: Latitude and Longitude
Page 15 and 16: Latitude and the Ellipsoid• Latit
Page 17 and 18: Latitude - change in the y directio
Page 19 and 20: Classification of Projections• Fa
Page 21 and 22: Conic Projections• Conceptualized
Page 23 and 24: Multiple Projections Centered on th
Page 25 and 26: Zones are each six degrees of longi
Page 27 and 28: UTM Zones in the U.S.Zone numbers p
Page 29: State Plane Coordinates• Defined
Page 33: Township, Range, SectionTownships a
Page 37 and 38: Postcodes as Georeferences• Defin
Page 39 and 40: ZIP d b d i i t tZIP code boundarie
Page 41: Users of Linear Referencing• Tran

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