discussion

DISCUSSION
"P@t. e alrair oIhP thnst tk! do mt btg tor "'t'^tatut" @'I tnr' dE6
-ii,tr)i ,ii,iii; 'i' -*",;" .r t;@enas 'ha oE otknr'oftd B d'r'
Th. oai idaa of rh. preer nudv is lo d'li" th' t'm t'ro (8cn&r
dyspnric), id.t iry iG div.& tvD.3 dd di$inguish batw4' lhc @l ed fake lt'd
of Paktbn, tt .ins to.min. the i.bom poportid! of Mc'tiro'Jtmtiire gtnd$
$ th. mjor €e of 8ad.r dvstldn ed s t toot fot suh'cqudt q|lonztion of
difennt lyDe of Scnder dvsphorica lt cxDinca lhe dilfcme bctw'cn lh' r'f
coep,r lnd impa.t ol th. g.nd q on t* st'ruttP ftDi'ie @td @'nie iat6 s
Evdlcd by Flf{o*pt qlc, nd .1o ih' dlsimilditv lnd idplot of Eliglous
b.li.& d ih. .t Esd .nd .o,ta'led b'hltir ol Mllaro_Fcmtl' 8'ndcr
dtsphorics, tt flrlher inrestig.tcs thc eiTds ol fanilv €liaious terchin8t o'
fomularing the s.ll{o6p1 .nd Etigiou! belitls ofth€s !'ndcr d}5phori6
Gcmmtly p@Ple in Psldrd !d rcilhcr @ll v'6td i'' not silling to
ft@gria !e @nflicdng situalion of gcnds dvslhodcs Tltv 'idicul' $cm Dd
Ndly f. ro c.Gllv d.firc ilEir *d8p fr,ffi6 Th@8I lh'v @ shon of
adequrte infomadon tbout the cd$ aid vdhne of gcndo dvsDnoicq vct e
@lly v!ry much fdilid silh tttta bct@ rh" s rh@ "dnd !d tknowl'dgc
$er d tan of$cir sictv Ev.n $. nost e

Thc d6iF to dB in rnc cbihing oflh' ot'si!' *x b a ph4@enon thd
h6 .xisd in .vcry osc obd cultue 'd *'! &n'd as 'Td*'slis" Ac@ding lo
M.m@tu (2ool) n.nv tr.nw.nit6 bdidd twing dc f*linlt of b'loieing ro lhc
opposile ex .le dcaic to cN'd6s dd belicvc $al th'v ha!' b@n giv'n lhc
wMg body, .st ciaUv lhe rrcng crLd'l $r chaFckrisica ud lh'v rh'EfoG Mnr
10 b. oFdGd upon s dBt lhcir bodv l@b s ruch s lhtt of tn' oDDosil€ *x Dr'
A.njonin (1964) coinod uE woii Gctulcr DtsPI$i!' ' lcm which htrs bcen u*d
noE ed m@ i. |!gl y6.
& ton.vcslism and lansxulaism sir' ri$ 6 Fanv pobltms: wialr
hcdical, .lhiel and t.s.!, v.r nor much *Fditu ts b'!n gtin'd m dE b'sic
chlr{cLrinics of th.c ph€.oh.m s to $tai sues rn'o' how rh'v pdgre$ $d
how to tE.l lh@ Mo61ofth. vtitin$ on dE aubjccl @'sisr of Nuoptiod and $e
dekions tnd pnysici.s m.t. h..s of tra'qulais Some oftte imPorbtt
!$mptioN tlve b..n b.s.d on shatv ihoEtic'l donine kt'lv' Di Bcnjmit
(196a), Rolh !d B.ll (1964). cd sid Stouc' (1966) hlvc poinild o ln' red of
sysr.malic creninltions of tMsv6lilcs Dd tnn$quls' p'ople vho Pobablv hlve
nocn gFGr Psrchologi@l .d so.i.l Prcblds $6 do dDs wirh uionic inlcs
Ihc prsnt rceNh h D endq'!o! lo inv's:tig t rhe basi' ground! ol tfiis
diMfott b6i& oua nolivtdng f.ctds which phv d inpcaliE olc i'
cnh@ing $is condition. Foi 0ris p!ipo6. 6n!ln Nunptions w'e fomulatcd This
chapt r povid.s ddliLd deiplid of$* tvpolh*3 a gi@ b'l'os-
Th. p.dprio $.1
gendd dysphona, ilE &m
dE io lhc I&k of knowlcdlp ed infomtrid about
Jtte qould havc bccn us.d 6 o' unbElla lcm for
t62

diltml6!.gorics $d divdili6 of gdda di$!*s i! sifi'd bv drc p| st sludv
s shown in Tdble 12 (n @,,.r,tJ)
Thc Fsutl is in lin' Yhh tn€ $udv o'Bonfilio
(1980), who Ev6le{t difaM6 t'twdn ttu' ldsxualn fdisnkic rilNruls
.nd r6nsvcnn s. Thav wE 006l onen found in thc @n@ptual aEas ol thek s
b.harior, Ltistis, cbssnrtsin& *ir living 6 lmd lnd thc 'xp'ricn6 whil'
rh.y N Stowing up MMv p@pl. 9d to now bltsd thc wious d'sod's quit'
fFqu.nlly. This should nor b. vla€d 6 .n dpt'sion of a P'uo' s "cotrlsio' ! blr
urdc6tood t Et rnc limir.non of ot gdi6 toblblv dG iol Bllv mlch $e elitv
fof surh p@ple. This Fqrch also speoill's five mrjor €le8oti's of a'nd'r dvsphori'
@rding !o tncir sE q "CoDbincd C.ndd ldolitv ttd Tinsqulig lnv'nlorv'
S@lc, Th. 51udy 3l6nBt s.tlcd thal gcneEllv u$n tem
dismfods Eltt d lo e.ndd
.nd sial GF*'isdont
'{i/a
conbi'6 whly of
wintcr td Udod$lq (2002) dcfin' setdcr dvsphotisi 6 ! div'e souF ol
D@pte who sho*€d sonc kind of vtiario n'n cul$61 nomt in $cir gpndd
cip6sions The nod h.lptul datiiitio ofgadd dt5pnodca fNnd va thll lhcv @
! sroup ot Fople *ho displav bch.vio! dilIeMt fM 0E1 "nomallv' qpetcd foo
! pqFn of thcir bint s ftis d.Iinli@ rcithr 'xpbitu this drcB b'htvid and
fie.auss thal senctlt. i! nor dcs it cxpEs tha dircuitt oflhe group n Erru lo n
als dcs nor .dequr.ly dlow unldu.dhg G sub{rflps $ct a c'Nicsc6 6
hn$cxuok who !e srcupinss
still show ! high dcgE ofdivmilv w hin tun eoupin$'
thal m moe rcldily idc'dncd in thc @mm!'ilv btt
ll shdrd bc notd ltlt th. cucnt studv dd ite infmltion suppon $e
ircrcdibl. 6ull3 Eltted 10 thc mnjccturc rhat thcE will bG a sF l p'sibilirv oflh'
pllvddeof f.kcI'-d inPltisttn(ltP,,,E e,ssno$inTiblcll' hhrou(t
that in son€ qe! M,tit Hrrd of Prktbn wclt ! d'sk 6wr th'n dcviant
'r 'ot
l6l

sul rcds. Th* f.lc ttd @ slinic in lh'i' @gnnid dtrt th'v !E mr
@lly {omen: howeler ftev *4 LmaL oloding' tak' lcmininc namcs ond u*
fdale pon@n!. Th.v pEf.r th.n mbiglN snnls b b'ing hc' Moib'(2001)
sbr.d th do6l of $d t lons lo poor fanili* lhcv joih lttla @nnunitv for dtir
liv.lihood s'h.rc thev liv! cosnEs, deq sing sd b'g or heodc ex md€6 a
Mo{ of then @s{Es fot 6 fen dd.ioin 'itro conmu'ty 10 polc'l
th6slv.s liom si!! Ejectlo Thb fake c@irs Esnbt6 lhc p*udo
f!$v6ril. of Dr' Bdjdin lt slold bc nolcd $tr In Palisbn mwldtv5 !
.mdob nudbct of homNxuds dd bisub prcrend io b'
su.l gntificarion rn ca:y vav tstan d.nou@s 3rch ftk' rl t@
"i,-B
for ddjvinS
Amongn rh. @hho 9F of ttc ttli4 in Ptkisli "116'004'is ' ndicd
tid. lt -d i@.lly do nor n&ry but if dEv dq that b not ! Egisltcd nMitgc
dd k lcpl scrcl so 6 to prold a husb d frcn ridicuL dd eib'Gs"t'
Lft.wie ",V@d , (c$Fdrcd o.or) i! utuIv rnc fa'Ld na1l' who fd @nvcni4c"
pFf.6 to lirc lilc a f.male, nsj.d 6 a Mtat, (h6bond who is a no@'l ml' and
Anotho rtp. is tne Fu,b. frztu f /ttm) who is Mn lh' Ml MtlcrGF nar'
glrds dysphoric, b@@ h., due .o un.mplovmt ed pov'n joins lhe
'
"ro
.onmunity, By belng c6t'atcd jun drlv adllt h' avoid th' dawlolrn'nr of
'M
nalc sdondary s cisetdisie (.epl fd rh. bdldis dd l@dng of hn rcie)
Sinifulr,. Guloko (SinS.r ntjn) h slidic in nis E@gnnion tn'r he is nol rcollv o
*omrn. How.v.r, ho {6n f.malc clothing, tslc fniri'e 'mcs tnd ue f'md'
164

pD.oons. Hc .mbdas his dbiglNs riitus 6 pFfdblc to b'inr ! mln The
p6cti* is vcry wid6pFld in ltdi! !.d Ptkisitt'
'',add is t FM vtlo @s his li*ftood thmugl Posritutid dd wonr
in hous of.nlielv ,ltro pbslitut s in r'd'light districq oth'6 mlv worL fot !
pimp, Amc.na M.lik (2ool) Epon d th in tod'v's Indi' dd Ptl'th ttt'4 @
nilt srisn.tia s pf$inn s' d$osh dEE b onlv
' eilin ptn of th'm lhat @llv
$ll th.n bodi.s coing in b noF d€t ils Aje ul Hsq (2005) @mdoni@lc lhar o@
hs ro kmw dDr pdritllio is in m mv s' s idal tmdE:t lt'-ld In h@s ol
t6did@l livi.g ttd prcsdrution is stridlv fodiddcn lnd Ittla ctL6 disitn@
$.mstws lrcn rhN who indulg. iEnelv6 in sch 'cli{ri6' h it onlv ' friid
is* in rudl ar6 dd is equllv lrne fo. mal. dd f'Dale prcsiiluL'
/drrrlu-ae.r is a homosilal aoing tro'sxuol tnd hono$xul !rc t*o
onpkrct difimnt thinss, Tdnsxuttis i! about rh' im6 slndd iddlitv whilc
homo$xu.lily is .boul lh. diHrion of sul ddws Th'E aE somc homsx@ls
vho by crcs dBsinc join $e tta @muit,
srxili€lidt fte lalc ttd rcMblc Bldchad dd R'v (1982)_'NoF
iuN*xualg"; in which cas. ! dminmt peMalitv h thc t mdn con b'
"mdtc;
knpr.d doM this pdh.
SExul oricntiti@ of fak tid vdica ed is nol in lin' vilh thc Fligious'
cultur.l .nd sial noms Homoglllitv is considcEd to be a gst sin in lsld'
Alh[ hd @ndhn.

Bukhori) cuerl lhc clTcdinatcs who orc m!ld, lnd t€ m.lc_petndcs who !d
womcn, ud h.soid: tiP€ltlEm
TIE lrlc sddd dv+hon6 hisnlv {tispto$ fie a'tiviii6 ollhc fate tt6
teming rh.m u.tni{t, disg@fll 6d lnsulting Thav toLllv ablbr tnd Ej'd the
falc trrd rd @.s ht rhd tlE "bLck slEP" rho n'v' disbn'd $cn hisnrv
ellin d in.8. of b.ing h. ed toval $ a ki t, whi'h hd End'cd distimlish
sdh6 siic. dly Itlmic d. Fd rh. tu! gd&r dvsphorica ' f'k' ttu k ' no-
Aft4 dissinS lh. mtr* of sre dd falc g'nder dvsphoics' 'ow it is
irdisp€nebt. lo dpl.in tn pFdicdon thtl highci pt!!oti' 6f in'hom f'minine
gcn&r, lods bsatdt hisn r dcsG or s.n&r
dvsphdia dd vi* vcd ftlp"ttn_
l,). Ccrcrdlly p.oplc d.fift gcnd.r in rc&En* to th'i' ex ganittk but sc l'n6
th.y qnnot do e. A cld dmPlc is rn ce of i't'dx or l*mlDhtditeg lh'v d
bon wilh mixed, unclelr, and mbieuous or ev no $x md tE not idenlin'd hv
pcopl. in Lms of !p(l€r' Now o quGrid tlgb dEr il s is lh' btsic cdrqd!
Esponsiblc for d.!.mining oms sendcr lh'n whv thc in|cex tc nol $sisncd rh'
scx{isht lns binh? Th€ msw€r is vcrv obYious Ttough th'v aE bom *irh u
lppodt .nbis@us e{, y.1 dEv !'arc ! wrv srrcng sodf dccp in lhc psvchc thll
Inc&of lhc i eB.r nbqult asv lo obsrc dd sa&r &d thcn ail'
pbp€r ex witt @nconl ro th. 8d{t r lh.v wE bom wnh Bd ehdt atorl lhc Mal€_
to-F€rale gc.d.r dysthorics wno haw bott Scx .'d G'!d'r blt tn'v bo$ 6 el into
opposit diE !ds? Clte 6 Bien q b inlasa thnugh ' dGtirc opcElid bul
g..d.r 6not b. signe{t, The oV slmileitv b'tNeo inle^ex dd MdeteFetulc
t6

eflb d}?h@s b tnd lh. inLs is boh tilh gcndd td @dlcrivc o'cElioB
qill ssign lh.d ex in a@rdane to $.n e'nder' Mtil' ! Mtl'_l@F dal' s'ndcr
drsphonc k boi wilh ol@ dcfitublc $x sd {noni'finall' Sddq)
$etrfoE rhev
Fquesl fot sex chsg. op.ations to be phvliollv in eodde with 1hcn 8'ndcr'
TIE impa.t of lbn;oEs dunog lhci. fcr'l dctclopDdl ous tlE b6in ro
d.rclop in ! wy vhich is in@nsist.nt wlh ft€n gcnintit, goods md usuall' with
dEn .hMos6- This Mv sirc ne ro dorhd. 6lhs difl'Fn( e}dpl' of XY
f.mal6, ihrl is, indivlluah vho3. vhibk phvsisl s lpped to b' $at ola n!n' bul
vn@ g.nd.. id.nlitiodon k f@.1€. or' @welv, gr

"H. @d..1 .try t@a bei'g vith Fi@ (nat@) th't tuiB hik or tEr"
Sirce F,ta (8.ndcr) is an in{uilt s,3kn ddiSrcd b $n €v"v cdrior dd
h.E ihe cxi5L@ of ils di6ni6 dd poponiotr ofF"E ('4!0tet)
'rhc rcaulE of lhe stud, nre consisr'nt wi1h rhe lindings or Sp'ne tnd
I lcrmdicn. (197s) who oflcEd a @nclprd *n'me fq {hrmin! dtuE Nduc nT rs
o$ thc numan dev.loph.ntal pl6s bv wing lhe fande $h'no 6 a be For '
m.l. dbrto ro dcv.lop s.thing nusr b' adrlcd Thor $mcthing muli b€ o Y
chooosohe inhdil.d liom th. ftlnq, wnich telb th' cmbryo lo difrGcntiotc dd
d*lop o.lc lpniidia Ehbrvc wirhd thc ficior 6'tinuc lo d?velop
undif.rc iated as fentlc. Sq the wv rhc fetus dcv'!op6 tnd foncrioc in L@ of
s ed gddcr. itcpendr o. ic innarc e6ilivirv 10 Pdniculs
fiomoei 6 ell 6 rh'
d!.itabllity of thc rclcvonl homonB (CMbc4' i985) TlEs will influctce lhc
devcloonnr of. bdin, whict vilt idc'ni9 6 otl" o' fdlL (M!c Lxskv sd
Nriolh 1981, !s cited in GRIES) tnd s p\sbt sx d'vclopmdl wnich is
coBistc.t with sd ty?iot of @t gdLr-
ln ord.. to gd ddct picruc lhe id'nincd gendd dvsphodcs arc tuahd
clstcrld .@rding ro rh.i. ott iNd pFponio of F r'tlFM@'le Sddcr a
shoM i. Tablc I I The ido hd b.cn bostd on lhe d@dptio! of Moiev (19?2)
vho coind !E t m gad.r id€ntitv ed &fincd i' 6 rh' s'n63' mitv ud
paEi3l.o@ of oCs individoalitv s n.l', fcndc, or anbivll'n( in sE6t'i or lcss
d€si.., .{€itlly 6 n is .xpcricnc.

sinibdy Dsid cruld@ll 0996) egg'3'd 1h!1 ! p6ons' g'ndcr idc'titv is
usuollt bul nol atwor3 in linc wifi he/hh biologictl s'x' In lh' eoe ltv Anf,e
vitalc (2003) d.fi..d rhlt scnd.t ids itv is e intio ct inctvdd vin $' slt
thal n is ltnost imposible lo ngu6 inEll@t!'lly, "d ry'n doE 'motid'llv *nar
gdd* dtQhdc h.s E llci (2002) sht'd rhat hc hld nev'r *n or h'!rd ol t*o
rnns*xub in tn. se f.milv, n'ithd hs it b'd F orcd i' lh' $rcnl hundEd
c@r in tilrltuE. Thn s[onglt $ppon! dE ltudv thal if g'ndcr dvsptorh is th'
dull of..vnonn nt e 1h.E nus b' nm rhe on' child $ft'dns from tn' se
diehforl in $c en. fadily,
Th. studv @nlid! fic hvpothctical Mod'l of id'nritv tnd rfie Fldictions
bd*d on d6t hypoth€ti@l Modll. Thc lcgrch speifi" 6!t a nisld poponion ol
feminiie 8en

e lrd*idcd slFut $x ttsi8lmqt t!4!ry' As (onNt' (2OOt) dpts ihlt if
suoh p.ople pl.cc a high impodane on sooia! p€s ation dd iE
wll rh.y will sc.c.d al p!$ingi' dE q!61ion of oblai'ing s Fs$snhdr
surgery, E lttgely id.6ibt. p@ss, pMls quit' t dil'Fn! Likowist lhc @'
dildn! is @nfMLd in dt sturtv wt n it on6 !o rhe p'n of Eligion in the
pEwntior ofsx rcasienncnl sorc€ry'
Th. srudy d.enhe th. poFnios of inbom "Msulinilv-F mininitv of
g.hder dysphorics tbat tunhd clsifi.s th.m in dilIcrent calcgori's of g'nder
dtspnorit A ,l t who sce hisi' ot S.x@l ldc.tilv Sdl' md l@ on Saill
Iddig S.ol€ and P.Mn.l ldcn$ty Scllc is a '"Tmsv6rilc" n!vi'8 "Mod'd"
d.g@ oi Fenininig' .nd 'HiSn deSta of Meuli.itv" dd volld bt a tzl€ *itn
Essds to his social sd sxull ldentiti.3
Sinihrly s din sho $E hi€Jr o squl ldcttitv sslc &d lo{ on S&itl
Identitt Scals and P.en;l td.ntity Scal. is ! "F.mininc M!1.". hovinE "Modedl€
Fcdininity and Meolinily" qald be siallv a malc dd sxuatlv htving ! fcdal'
tn rh. Mc sv 'Tm8.ndc/ h.ving "Hid Fdirinitv od Modmr'
M.eulinig' will scorc modcdld to high on PeMnal, Socitl and S.xu'l idcntilv sole
b. sirlly . fcnd. but *hal ldentitv @ld .ithd b. of fddc ot lt of mlc
''Probabl. TEns$xual" i! an indivtlul havi.8 "Hid F.hiniii9 lnd L'!w
Meuliniqf would b. hlving bolh fo.l. $i.l ad sul ldcnftid of
'cmalcs'
Tnns*xual" i3 m i.dividlal h.ving "V.ry High F.mininiiv dd Vcrv ttw
Meulinity- aE individlak h.ving boln @irl dd exual ld.ntili's of fcnalct
t?0

Thh study h in lin. *iih 0E FeNh of Doctct (1988) eio in his nod'l
cMead €pndd i& iq to exud ondtrio! ln mfoldins ih' primtrv tdtiex@l
.s b.ins sttmctcd otv lo memb€6 of fi' sn' binh sx (M!k-rGF od'
tr nsxuils wold h. attnltcd lo ncn) dd amlltion to ncob'ts of rhc oppositc
birrh s (seh s Msle-GFdal. trsuilt wlb e srFaded to *md) would bv
d.finnion dM a Pso! in the qtegory of s@ndarv lrnsqu0l *hbh bv
ioplidtion, ddddr rh.t th.ir moriv.lion is @ of ctsilsing Ddt'r dasnbe
gcRl.r idcnrilt lo hc synony'noN wilh *xutrl otiontdion For hor' cla'ilv il h
impo.ldt 16 lndcRhd rhb wrv sihpl. Dhdm'n@ $d avcrv individdl 'cts in
&6rd0ncc wilh lhc sender they aE tom with Malca tE atttact'd lowads Lntl6
a.d vi@ !@. So rh. lddcrcv of ec.tu dvsphdiB iowards nllct dcPicls ih'n
ns&Et b.h.vior h.@e $.v !E hd wifi fdtlc g'ndcr dd f'mar's d aleavs
.tticicd lowrds ntlcs lf ti.ir $xu.l Ltdeei6 e moE !ow'r& flm'16 this
mdns thal lhcy aF nol b.taving nmrtlv and thcn w' lhinl of thcm a Lstis
bee!* having bc6 ton wnh ! tentl. scndd lh.v tE not suPD@d ro be sxuillv
@./ire twlds fd.l6 Thcir Fning
for Ml* h 0E naodl t'lrvio( wl cn
lh.y dpt$ on lhe bes of thcn li-bon C.nd.i bu1 !ft judg'd bv ihc sicll in
!@rd!@ 10 lh.ir EEniiib.
h is vary importint 10 disus rhd th. eqlal nu6bd of Participfrs
qt gory vs not lvaltbl. ln P.tisr p.oplcderoPot.tv&d u
for 4h
vcry hu.h fahlliar with @unslitS 'n. PaniciPanis intefliNcd w@ thos who
.i.r eddny nd tdninittEliq of"COChTr sF idatift'd a ga!t" dvsphcics'
so it is dificult to .omPtc and inidPrct ih. ftsulc of ceh tlAc of gpnder dFphont
individElM lh@fc lhc ptlgt !ts@h di$lgs lnd s ! si'Cla lor' Il is
l?l

inDotnnt ro ncntid rh|l th. nudv funn'! slg8ds dna! high *o€ @ Fson
idcnllty l€o& iowa.& lan$dualish Tl$ c6{E!s who $od high on rfic si!'
ihnrity sL tnd ld on p6ond id.nlity slc is dtiLt'd 6 t' ' Msv'sitq lbt
h ndvinE nod@le inbom feoi.iniq and hiStd nasulinitv' rnnsvcttism @u6
anons individusk who ;bin hign $c on thd sl6, s'h.6 trdsulis
@!6 Mdg itdiYiduls vtio ohbin hi8! sE on tn' peMMl idcntilv sle Fom
$* $t!.s, we mutd dp€d filt noE 'dftnc" fdini" g'nd'r muld l"d ro
hagha delres of 8p.dd d)sPhdi& Th. dhrionship betw*' $e md croup sF
on ide ily scal6 is illus1t Ld in Fis!E_5.
Among thc p.nicip6n! a$.sd, n is obs.d lntt eilh lhc Inc@ in dE
poDonion of f.sititu g.nd.r th. delte of Sctdcr dvsphoii' ale incrcs we
hrvc llE.dy .at gori&d fiv. typ6 of gondlt dvsphons on lht boss of lh'ir
fcni.im lcndd tfll Nhc dtlr 84d4 dt{phdi6 witt l()@ pEP'niot of
f.fiinirc gcndd givc l€s importdne lo pcBonal tnd sc'al idc itv dd moe
impoi!tu. lo sud idolitv. sinildlv qirh rh. !dE6 &gte of g'ndd dFphsit
th.n dNE fo. FeMt, si.l Dd $xut identiti's incrs Bot lhs callLs mov
bc innuenccd by a d.sr olrcligious r.acninls prcvid'd to th'm 'long with $e
cunudr and sitl mm9 Th. Mtbl. c@l.tid t t*H lh' idcnlily el6
suppons lhc hypothcsis that lhc sl* ccrtti.lv cvahale iid.pddent beh'vior'
Dlrins tnc @ue oa srdy th. pddiclion th.l lhe inbqf, high fdinirc g'nd'r
vill lod lousrds moE f.minin. rcndoci6 dd will si8rifi'ddv atT@ld 'drid
onsl of cros-drc$i.8 is @nfidcd bv $e (rdv (Hrpothev!'5) Most ot nt'
Esrond.ntr srlri clGsn6ing b.foE th. .sc ofsix 6 shown in T'bL -37'
t12

Gddd dtsphoric Nih inbom fdlninc gcndar is MoDllv inolined lowards
r.minirc b€haYior, Slch a cniB findt doE hlp0i6 sd cmfdt in ldoptin8
fdininc habiE likc plavins wilh dolh lnd fenininc fiiends lnd he shuns mole
chd.tc.i.tics. A1 rhk oge svhpr@ ol utl.e *ilh lh' siErcd' sEndcr ihnlitv aE
ono only sppenl to lhe inliridutb @n@o'i and nlv not b' und'Flood *n bv
rhd, Thcy d mosllv fa$idLd ro tlt tn@ b'l6si'gr ich d 6pdiallv
@itt {t dd sun.n for fcrold in olr crtuF Thit inolud's '{"M 'pplica$on
Od{t-p.inri.s) 64,8ts5, Bqing fer'l' shds s'ta (hom'{td'
"' li6)'
vsi.A.h'pdt, (wtr, tutl-pol!;h, brighl 'ol@, ri'sq and k"n inl€€sl in hou*hold
chc in tuding @tjng dd .l6in&
Mos! intcr6tingb lhc ardv snds $'l *n th' dl 8pn

or hs Epdl.{t fdt!5i6 alout b.ins th. othi sx (d) lhQ chitd bldlt wets !o
p..ricitt . in remi.in dclivitica
& sdrio.d, no6t 4db6 bcliM thal thc anmat nlke nl atpc!@e !t
a very .irly ag.. Th. paiticiplnb tn.melvcs u@llv slv thtt rhcv hnw had tlE
felinr: of bel@8ing !o rlt. olhd s Qv.r siM lhcv @ld Fmhbd fi is ntrd !o
de&min. fie ag. ofonsel flfi x'h6l th. Pqrti€ips 5 ev, slnct dd ptsdmts of6'
oth.r sx .nd rh€ oiild tudy ptlreF to pl.r wilh childFn of lht odet 3 6 shw'
All au|ho6 on gcnd.r idcntitv dcvclopn.nt agc tht a sn$ ol genda
identity lemed "@F ecndct id.ntily" cd b. found in cvery child b'foE 3 v€6 ol
.ge. coe slndcr i'jqfir" w b. dcsibqt c rhc child's Mornnion that hc h t bov
or shu B a gnt, Blrnchad (1988) in his sttrdv eporLd that 75% ofth' SEndct
{rysph@is N$iEs.d h.fc (h.n fdnh binhdrv ed @lv 3% aiq lhcir sbdtt
birrhdry, dd lntt glv" oa dcn !t lh. smc t8. beCln doll plaring'
Taytd dd Mcrichl.n {1962) sid tut in no$ of dEar cet thc onsr bcga
befoc lhe ag. of 12 yes. To b.gin with, di. subj.cb show ! slrc'g tcnddcv lo
ldopr th. .flitud6 ..d ch@kdslic ol thc oppsiL s dd ro h'lEw in |nc odnd
@nsid.ftd appopriate. fot lh. oth.r scx Thc coss'drcsing usudlv slfts laLr
Gdd Covdi (2000) lMnd thc te. of fiYc lo.isl ,cs(Rodrd
Bdl' |964')
only dft cNes of laid d.bul, dlri.g adolcaence or lalcr conc to limelight
W. tovc found thc smption thd M.lc'tcF.@te godcr dvsphorics liling
in unfsvodblc fmily anviDnm@t will b. noc poG to lr'Nxudis rhu rhoe
rivins iD favo6blc rdhily .ivironncn! €srlbtishcd bv |hc atudt UrPothede6)'
t74

Rdl13 cxhibn G.bl6 4'47) h@h did@@ b'rqen the fanilv dmogtphics or
Md€-ro'Fcnd€ gcnd.r dvsphqiB dd tod'l Mld Mqioftv nfrh' MaL_io-Fd'lc
sc.d€r dysphoncs b.ld8r to low sio"@Mic s't$ ed u"/u'r€d foili'r
In frct pov.rlv t nol lhc major due for godf dvsDnori' in Pokbtt' bur il
dc pLy t*o impont bl.s fiE:l|y, onrcins 4'tt'i dtsphori! bv pmlidi'g thd
ooE optorlunili.s lo erpEs th.n fenitrine gdd'r ond @ndlv bv 'stablhhins
.lrenic .@silid s a tlen fd C!.!da dvsplsd to 'xpF$ thcn ldinirc
getulcr in order ro n..t th@ nccd.. c.tt in fajlins! on
'h'
p'rt of Pmnls lik' lh'ir
lrct of cducation, unsplovndt dd rhc lsc difiG@ h't*6 thm' (faihcr ed
th. holh.O econd hdiascs ofpaEnl3.nd moE so th'k f ilum b undqBtdd lh'
in@nsiscnt sbl€ of th.ir ohild, dd }!l omPllinr him to b'hrvc mdly' !'d in $
doing, lryiig 10 fix hb pmbl.m This anituiL .ggdvltct lhc child's g'nd" dvslhotu'
Thd G c.n i sid, culrul &d EligioE fictoE Esponsiblc ld u
individual's exprcsed atut contolled bchavior' Thcse felo6 as th' lidi$ which
ury fio cl6 !o cls hn Usllv vithin $'bicn @h sp@t 'f itdividutl b'nsid i5
judgcd. tt shoutd b. nol.d lhol socictv onlv ob&n6 th' ciprcsed b'hlvior tnd
nosly f.ils in ob*Ring lhc @ntoll.d hd.vioi
Rdulr9 indicarc th.t 8.nder dvsphorics btlonging to lor8e dd P@r fmilks
usrally scr noE oppodunilig fd dpltsion lhn thoe b'ldging lo a high siG
.woni. .las (IrpoIE lnT) The llen being th't in tnc fomer 6sc $eF is les
pa@nl @o|r.l. lndividtrlt sn ftio. is nor 8i6lo
drry child. wh'@ in dE ltlcr
q$, piEnls .G .duclt d. .mploltd .nd thev havc fcw'r childftn; ih'refoE lhev arc
abl. !o colrcl th€ir cnitd's b.lbvtoi The @ndilids pEvd ln* childEn hnving
gend.r dishfon l6m opcnlv .xprcssing their femini'e lcodcncies vcrv n€l'
175

childon ruy .xp€ride thi! i@ne@tuc b'twen e!'ldd idcnlitv tnd thc thibl'
$xul app.ar6@. Bu| onlt in o ninoritv of lht* childrcn' sill rhis inco'srucnc'
Fuist into lduldood dd ndilsl s lllnqElbm dplain'n bt Di ceglie (2000)
Thc 6utls amn thtt major8 of ih' FsDdd'nts (9%) dEm dd s
$6elvcs in lheir exut fanlasi6 6 femtlc! and their pd!ln'* as n'les TabllJ
Tnay fcl dhmcd ov.r lll.n intbilitv lo @nfo! lhtir &livilits which rh' eci'tv
@nsid.rs 6 su.llv p.fl.6.' 4ei lhdgh $@ (@ss'dBins dd cN'8'ioq
r.nl.ti.s) prcvide nuoh'ncded &npodry Fli€t Th's nndinc aE in !in' wi|h
..dyst of Jonmn. S-L ed Hm! D (1999) whict lxphins that closlv Miot'd
*ith shmc, is guilt oq bcing dbhdd bv hidins th'ir sd n"ds ud d'sic fon
family. fii.nds and si.tv. For MPt', P'oPl' conmolv manv ud hrvc 'hildEn
{ithou leuins tb. spouF of thci gdd'L Tvpioallv I is k'c set be6ue $'v nave
th. ninlr@ @victa@ thd tunlg' ltd F tding siu in il*lf ae thcn 8'ndr
dyrphotia Atl of thb ltl.n l.ads $ d€it fd of hcing dirot@d Thev tl$ h!€ o
jusiif.d f4 ofbeing ctlle{t siclq uno ng' atul $lfish and llso ofheins ostncizcd bv
rh. p@tl. th.Y lov. thc n6!
The httoth4G thar Cpndd dvsphorics *ill htv' lcs idotifiction vi$ thcir
falhcr $an nomal n.l!s is inEnelv slpponed bv th' stldv fgv?o't6'sd) a
rhM in TobL4S lt should h. nolcd lhd bom with a hiSh poponion of fditine
Scndd dd id.nrifving lhdslG s coneii'd lcm'b: rh'v !el( ldtqutr'
idcntilication wnh fdhe6 and *anl to ldopt $e fcFll' rclc' Oplosit'lv' 'omar
mal€s bom wnh maeulibe gfldcr dPcs rh'ir ssulinitv bv imitaiing bl's or their
f!th.6 d'd srrc4lv dsir ro h. iddlif'cd with d*n'
t?6

'nr rc$lts ol dt srudv rE in lim with tn' sldv of Kdhv (2001)who
bclicv€d, lhol d kcv el€mcnt in sexual vdriltion ws ! fislcd wish for morhnhild
ui9, which Eslllcd in b'htlior d6isn'd io fo6l.ll luch ! oowrful tlf*r e si.&
thnd.ni.g to d.srrot 6e individul' hG h6n oscd tinitlrlv AttlDugn dnost rll
Ed! snii.s h.v..htu'ngcd the pidre for homdcxu'ls Ki& Sh'ilo M-D (2005)
$id, tosuchchaUoe! hG b'd ntd' fdLdBv'sisod F sultis
PElss, S.hnid! Spring'r and WiUe (1998) !u!g'qr rhrl M'lcto'F nilc
l'rlglhiln night 6lt ftom ! ftitw of ! Fmn 6 *P!d hin lom $e molh'r
if,.dly boyhood rnncad of lcttifving wlth lh' fdth'r' th' bov id'nlifi6 wilh lh'
nothd: $n srudv hignlv suPpotts d* findings oflh' Fcql dudv'
A considcEbl. dount of |seh 'vid46 sugg'sf $ar tn' fither 6 o'
t rcnt wh@ rol. bennvios w'E do$ lil@l, lo gcne{t' sor app@Dtilt' h'havioa ln
lhc childEn in a fdilv unir (Idg Md 199) Sinilslv ttndci (199) d4l8'd
thar thc ohoac&ristios thlt hev' b€'n dpon'd io fcr'r the 6tablishma't of nmrl
scndr i{rhritt in childEn includ' dE ft$oJs nuitudE od dani@ Lit'druE
on the .lf@c of par€d.l d.pdvadd in

Mcl&hle, (2001) fudhet explaiN th.l childEn or bolh s.es may iniri.lly enSoec in
f.minirc .nd nd4d b6svior pq[ms, blt bv $e tg' of fqit dd fivc ,ats' bors
$on ro show lradnionol 6ale 016
F.rd (t9S9) found swBl dmndtlitiB mdg th' clild r@ing
.xrcri4ces of $!.ssx!als Tn.t Pacnts htve dis'Ppev'd ih'ir childds' s'xutl
id.nlnie wh.! lhc childE, *w b.t*6n th' '!ps of si{ 10 t'n v@ Th*
finsexuts *.rc oft.n ndicul.d. Fdhc6 {@ idotifi'd 3 tlE Fiturv
{ti$iplinods in $€ homcs of ih* tris@ls, *Peiallv whcn ilte child hld
@mnift.d "fodidd.n" acl3 lik dBsing in cloln6 tpprcFa& lor thc opposG r'
Nin.1y-two F@nr Emeob.r b.ing cl@r to lhcir dott"s lh'n rd th" farh'n
The st€Ftyp.d n.$rirc
suggcsls tut thci fatfieN plovql
id.ntity, M.)tFB.hlburs (2002):
vi.{ thsr lh. Pdicipdts hid of thtn ftdE6
. criri.ll ole in rh. dcv.lopmcnt ol their Scndcr
$88!is lt|{ MdelcF@.l. Itdsulain dicft
csult fon a fdilue ol a P.Mn lo se!6rlc himslf lom the nolhq in rdll bovhood'
Anotncr to$lation
Fc.iv. l6s Fcnt l tru$ dd 8uida!.Q
oftne sbdt tl[t Mtr'_rcFcnsle 8lnder dwhdics will
$.n nomal md6 h's be' mai'n'i"d bv lhc
dll! c shown in T&L 49. (flrltlhawg) Ma!ilitv ol tl\' Fnicipuls hiv'
un du€ted plEnts and drc liling in l[gp fdili's Nilh a big lirp
in agps ofth'n
p.6ts 05 lo 20 ttc). M{ditv (str4) of MalG-r'}F @lc sqid'r dvsphorics e
childro ofthc sond wiv6. tn $cn Poor fmili's pldn Budlv flil o und'Rbrd
fic @noicB ih.t their cnildM h.v. *iliin thd*lv's Th€ noth'6 do undc6tlnd
fieir p@bl.n !.d dcy lty lo prl.ct lh.d fild si'l hunilitrim hur di' f'df,6
cxpcd ftem io behave lilc nomat boys Tnis c@1cs misldsl b'tween fte fathq dd
t78

$. child, and@in8 lh.n lo 0c tlFir hon6 &d join ttro @nmiti6 slEG lhrv
rE noF lhrn wLon d, Mcpt d dd un&6tood-
The tinding e siriLr io Bl!f,htd ud st'iF (190 eno Fntiblv
.nlidrl.ns l$di in th. f!@ of lh.F vi€ws lnd the g.n'dl f*lings ol guih lnd sooitl
diepcrcv.l, nod ltue8qd.t p@PL t..9 dv.xpBid of lhcir felines privai''
with.t lhe nos! a fw clo€ fri.nds Md fmilv n'nb'6 hlving dv idca or $en
Pcople who e cds -i6sins infEquentlv as th@ who {hh lo kep ft'n
adivniG gs( TIE d*lop.n ltnGphcE of dc-t $.@v baed on shtn' dd
dsk of idioul. .nd tlEir $cF1 d*id to t f€oal. ls pDtdtcd al ltl clt !r such'
Th* culr6 e s.sn r p.nll.l to lh.t Eporr.d bv Rd5$u, .,d h'qu6 (2005)
tnal thc rGt of bclng found out ldds !o thc psvcholoeic.l ed phtliologiol p@sd
Th. ibny heF is lhtt g.nder dFphoic lFptons sPPcar to gel w@ in
di@t Foponio. ro lncir etfafoE d ca|'b[dmoi in tnc mil' m'!d Th' fttds
d i.divdual gcts fon bclicting nc cln.v€r liv! 6 a feml., the noE &ul€ tnd
uF.ning hk dysphdit be.G h lhc hoF oftidding $delG of6'n dvsphdi'
tncy tend !o spend hovily in typic.l m.l. eiiviti.t Bcing la€clv h'tebqul' thev
ndry nd hst child,a, nou ldtdc.d cdo€ddl d.g6 ud @ iirclv'd tt hilll
l*!s of corpoEr. dd @dcDic culluF Tn4.E the invieibtc or pmt'clcd gods
fte n.jor study of B.ll, W€iib.ry, and Hmne6mith (1982) Epoaed d'al
otu of rrE mojor unertlin blek row.n sr{@fl.@ fd M, h@xuak 6
rhcir rcluobncc !o share thck poblcme *hh lheh p6renrs. our findinss suggpsl fi't
t19

distdrbcd .molioml Ftarions wnh 6e pdtt dav bc onc €nsibutorv c"@ in lh'
devclopn.nl or rnnsulis. Th* nndinss t€nd to suppon lhc p@nl allhoB
asuiprid dEt th. Pcnltt .niiltioi, f.wbl' q u'fl@blc dG tfi@t lh' $lf'
@.eptofchild tf fte child fbn the pqFn€ sss an unfavonble 'slitulion' his
*lfonc.?t wilt h. diston.d ud hc .dopB tesBivc bebavior' which lanls b
i .@l @nniot (Talmini 1982 ).
Thc d.ta @fim lhc pEdicdon $'r MtL'roF nal' spndlt dv*tqi$ *ill
fa@ doF pdtat Ejectio. dan nom.l m'los s indlc't'd i' Tablc5o (Evpothtsit
,Or. In Plkish, 6p@iallv In N w.F.P. di.l' culunl dd EliSlos md"G v€rv
risid. PaEhts, du. to sial pfr$@s cxpd maL bch'vior fm th'k child bon *ilh
a M.lclo-Fdllc g. h.. Tl* ptMl3 Ffe to !..o@6dd' lhe cnild ud his
ralur.! which caus6 then shame i. tlt sci'tv This anitudc obviouslv crcd's a
anict wilii. his *lf. m*if,s hiD r.ballid ud ltlbton thus o$uclng his
femjnin. tendcncy, Th. Ejcdion fon htu te s ud lbe rcvubion of thc sictv
urs!3 nim lo run md nnd. pt@ of$ltc., @nad6hiD and $lidliglhus h' joi6
TIE tslt.c in lin. silh 6.r of FauiGst"ling (195) who sludi'd thal
thoe tcemge* @mitg fon ho66 *hce tfi@ wds a@Pld@, mulltl @nfiddcc
ard @mpdribility b€rwn Fa.Ls dd childE *cE b'1td adjust'd' moE
ind.F tenl a t thcy thousht nm poslritct tbout di'msttd On thc Orfif h'nd'
1€D8!6 @ins fM hon s whcE ll4 s6 diogrement bctwq pents and
childrcn {6 Ls adjusrcd. Tte @lts @ scwlllr simil& ro tntl cpotLd bv
Fryls (1989) who eys 06t pdns of mnsuls dieppFv'd oftiek childEn's
lE0

eMl i&ntni6 sh.n th. childM v@ b'ts'n the
'gcs
rEnssexurk NeF oiLn ridioulcd
of six io t'n rtd !'d se
Lik4i* Ali, (2003) $S8!i.d th't of Mv f&ro6 6d inn@e $' slf-
.onc.pq $os thal hrvc lhe gF.t sl edscts aE ths ltlitudes of oth'ti 'spditllv ol
p.Bls shich 6 6ilv innw@ ih. elfsnc'/ ol lhe grcwins child lfthcchild
is lo!.d by his Pents he si.ns to ihint qcll ofhins'lf and if hc is rcidEn' hc foms
r trcsAirc inase or hineif.
Sut ort of th. rcs4h hs be€n dt nded io the pmi* fict rhe elf

sin, In Pltisdtr esplcidlv in NWFP manv D'oplc beli'v' b'lns lt'ro is M'
maEhing i1wirh hderualitv, vnich is iind! ! sin dd di$hcdis* o' God s
hw, This nolio. has d.vcloPcd duc lo isio€n@ ol lsld dd its vievs on cpnd'r
G.nd.r d,sphdi6 on thc othd hdd @trid'r 6enelv's very spccial becaue
dunng.!!ly M6tim p€riod lhc Mukhdn'then G'nda dvsphd's) *w lhoF who
@ld 8o bctond rh. blcs.d bounddi€s ofrhe two gcndlr Ealms' Th'v could walk in
brlwen, cnrctins $c domain of 3crcd wonanho'd likr a clo$ Elatirc d t feltow
wmu @uld do Th.t harc . pe@ption $!t thcv orc sup"iof 10 g€nctio f'mal'
psrituLs wno sll rh.ir bodie ond chlng! pon"s 'wrv niSht {te6lh'v ttulv
loE wh.t ln€y do dd pcfcr living witn rh' mc ial. wiihoul none|!ry
.o.rld.6rlo.s sod. of m.n (.tinb.l arlo6) Flrc th'k acndr
*nh lh{ ofood
(belicv.d rcl hlve no Sddd) lts cl.iiinS suptrh&v ofeothq kind Some D'oDl'
in Palfth. havc t nong h.llcf in dle clBing powr oft'6 ln pcotonial l'dia
@viction in th. ,' 6 powcB to bl6s or cue *s vid'sPE d sd n gcneotcd
The p|!st r.grct to sa 'rlcnt @nfins lhe !Ndi6 like llo* of Hury
Beijmin (1964) aid Abdnt (1982) lhd disr'rtd SFrt similarq ii tlrc slf-
@@pq of tu.qu's. Th.n Rdlt3 show

$cmselv€s.s msculinc, t€minin or lndosnous Thev pl'v ' sigtifiq olc in
how ro ptt'6 sqd.r Elcdr infonntrid into ih' qdld a!@r rh'n$16'
Bur rfiis study de dmnicts ena .sp'c$ of the abov' slldica a is evidenl
frcm lhc tun pdn ofour htTothcsis lhd th' *!ldepl ofgdd6 dtqhdics it lw
duc 10 thc fact thd in our .uhurc tftc slf @n@pt of Malcro-Femlle 3end6
dysphori6 i3 sF.tty .fftt d bv fi. stung s@itl lnd Eluious pEsN! that 9v'
rh@ ! ltigt ene of inf€nonq lts lNding t$cir *lf @n@pt ad in th' long ruI.
th. {tieusrion that tn e g.nd.r d}sphqica haE l.'r tnd conrlsion orrid6 rh"
pGiriw st,F lbo rhd*lv6 rhus @nnminS our ht?olh'sis
Th. 6ulls plsnt d in the ctrlid analves ar' onsislcnl wnn $*
hypo$s lnnt M.lclcFdak e.n&r dvsPnds *ill bc si8nifi6dv ElcLd wid'
tnc sr@$F fcninino dd msulinc trsils G daduc'd fom th' $oE obloin'd o'
UACL $da (Hypodcsl2 sd 13) Scict/ bcli.c that hlmet lan ftm $i'l
ibtc@lions lo bch.vc in w.ys lppmprittc !o $ei. *x, According lo lhb th@rv' nd
!rc lg!rcsivc, domind! tid objdriw d a. datoov' lhc, El@ 'Pown
@npcimcy, efiici4cy, fld &hi.wmcil! Wom.n ,E t6ivc,
ed subj.ctiE. (Bmslcin, l99E)
inluitive' slbnisivc'
G6tu dy3phdid ntkinc rctb.l .d non-vcrbal Gsi'g mv $oa hiSn on
f.di.in. lFns .nd low on th. s@ulinity-Lmiiinitv of thc rEffquals Tn*
dlts .l$ indiqt tl'd rh. m.l. t nsutrs e no€ fchininc thu tle otdi ry
lcmats, but lhe @ftsponding is nol tru. fot tn f.malc td'sxualt
Gd{pins lh. uAcL slc it rh. p@nt sludv, inlo t*o sNps sp@itin8
meulinc and femininc tl il$ yet tSoini Fi6led lhb assunption that Molc_lo_Femlle
gdd.r dFphorics wil! pc@iw of dicm$16 ro bc noF "mi'in' tnd will soa
183

high on subscald nasurins fcminine hiB {sucoulc'cc' Nun!6nct Abtsn'nl dd
Alfiliarion) s cdpoFd to nom.l nalcs a@pt i'Llligtn@ Th' 6ults ofrhc srudv
aro in lino with ihe previous studios A Molt-lo'Fcnd' lansqul mllv ha '
f.md. slf !d o fddc.'t)dl' hls ! Mlc dq
Thc s difccnc. Ms sisnif'canl ior dl rne hdicsi $' hn$rud men rcrc
sigri66 ly nN ota f.ninin lhu th' ltdsxulr qom'n Sihihlv Kdlin
(2002) ob3.ned lhlt rhc dal. lras"xude w@ norc f'mi'ine fttn thc rvcdac
f.oal6 in th. sv lhcv gFstuc, lh. wv rh'v mov" lh' wtv lh'v 3Fr od in wntt
thcy eyi ihcy sn to bc sltivinS for 0E lcry uliindc in fenininitv' ed lh0t is why
th.y so oncn s.€n so !fl4r!d M.dclin', (2000) clkidll' th't indiliduds * !
gqd.r drsphori! h!v. b*d fiuElred in th'n dd tdol€snt vau in lhcii
'hildhood
d.si6 for $e opposit $x'ol. sotivitv'
Simildy lnc $pposnion rhlt tlF 'xptsios of fdinitriry in Mdcto_Fflr'
gdd.. dysphori6 apon fM cosdtsing will difiq fon culluE to cult!rc h$
rl$ bcn .$abtilhcd bv tlE d.la (,rrd'ait-r') ftc itur uet of bchavi'g t
t malc b .xpFsll lhoush Nsdrcsin8 and danoiig Hindlism *hcrc d!'cing and
singing is M i.tcgd pan of Gligiot! hs o sisnilidnt itflude ov'r Muslin ti6
in @unti6 liL. Indi!, Bonshdeh and Malovsi! Nandt, (1990)
O.nd.r t ! nullif@ttd dd . 6Bp!'x phenmcnon via'd ditt@nuv it
dificdt sicri6. In 1v.rd si.tv, r' diti@l vis of Scndd ofo@ I rd'lc or
6 @lc !ole, o.$ing ma.v lo tDEss uniquen's as@iotcd virh $c oDposite Scndci
Son. siclics ho*qd, .llow individuls to disvq !81 dp6 opposite lpldd
idolity Dd bqhavioB. For ed@nc in Wcal'n sooictv' dprontory aenocr In
onolfid sicty on b. b.n frci{|. Orc @ lcd moE lbout g'nder in ficir cictv bv
tE4

cidining pl.6 in which itsgcflld ecpt@e b highd'
eMhple, htve a sp.ci.l ol. fd MaL{eF4'rc ltulgc@r
[sted di,I@nrty, lhd lfue.ndd tralcd in thl wcrt
Th. Ge@hd ltc€ hishlishrs s imporia nndibg oonlv i8'loFn bv w'c'n
ehola6, |n!| MBIiE &jE of P*isr @ mt liklwi$ innuocal bv Hlndlisn'
alhd thcy sio& d.n@ sd crcsn€ss noF s of 6ei' ddiE to cxoc$ 6'ir
f.minim scnd.r D.nci.s in our oltrF is a tr'ir 'ftibuLd lo f'malts onlv o ftct
isnoEd by Weslcn Esdhft b€ds' {ith lh'n dscing is a kif,d of !n p'rfmtd
by ei6.r s dd hG no dription !o lhc lincs of fcmininitv-
ln this stldv fte pstlicipdnts {ilhcd no1 onlv to r'tdin wh'l'v'r 'mar''
qutili* of E$@lull6 ed d.Fndbilnv $" had' bol d$ b acquiE doE ol
$c$quslitica funhsrmbrc' whilc lhcv volucd mtnv 'female' cudiries likc caE and
hamony, $cy al$ 6piEd !o t@ M' of th* qulitiB \ydlen Esdh inlo elr-
conccfl indiqtcs lba! whil€ ftdsgcnder pcMN lvPi'altv displ'v fanv
cnr...lcinics st mtt?iollv 'lsiot d Pith thc'r chog ecndct (Fl'miry ?r !l '
l98li Skrap.c dd MeKcEic,l98ti Kuip€r and coh'n-K'tt'nis l988icolotlal'
197) lrd rhcy Eitrn oth.r lr.its a3*iar'd *nn $'ir biolo8iol g€ndo (Sldp'c dd
M.cKcnzi., l98li Flding.tal, 1984i col'clal' 199?)
Sinils findinsF Mins fr@ . Edr (ud, will 204 Thai M!l'_rGFdr'
tn sS.nder, publbh.d in Ir.lnttutlotd Jourtu! oJ TrNS'ndstrd Wintq and
Ud@$tg (2002) c@incd Frdcipors' ldul dd iddl e'f.@@pls $ wn a
alpiEtions fd.hmge in llms of thcii g'nd'Ftaft sleFotvpcs (beli'fs $out r'ils
6@i!$tl wih m6 dd wood). Th. dnloF @lu&d thlt d'spi& thtir ranion
rour& a fenalc gddd olc, ponlcip&rs owdll aloid'd a slavbh Pusuit of
185

st Eoryped lfcnal.nessr.Insteld,lik ndnv oflh.ir @ul'rpst5 (n!lc t'd foml')
in rh. wid.r (nm-t6B8endr) comuig, dEv @srwlcd id"L $d DlFudl
g6srh g@ts for elf$al w@ govemed by oth.r coftiddtions
The Rcsdrcn paper docr nol $stiin lh hvpothdis rhar rcligi@s b€licfs or
M.l6l6F.fulc sedd dFgli@6 will b. sisnif@tlv l's ds rhm nmd md6'
{H}Tolh*s -l 5) ptror Es!@h hs nol dctemincd thc esct rclationship of cligion
with .omal od sp.dd dysphoric popul ion. Reltt sfis no dific@ in rhcir
Eligious b.li.fs d thM i. T.blaS6 Pd9lc in lhcir oM und'6lindi'g ca
inteQFt lslam difeEnrly. Muslin t@soxutls i. Ptkisbn fming majoilv amonesl
th. rdn$ul cdolniry snc sioils ch.@laistie vilh E lends in oIh'r
p6tu or dE wond. Th.sc findlngs @ i. line with Jafcry. (1999 ) Ho*evd' du' io
thcit Eligious b.li.ft which e no l6s thM tll. nom.l md6 dd vhich 'fel rfien
.nitudc bwrds p@d6 rh lh.y di&r 6 lg.jn 1 th.ir eli8ioB @NictioG,
they have *ccprcd $c fact lhal thcy .rc rot allow.d to h.v. th. ex chDg' op'6tion
$iich is r n@d pidie wnh gmd6 dyspltoiG in olnd p.!rs of thc stld'
Oddcr dysphonG will @itc lcs Flisious tachinss thDugh lh€n fahilits
L.n inf.Fnce n.inl.in d by th. s$dy (Hvtothc.iel6). R6uhs indiot lhtl op'n
fm h.ving ! r@8 b.licf in cod md $c D.v of ludgn. lncc is ! signif'dtn
dilrcE @ b.ts*n dE qlenis ofrhcn eligious le&hings thst lh.v have rceiwd
f@m $en f.nili6 tun rlDt of noml nal6 d shom in TablesT
Shr,F e0O4) dccLEi ltat thc ti8nifi@@ od imt6.t of Eligid lpon
humon bet.ss 6uld nol b. iSnord. This sp.cl hB .. impacl boih individuuv
(D.tudl ti*. ed dislik6), md coltdtivcly (nffis. v.trcs, radiliom ad trtliburd)
FEilich, Rlt bek dd Suvisni.s&y (!991) tioicd lhd M!lc'[o'F@.lc g.nder
186

dysphori.s woE pcdons $llcring fM idcnliry onfusion This c6nfosion on lhe onc
hud inn@ 6.ir idcntirv v.lu.n Dl6 dd rcm ud @ lh' od'r' cff*t tncn
Elisious bcliers and pncli4s Likewhc Scotl Kcrlin, 'nd Dtn' Bevq' (2002)
Nsseslcd rhd in lNlpins .twn'r:s6 und @nsBcndct ncsdire tfic smctim6_
bueh ed lhrough lilci on€ ncc& to be awae orlhc influene of rlision
l\nicipmlt tiving in lorcrsio4coamic m'sc sill rcccive norc Eligious
r.lching with si€Iifitutl, .PFErt EliSio$ b.li.fs thd th@ belonging to a high
smiG ccononic cls3, Though addesing rclagroB iss is rcl . cd@ fq €Fdd
dys?hdi6, yd thc Fsd
of Eligion 10 intode in lhcir liv6 is wotlh coNidcration'
Kinn Akm (2006) oisd.d lhar nsv c@JdsE lnd T6ss€nd't {'o b€licrc
Eligi@ lo hlve inplct€d mey.!pect5 ofdeir livin$ dcvctotncfl oflnclt idolitv'
rclationlhip wnh th.n fthily of origin, lheir @ming olt pd6, tlEir @id
bchdior, d.ir o*n sparitu'ity .td dEit $lf.@*pt dd idcnlit, God" identig.
$lfdccpt dd Fligiou b.licG @ th. n.jn fad6 lnol .mbl. & indilidul lo
und61&d his $i.l b.ing dd of his E&ing ptn of lhc s@undings
hllm will b. positiv€ly relatcd in co.tiolling the dBi6 ofepndq dvslhorict
fu ex chogE is. pndi.rion hisily @lhbqaLd bv lhe dtti a EElcd itr Ttbl6
5&64 (Ht?o$esb.l ?) Jr,er, ahnouCl hivins d 3teng vemlng
foi sx change' thcv
still do nor opt lor it duc lo hiCI Elisidiry. lslm sdcllv pDhibirt q chd8.
sure€ry, Tnce qho u.delw.nl lhis sulpry nad b fec lotdl sis! rejdtion. G,, r{_
'zi4
(W6ning b.rhi.s ud wmDgiis up ltc d.!d bodv i. a phin clo$ bcf6
bti^l) 8d NM@"eJi@ of rh. csi6t d Muslim ttl? is d4tincd lnd $ is fiis
buial in MBlim 8nv€y.d!
w€rc peenred by T.h, Yitr Koon in (1993)
b€si&3 orh.r crtt.d dnDl5 .Ra d.db 3iDil& fndi4t
t87

InLdtinglv n is fou l thst s' of lhc 'lddlv M6tid Il'E (cwn 6(nr"'
{tE ding rhc sinilai flte nHlioned abov' haw dcnou@d costnftsine and th'v
had . d6iE to {ti. !.d budcd s Mustins Yd ar th' sc rinc tlEv stlll fel lik'
won.n.d dcy volld & happv ifihev undcfrent th' ex chtngc op'drion blt aE
uwilling b do $ bc5@ ol lhc t"rlicnt llEv htv nct lnq tn'v dic
'me
beli.v. ol havina locl erls lhat shall b' wandqin8 in perp'$al aaonv b'!'u$ lhev
&!!.1 filv. inrdf.tld vith d!. disin.l ctalid of Albh thls ntvins @nnitted a
Ho*va, . d€F et'dv of Isluic F$€i* 'bour
$' P@li@ cdsde us
tl ll0lr dN l ighlv, crc0lcd c0ch olN in on' gcnd'r' in on' shap'' qhile hc ol
slr lik6 doth.r gdxLr, but s t Muslim trd b'licwr he o shc ha to 'cc?l lhc
deslinyofAllrh ln lhe tighl of lhe abovc'n'nl'oned bsic f@t* t would @cludo bv
syin8 rh.t it is nor alto{.d in rsld !o cheg' th' gcnLr "d doina $ will bc
chdging of Alllh's cFation The onlv cxceptio lo this ruting is Ehred to ' p'en
qto h6 bolh scntlcE poicnd.l in b.dv $ . m'nical t@l|ndl on be eueht to liiry
onc gendei In lhis qse it wlll b. ! curc md nol chanse in rh' €stion ofAlhn o''
'
Ou cmlid '/tuqdr,/' 0ud$s) hov€ previouslv discrss'd this issu' and thc
sm. rulins hs b€n grtn. lf, sMding n@ lis,rl on the pohibnion of s chagc
G.v. $e ncdic.l n c6siti.t n€nlion'd tbot)' t ponindl s'udi lslahi' r'ctuFr
dd .lthor ri!16: 'lt is not pdni$ibL fd t pGMn io harc Scndet oP'nti@; nom
Malclo-Fcmalc or vi@ vcN.
@ of r4dd dysPhdi! Eponcd thn o'n&r id'nlilv;
S4@l tMi.. in 0E
self{once/ ..d Eligio!3
beliefs wcr tlftc main facto6, which 'nibl'd !n
IE8

individu.l und.6lsdins his elf dd lo ht ! si'l bei's mlkins pfi or thc
sunou.dings- Acordins to shlhida (2004) Ftigio' *t3 d' 6flhc l"5t 'rplor'd d
@neprutlly dc*lopcd lacto6 and adddins of rcligious issucs w not a cofttm
thar is uniq!. lo gend.r dFPhori6' Ahsn Bun (2002) tudn" dlighres dd dpllits
hMv.ri dE tosr of Fligion s n ift'dL with nsv o$ar spol' of u
ihdividual's lif. is worrh consid'dtio'
For ndv ccnBtlu tnd t!t58cnds' Eligid htrt u ifrFct @ oc
developn.nt of lhcir id.htitv' lhcir Glotionship with 1h" Idilv of qigin' $'ir
c6ine dt p@.q lh.n snl bcndid' th'n M 3pirinqlitv ed lheir slf@D@pr
and idtrlity in .v.tvd.v lifc The Eslls e in lihe wilh fiar of All'n' (1989) Kirk'
sn.ila ( | 9s4) who studied rh.l dE p'l]6 ordek sodr sitli'tid h4 bc'n
didtcd to lbe suppEsion ofrhcir @l slf-nolivct rcoliationr tn'it atoll n@ds
hlvc bcn hid{hn lM sill tifc dd l||tl b wnv non ofih' lrtnsuk scE
looking lor *x_F ssisnncnl surserv as
hd6i@ $cn lN. elt
' d'okive hcbr' wnich @' help lh'o
Nlih.l (2OOt) ob*dcd thar for most aging palienta lhc rqu'st ior sex
dsignmenr 3urgcry offcn de,Ld s t'nNs !n'o ro b' du'd ioi ! lif' of
iebtion dd diefi.djo, Simila.l, MichEl RGs' Willid W'lt'B 0986) found
thlt omclim6 rhc &3iE fo *x dsignftnt ie ! crv fd ncb' d dp6id or
psy.hologi€l pain sldhin! fmm a long hisiory of onxious attlchnenls' lcndliz'd
!nii.ty, sid phobia' i' iMvdvstuicli@' dc?tsid' l@li*s $d &sDri'
An€r $is dehilcd cs@t sa 'F dst6in'd to dcdu@ 6nd @mpr'h'nd lh'
crux of dE natLr lnd on olf€r a $orcn'nt for lh' plrPoe: Th' $i.tv h6 &fitr'd
nodl, .thiel ed Eligiout drndords for a sill living Anvonc not oonloming io
r89

1h* nms fs oy lt!$s g4line d od*Bi$ is d @lss! nDuSh h' omot bc
&minoted p.man ntlt Tho sender dfphorics ncct lh' eme f'L b'i'g not in
@nlbmi9. Howr th. 8.ndq dvs0l'6ic is b'n eith ! gad'r nor or his osn
ohoie od hc sdopts hi! m!nN6 a l b'hvio' a€qdins ro lh' tbporios of
fcnininny h. hs acquiFd. The sictv. nol und'Bttnding this phcnooenor our
liShrty €jdl! him fo. bch.viig ag.ins ils ltid our slu6 Ncwnh'16 all s@h
gcnd.r dysphori.s havc lhch own dilcmnd Their di*omlot trc nol of thcn oM
nliing but . Esult or thc eial pGsurcs uDon $cm duc t6 the ecial ud scxutl
idcntity th lh.y mdiacst in odd ro !e.n!in rhcir pcmml iddlitv Gouch 'h'n
cxpEs.d snd @ntbll€d bch.vio6,
Th. p.'wal iddlilv of g.idd dF hdi6 is vilhin th€ir oM Ah@ a'd lnc
soci.ty hd no h.dihg upon il Thougn thev mv htv' Mt exudl sttisfaction
ddjrcd liDo thcir $ol sts ttd t hlviors' t€!
lhcit disofons in Elation 10 thc
sme aE .nb€dd.d in |nG q sqiltlt th.l @ in@ngrucnt b s th'n inton slndct
clsr61ion is . fudle attcmpl to stlisE $cir dEDa ulgc but $ fet thll inev simplv
@not h!rc t @ipLt resitio wlD@pon rh'v 3r!d hclpning cnil(hn ir '
pomdenr dlscomfor! lhbh tlrcv h.vc L liv. fopcr'
Ii bd.f w haw nudi.d lnlt lh. ec.dd dismfortt e a dlt or !
ph.mn.n. *h*i. thc sial PFseB e inp@d opd him lo 6ti't his
dpr6.d b.hlvior in Ehrion to his sid dd $xual id?ntitv Sinilslv his pc$onal
iddiig is rcs6ined by hb g.nit k hding hdn inpos'd upon hin bt mtu6 a
sglinn hn inbom $s $.reby limitinS his @nplelc tr4nsni6n to womdhood which
k!lslt yond his @ntol Ttc@h ollne @frbi'Gd linilltions@ bc rd'd
as " I n p os e.l G e t.t. r M d n ile st 6tton ".
190

Thk sludy tim ro bnng .r@nd sd ltde6l.Iding 'f ih'ir dis@fons 50
ds to.E te fl.xibitnv in it3 ngid $.n&ds' in od€r ro emnodtL 'nd .@pt tnc
gcnd.r dFplorics 6 ! 'an
of ou s@i.iv. Ii *ill b' onlv pssibl' whcn s'etv
cririqlly F ultye tIEk cddirid 6 rh. s€ s|lndttds d shich $'v wE
rcj4ted. Prdpur rwldncss ond i.tormation lbout gc'dcr dvsphorios will holP in
op.f,ing ihc chdrcls fd otd lo ltalcr lh. si.tv bd!u$ dEv do nol hlvc ev
otnd pl$el to liv€ on. w. hsvc ro 4loowl.dse lh'k dhtenc' Tnc ren g"d'r
dysphona' alhr tl$ 'ransulkm' i! chost. sit@ th' loler is nisl4dine bv wtv
ol givinB d& fcling ri th. nano h.G i3 'exu'litv', shi'h i' i not Sm'
individuals p@fer to d.sctib. Em*lv.s s tn!t8'ndd' $ a @mpFbe'srvc
cxphnatjo of mny gFd.r/ex vdidbN *6 ! b@d mg' Altholg|| thc i'm
'lrmsxuol' is sritl used .! . noun, ll i3 F.f.Bblc io ue it s !n adFclivc -
lllnlgul p@ple - or, h.tLf still is lhc us of $c n@ up"ion c dpEsioi3'
md.rGfcmal. gcndr dysphdc, s ued in this Eseh Th' uslgc of all lh*
|.ms is@ntinuousty vtryins, €sD@iallv s our unde6t ndingandF rceptionsoflh'
Obsd.d ch.n.lerktica oa Mrlc ro'r.btlc Ccndq DFphorrct
And h.ving onnly { dl rhc Elalcd hvFlhcs ond @mosFd our rcsults vilh thc
slodi.s of difi€rcnt eholas s !bo$ lhc ilgrch9 has fodnd out tntt lhe peenl
s[dy: is id€nliql vilh rh. twtE d.riv.d bv th. Ef'Mes q$cd dd @n'in
rabulaled chodcleridcs havc b... ob$nen Nhicn aG .s fouowsl
Obs.nslclaroctoisLsolMot
- rF F.nale Cenl.r Drs?hotiu
l9t

Ccndo dysptoth is a Genctic mole bom
sith d "Fcnale Ccndef .
There is o cleor difcdnc. beiwen
homoscru and sender dysPhoric
Truc gdd.. dyspfion! ha ib .9P.r@@
r6und iho ase of3 ye.6.
!n Pakish CuhuE &d R.ligion plays an
inpo.rantrolc in cnhdcingoiconrolli.g
rhe inlcnsiiy of gender dysphori.
Surpdsingly, 8.ndd dtsPhodcs sm lo
havebeensivensiRsbYthesc
mislalc dEt c€r.d thcn in thc wmb
on av.rase g.nder dysphorics arc more
i elligent rhan rhc avedge P€en
A A.nder dYsphotic maY exPcricn@ d
hirh lcvel olodierv if utablc ro .Nd;$
for on cxtended Pciod of line-
Ddc to la.kolpublic unde66ndin3 dd
Eliqiousand cultual Prcssu{s mosr
ge.;cr dysphorics livc in f@r of
di*olery and linitlhcncb$ _dEsing
to ihc privacy of theirhoncs
Educalion ond hiSIlY siFconomic
sr.tus h!v. sisnifi€ Place i.
oonrrctling thc d€velopnent ofgmdd
dysDho!ia,
Inadequale id. ifioationritn fa$ed
enhdnces the proponion ofgendcr
drsDhoria.
Lrck of inlomilion and .wdnes about
mdft disDlDdcawilllwllii, _ -
;.n.Eli'ion
or a sin8k lem Hijm ror
dll a.Ec9t6,
llijdhavc strcng dd mcontrollrble
l. .nu@t d &d @nonidllY sraSle
tumilics thcy aound bertcroDnonu.ilies
-
;ak Hinls@akofosdwho@iot I
irue sendd dvsphoiics
I
y:"1lil :0,',f l,*:''j*' "''.- I
G€ndd dysplDri. hd ils loudaion llid
b.aoF binh.
Penkhild relolionship lnd rclting
envim.mcnG hlve signifiqntpl&c 'n
enhscing o.conmlling theddelopmed
C€nde d'5ptori.s aE olso @mmonly
6oF c@dve thdn an avorage p.sod,
-
disrincrior iosl likclv susd by lheir
uiquc bdin.
The elf-con@pt oi Male-lo_Female
eend.. dyspnorics is 6lhcr @nlusing
Some hdvc ! .ccd to drcss tu comiolt or
d a MY of Glerion, fot oth.6 it s d
.vnF

193

MAII IS BORN FREE:
AND EVERYWHERE TIE IS IT..i CHAINS
.tern Jrquc! Rouslcru