Energising South African Cities & Towns - City Energy Support Unit

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ENERGY EFFICIENCYin delivering water serviceso v e r v i e w & c a s e s t u d i e sWATER DELIVERY is a fairly energyintensivemunicipal service. Energyefficiency reduces the costs associatedwith water services and at the sametime improves the capacity and reliabilityof the delivery system.About 2–3% of the world’s energyconsumption is used to pumpand treat water for urban residentsand industry. This could be reducedby at least 25% through cost-effectiveefficiency actions.In the developing world, energyconsumed to supply water couldeat up half of a municipality’s totalbudget. In water systems in developedcountries, energy is typicallythe second largest cost after labour.In the process of improving overallwater system efficiency, municipalwater authorities should view energyand water consumption as linkedinputs. Energy is necessary for movingwater through the water systems,making it potable and removing waste.Each litre of water moving through asystem represents a significant energycost. Losses in the form of leakage,theft, consumer waste and inefficientdelivery all directly affect the amountof energy required to deliver water tothe consumer. Wastage of water leadsto a waste of energy.To develop and implement awater energy-efficiency strategy,municipalities usually need to involvepeople from a variety of governmentagencies and offices as well as othermembers of the community.IndiaThe Confederation of Indian Industry(CII) estimates that typicalIndian municipal water utilities canimprove water system efficiency by25%. As energy accounts for 60% ofthe municipal water utility budgetin India, this saving could be usedto improve service.The city of Indore was able tosave 1,6 million rupees (US$35 000)within the first three months of action,with no investment cost, just byimproving the way existing pumpsworked together. The city of Puneidentified more than seven millionrupees (US$150 000) of energy savingsopportunities after kicking offan energy efficiency programme.Cape TownIn Cape Town a recent study hasshown that the potential for electricityefficiency through aerationsystems changes at Macassar andZandfliet Wastewater treatmentworks would save R880 450 peryear (at an investment cost ofR3,4-million). The combined paybackperiod is 3,9 years.There would be emission reductionsin excess of 5 179 tons of CO 2, 21tons of NOX, and 46 tons of SOX peryear. Electricity consumption reductionat Macassar will be 3 504 MWhand 2 300 MWh at Zandfliet.The same study showed thatscheduling and installation of variablespeed drives in bulk water supplyfacilities such as at Witzands, Wynbergand Silverstroom would yield acost saving of R1 956 966, R785 436and R460 930 respectively, and emissionsreductions in excess of 19 000tons of CO 2, 84 tons of NOX, and 168tons of SOX per year.The Electricity consumption reductionat Witzands was calculated to be13 050 MWh, at Wynberg 5 236 MWhand at Silverstroom 3 073 MWh .Fortaleza, South AmericaIn the central and northern parts ofBrazil, low rainfall created a crisis situationfor electricity supply in 2001 bylimiting available power from hydroelectricplants. The City of Fortalezain the northeast state of Ceará facedpotential blackouts due to an estimated20% electric power shortfall.In an effort to reduce the impactof the electricity shortage, the stateidentified Fortaleza’s water utilityas a major potential source of electricitydemand reductions.The water utility is a key playerin Ceará’s efforts, both because it isone of the largest electricity consumersand because it holds so manyopportunities to reduce electricityuse rapidly through efficiency.In 2000 the Alliance to Save Energystarted working with Fortaleza inBrazil to:• develop and implement a comprehensivewater managementstrategy, including a managementcell that is responsible forongoing development andimplementation of energyefficiency projects• assess the potential for energyand water savings• mobilise community-wideresources to participate in thedevelopment and implementationprocess of a comprehensivewater management strategyFortaleza has dramatically reducedtotal energy use by 5 MW in itsfirst year after adopting the energyefficiency goals, while actually increasingservice connections.32 ENERGISING SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES & TOWNS
ENERGY RESOURCESfor local authoritiesThe full list with all contact details and resource materials can be found on the SEA website (www.sustainable.org.za)and on the City Energy Strategies Conference CD.Resource organisationsAGAMA Energy SA Tel: 27 21 701 7052;Fax: 27 21 701 7056; glynn@agama.co.za;www.agama.co.zaAlliance to Save Energy Tel: 12 02 530 2204;Fax: 12 02 331 9588; info@ase.org; www.ase.orgCity of Cape Town Energy StrategyTel: 27 21 918 7424; Fax: 27 21 918 7440; Osman.Asmal@capetown.gov.za; www.capetown.gov.zaDepartment of Environmental Affairs &Tourism – SA Climate Change & OzoneDepletion; Tel: 27 12 310 3436;Fax: 27 12 320 1167; kmoroka@ozone.pwv.gov.za;www.environment.gov.zaDepartment of Minerals & Energy – SATel: 27 12 317 9566; Fax: 27 12 322 5224dikgang@mepta.pwv.gov.zaEnergie Cites – Europe Tel: 33 381 653680;Fax: 33 381 507351; info@energie-cites.org;www.energie-cites.orgEnergy & Development Group Tel: 27 21 7023622; Fax: 27 21 702 3625; admin@edg.co.za;www.edg.co.zaEnergy & Development Research Centre(EDRC), UCT Tel: 27 21 650 3230;Fax: 27 21 650 2830;harald@energetic.uct.ac.za; www.edrc.uct.ac.zaEnergy Research Institute (ERI), UCT Tel:27 21 650 3892; markh@eng.uct.ac.za ;www.eri.uct.ac.zaEnergy Saving Trust Tel: 44 20 7222 0101;Fax: 44 20 7654 2444; info@est.co.uk; www.est.org.ukGroundwork – SA Tel: 27 21 448 8814 / 2733 342 5662; ardiel@groundwork.org.za;www.groundwork.org.zaInstitute for Transportation and DevelopmentPolicy (ITDP) Tel: 27 21 671 4655;awheeldon@itdp.org; www.itdp.orgInternational Initiative for EnvironmentalInitiatives: Cities for Climate ProtectionCampaign Africa www.iclei.org/africa/ccpInternational Institute for EnergyConservation – Africa office (IIEC) Tel: 27 11482 5990; Fax: 27 11 482 4723; iiec@iafrica.comInternational Network for Sustainable Energy– Inforse Tel: 45 8622 7000; Fax: 45 8622 7096;inforse@inforse.org; www.inforse.orgRenewable Energy & Energy EfficiencyPartnership (REEEP) Tel: 44 20 70 008 4131;Amal-Lee.Amin@reeep.org; www.reeep.orgSouth African Climate Action Network Tel:27 11 339 3662; Fax: 27 11 339 3270;activist2@earthlife.org.za; www.earthlife.org.zaSouth African Local Government Association(SALGA) Energy Technical Team Tel: 27 12 3386750; rbaloyi@salga.org.zaSouth South North Tel: 27 21 425 1465; Fax:27 21 425 1463; steve@southsouthnorth.org;www.southsouthnorth.orgSustainable Energy Africa – SA Tel: 27 21 702 3622;Fax: 27 21 702 3625; info@sustainable.org.za;www@sustainable.org.zaSustainable Energy Society of South Africa(SESSA) Tel: 27 12 804 3435; Fax: 27 12 804 5691;info@sessa.org.za; www.sessa.org.zaResource documentsA User’s Guide to CDM PembinaInstitute, Feb 2003; info@pembina.org;www.pembina.orgClimate Change and the KyotoProtocol’s Clean DevelopmentMechanism Margie Orford, 2003,SouthSouthNorthClimate Change Information Kitwww.unep.ch/iuc/submenu/infokitEnergy Savings in Cities – Issues,Strategies & Options for LocalGovernments UNEP’s LatestUrban Management Series, 2003;www.unep.orgEnergising South African Cities &Towns, Sarah Ward and Leila Mahomed,2003, SEAGetting to Grips with SustainableEnergy SECCP, 2003Green Fleets: Increasing Efficiency andReducing Emissions Commuting inthe Greenhouse: Automobile TripReduction Programs of MunicipalEmployees ICLEILandfill Methane Outreach ProgramUnited States Environmental ProtectionAgency; www.epa.gov.lmopSustainable Transport: A Sourcebookfor Policy-Makers in DevelopingCountries GTZ, Germany; www.bmz.deThe Economic Significance of Cycling:A study to illustrate the costsand benefits of cycling policywww.vnguitgeverij.nlThe Energy Book for UrbanDevelopment in South Africa SarahWard, 2002, Sustainable Energy AfricaUnderstanding Climate Change: ABeginners Guide to the UNFCCCwww.undep.ch/iuc/submenu/begin/beginner.htmResource websitesBest Practice Database (UNCHS)www.bestpractices.orgCities Alliance www.citiesalliance.orgCity Environmental Reports on theInternet (CEROI) www.ceroi.netDepartment for InternationalDevelopment (DFID) www.dfid.gov.ukInternational City/County ManagementAssociation (ICMA) www.icma.orgInternational Development 21,University of Sussex www.id21.orgInternational Institute for Environmentand Development (IIED) www.iied.orgInternational Society of City and RegionalPlanners (ISoCaRP) www.isocarp.orgInternational Union for LocalAuthorities (IULA) www.iula-int.orgIULA Association Capacity Buildingwww.iula-acb.orgLocal Government International Bureauwww.lgib.gov.ukMUNEE – Municipal Network for EnergyEfficiency www.munee.orgMunicipal Development Program:Eastern and Southern Africawww.mdpesa.co.zaMunicipal Development Program:West and Central Africawww.pdm-net.orgOne World Guides: the Citywww.oneworld.org/guides/thecitySouth African Cities Network (SACN)Info@sacities.net; www.sacities.netWatergy www.ase.orgENERGISING SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES & TOWNS 33
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