682 R. ROSENTHAL, P. BLANCK, AND M. VANNICELLITable 1<strong>Predicting</strong> <strong>Therapists'</strong> <strong>Tone</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Voice</strong> WhileTalking <strong>to</strong> 98 <strong>Patients</strong> From <strong>Therapists'</strong> <strong>Tone</strong> <strong>of</strong><strong>Voice</strong> While Talking <strong>About</strong> Those Same 98<strong>Patients</strong>: Simple CorrelationsMdnCorrelation correlation<strong>Tone</strong> <strong>of</strong> voicewithpredic<strong>to</strong>rwithnonpredic<strong>to</strong>r Differvariablevariable variables enceWarmthHostilityAnxietyDominanceEmpathyCompetenceOptimismPr<strong>of</strong>essionalismHonestyLiking.311***.094.083.270***.225*.253**.276***.248**.048.154.127.079.066.008.052.045.137.003.175.020Mdn .236* .059.184.015.017.262.173.208.139.245-.127.134" The difference between the medians is . 177; the median<strong>of</strong> the 10 differences is .156.* p
SPEAKING TO AND ABOUT PATIENTS 683mean <strong>of</strong> those two variables (pr<strong>of</strong>essionalism,competence). The supervariable <strong>of</strong> warmthwas made up <strong>of</strong> the mean <strong>of</strong> the variableswarmth, empathy, <strong>and</strong> liking. The remainingfive variables (anxiety, dominance, optimism,honesty, <strong>and</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> hostility) s<strong>to</strong>od alone.These seven variables were employed as thepredic<strong>to</strong>r battery for each <strong>of</strong> the four dependentvariables, in turn.Table 2 shows the results <strong>of</strong> the regressionanalysis. Two variables significantly predictedpr<strong>of</strong>essional competence in therapists' <strong>to</strong>ne <strong>of</strong>voice in talking <strong>to</strong> their patients: talking aboutthem in a dominant <strong>and</strong> an optimistic <strong>to</strong>ne<strong>of</strong> voice. The multiple R was not only significantstatistically (p = .002) but also substantialin magnitude (.356; see Rosenthal & Rubin,1982).The supervariable warmth (while talking <strong>to</strong>patients) was significantly predicted by thevariables <strong>of</strong> speaking about the patients in a<strong>to</strong>ne <strong>of</strong> voice that was not dominant, but anxious,<strong>and</strong> warm. The last <strong>of</strong> these predic<strong>to</strong>rs,warmth, was a supervariable comprised <strong>of</strong> thevariables warmth, empathy, <strong>and</strong> liking. Themultiple R <strong>of</strong> .425 was significant at p < .001.Anxiety in the therapist's <strong>to</strong>ne <strong>of</strong> voice intalking <strong>to</strong> patients was not significantly predictedby any battery <strong>of</strong> predic<strong>to</strong>r variables.Table 2 shows that honesty in talking abouta patient was significantly related <strong>to</strong> anxietywhile talking <strong>to</strong> patients only when hostilitywas also entered in<strong>to</strong> the regression equation.The trend, though not significant, was fortherapists' anxiety in talking <strong>to</strong> patients <strong>to</strong> bepredicted from their talking about patients inan honest but hostile manner.Honesty in the therapist's <strong>to</strong>ne <strong>of</strong> voice intalking <strong>to</strong> patients was significantly predictedby a battery <strong>of</strong> three predic<strong>to</strong>rs: talking abouttheir patients in a way that was warm, nothonest, <strong>and</strong> anxious. The multiple R <strong>of</strong> .404was significant at p < .001.The results <strong>of</strong> the four multiple regressionsshowed that three <strong>of</strong> the four dependent supervariablesdescribing therapists' <strong>to</strong>ne <strong>of</strong> voiceTable 2<strong>Predicting</strong> <strong>Therapists'</strong> <strong>Tone</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Voice</strong> While Talking <strong>to</strong> 98 <strong>Patients</strong> From <strong>Therapists'</strong> <strong>Tone</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Voice</strong>While Talking <strong>About</strong> Those Same 98 <strong>Patients</strong>: Multiple RegressionPredic<strong>to</strong>r variableUniquevarianceEffect size(rf<strong>Predicting</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionalcompetenceDominance .074 2.85 .006Optimism .036 1.99 .050.281.200.3566.89**<strong>Predicting</strong> warmthDominance .098 -3.35 .002Anxiety .091 3.23 .002Warmth d .042 2.19 .032-.327.316.220.4256.92*<strong>Predicting</strong> anxietyHonesty .041 2.01 .048Absence <strong>of</strong> hostility .026 -1.60 .113.202.162.2112.20*<strong>Predicting</strong> honestyWarmth" .125 3.74 .001Honesty .045 -2.26 .027Anxiety .042 2.16 .034.360-.227.217.4046.13***a For predicting pr<strong>of</strong>essional competence df= 95; for predicting warmth rf/= 94; for predicting anxiety df= 95; forpredicting honesty df = 94."Computed asc For predicting pr<strong>of</strong>essional competence dfs = 2, 95; for predicting warmth dfs = 3, 94; for predicting anxiety djs =2, 95; for predicting honesty dfs = 3, 94.d Comprised <strong>of</strong> warmth, empathy, <strong>and</strong> liking.*p = .116. ** p = .002.*** p< .001.
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