Keep EVLW in mind - PULSION Medical Systems SE
Keep EVLW in mind - PULSION Medical Systems SE
Keep EVLW in mind - PULSION Medical Systems SE
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<strong>Keep</strong> <strong>EVLW</strong> <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d:<br />
theory and practise<br />
AB Johan Groeneveld MD PhD FCCP FCCM,<br />
Intensive Care, VUmc, Amsterdam<br />
ICaRVU
Central venous catheter<br />
PiCCOplus setup<br />
Injectate temperature<br />
sensor hous<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Injectate temperature sensor cable<br />
Temperature <strong>in</strong>terface cable<br />
Arterial thermodilution catheter<br />
13.03 16.28 TB37.0<br />
AP 140<br />
AP<br />
PCCI<br />
<strong>PULSION</strong> disposable pressure transducer<br />
117 92<br />
(CVP) 5<br />
SVRI 2762<br />
PC<br />
CI 3.24<br />
HR 78<br />
SVI 42<br />
SVV 5%<br />
dPmx 1140<br />
(GEDI) 625<br />
Pressure cable
Transpulmonary thermal dilution
ITTV = CO *<br />
MTt TDa<br />
PTV = CO * DSt TDa<br />
GEDV = ITTV - PTV RAEDV RVEDV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
ITBV = 1.25 * GEDV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong> = ITTV -<br />
ITBV<br />
Calculation of volumes<br />
RAEDV RVEDV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
PTV<br />
PTV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PBV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>
Multivariate Analysis With ICU Outcome as<br />
the Dependent Factor<br />
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) p Value<br />
Cancer 4.4 (1.6–12.1) 0.005<br />
High tidal volume 2.3 (1.2–4.4) 0.011<br />
Mean SOFA score 1.4 (1.3–1.6) 0.001<br />
Mean fluid balance 1.5 (1.1–1.9) 0.003
A circle of deleterious overhydration<br />
Too much<br />
fluids<br />
Hypotension<br />
ARDS ?<br />
Oliguria<br />
Wet lungs<br />
Hypoxemia<br />
PEEP<br />
Groeneveld AB,<br />
Polderman KH.<br />
Critical Care 2005
Pulmonay vascular<br />
permeability <strong>in</strong>dex<br />
Extra Vascular<br />
Lung Water<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
PBV PVPI =<br />
Normal lungs<br />
normal ITBV or<br />
Pulmonary Blood<br />
PBV<br />
Volume<br />
PBV<br />
PBV<br />
PVPI =<br />
normal<br />
PVPI =<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased<br />
normal<br />
normal<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
ITBV or<br />
PBV<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
ITBV or PBV<br />
normal<br />
Hydrostatic<br />
oedema<br />
Permeability<br />
oedema
○ non-sepsis<br />
● sepsis<br />
J Crit Care,<br />
<strong>in</strong> press
Case histories: what about<br />
cl<strong>in</strong>ical practise ?<br />
Some more research…..
Case 1<br />
� Female, 60 years<br />
� Acute congestive heart failure with respiratory failure<br />
� Endotracheal <strong>in</strong>tubation, admission ICU<br />
� Diagnosis: Acute coronary syndrome<br />
� Transfer to VUMC for PCI<br />
� Instent thrombosis LAD -> PCI and re-stent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� Haemodynamically unstable. Insertion IABP<br />
� Admission ICU, severe respiratory problems<br />
� Ventilation <strong>in</strong> prone position after <strong>in</strong>sertion PiCCO catheter<br />
� F i O 2 100%, PEEP 22 cm H 2 O. BGA: 7.12/68/70/22/-8/0.93<br />
� S<strong>in</strong>us tachycardia 134 b/m<strong>in</strong>, MAP 100 mmHg, CVD 11<br />
mmHg, diuresis 0 ml/h<br />
� Norep<strong>in</strong>ephr<strong>in</strong>e 0.84 µg/kg/m<strong>in</strong>
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 921 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 47 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 18%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-F i O 2 100%<br />
-PEEP 22 cmH 2 0<br />
-MV 10.9 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-P a O 2 70 mmHg<br />
DAY 1
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.3 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 1098 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 31 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 11%<br />
-PPV 14%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-F i O2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH20<br />
-MV 10 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-P a O 2 93 mmHg<br />
DAY 2
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 951 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 25 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 3%<br />
-PPV 3%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-F i O 2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH20<br />
-MV 11.3 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-P a O 2 114 mmHg<br />
DAY 3
Case 2<br />
� 24-y male; multiple trauma after car accident<br />
� Respiratory <strong>in</strong>sufficiency, SO 2 75%, CGS 5,<br />
<strong>in</strong>tubation + MV<br />
� CT bra<strong>in</strong> normal<br />
� Neurological recovery<br />
� Day 4: respiratory <strong>in</strong>sufficiency, prone<br />
position<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� HR 150/m<strong>in</strong>; MAP 55-70 mm Hg, CVP 5 mm<br />
Hg<br />
� Shock and ARDS, follow<strong>in</strong>g thoracic (lung,<br />
heart) contusion ?
Shock and pulmonary<br />
oedema<br />
Cause of hypotension ?<br />
1. Hypovolemia<br />
2. Pump failure (contusion)<br />
3. Distributive shock (trauma;<br />
sepsis)<br />
Cause of ARDS ?<br />
1. Lung contusion<br />
2. Indirect: trauma, overhydration<br />
• CO = 12-15 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
• SVR = 400-500<br />
dynessec/cm 5<br />
• GEDVI = 900 ml/m 2<br />
• SVV = 10-12%<br />
• <strong>EVLW</strong> = 19-24 ml/kg
• Fluid load<strong>in</strong>g ?<br />
• Fluid unload<strong>in</strong>g +<br />
norep<strong>in</strong>ephr<strong>in</strong>e ?<br />
Therapy ?<br />
� Start diuretics<br />
� With<strong>in</strong> 2 days:<br />
– GEDVI to 680 ml/m 2<br />
– SVV to 18-20%<br />
– CO to 6-8 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
– MAP stable with NE<br />
– <strong>EVLW</strong> 16 >12 > 9 > 6<br />
ml/kg<br />
– Satisfied ?
Conclusions<br />
� Transpulmonary thermodilution is the only<br />
bedside technique for direct assessment of<br />
pulmonary oedema.<br />
� While monitor<strong>in</strong>g may be helpful <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual cases (for diagnosis and<br />
management), future studies should be<br />
directed at patient-centered outcomes.
Potential pitfalls<br />
� No perfusion (embolism)<br />
� Some types of direct oedema<br />
� Large aneurysms and other erroneous<br />
volume measurements
The PAC/PiCCO trial.<br />
Comparison of pressure- and volume-guided fluid management <strong>in</strong> the critically ill: the PAC-<br />
PiCCO trial.<br />
In collaboration with:<br />
A. Beishuizen<br />
H. Biermann<br />
R.B.G.E. Breukers<br />
A.R.J. Girbes<br />
E.R. Rijnsburger<br />
E.G.M. Smit<br />
J.J. Spijkstra<br />
R.J.M. Strack van Schijndel<br />
A.N. Tacx<br />
Ronald J. Trof and A.B. Johan Groeneveld, pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>in</strong>vestigators.<br />
Sponsor: Pulsion <strong>Medical</strong> <strong>Systems</strong>, München, Germany
dus:<br />
Longoedeem, hypotensie, lage CVD en hypervolemie<br />
Dramatisch herstel <strong>EVLW</strong> na ontwateren
Case 2<br />
� Male, 72 years<br />
� Resuscitation due VF<br />
� Admission to ICU<br />
� Severe respiratory problems (80% F i O 2 , PEEP 17 cm H 2 O,<br />
ABG: 7.30/35/78/-9/0.97)<br />
� Hemodynamically unstable (MAP 65 mmHg, CVD 8 mmHg)<br />
� Oliguria<br />
� Norep<strong>in</strong>ephr<strong>in</strong>e 0.92 microg/kg/m<strong>in</strong><br />
� Insertion PiCCO cathether before prone position
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.5 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 902 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 24 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 12%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-F i O 2 80%<br />
-PEEP 17 cmH 2 0<br />
-P a O 2 83 mmHg<br />
DAY 1
� Despite high-dose vasopressor therapy<br />
� Because of high <strong>EVLW</strong> together with normal-high fill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
volumes and severe respiratory problems:<br />
� Start isolated ultrafiltration by CVVH 50 mL/h <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
100 mL/h with<strong>in</strong> a few hours.<br />
� No impairment hemodynamically<br />
� Increase <strong>in</strong> cardiac output
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 854 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 12 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 16%<br />
-PPV 12%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-F i O 2 50%<br />
-PEEP 16 cmH 2 0<br />
-P a O 2 130 mmHg<br />
DAY 3
Other fluid overload<br />
syndromes<br />
� Pleural fluid and compression atelectasis<br />
� Ascitic fluid and IAH<br />
� Extremity compartment syndromes
The bad/ugly bad/ ugly<br />
� Poorly guided fluid <strong>in</strong>fusion easily results<br />
<strong>in</strong> overhydration with systemic (gut) and<br />
pulmonary edema<br />
� This may <strong>in</strong>crease morbidity and mortality
Casus 1<br />
� Vrouw, 60 jaar (presentatie ziekenhuis <strong>in</strong> regio)<br />
� Acute hartfalen en respiratoir falen<br />
� Intubatie en opname IC aldaar<br />
� Diagnose: Acuut coronair syndroom<br />
� Overname VUMC voor PCI<br />
� In-stent thrombose LAD �PCI en re-stent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� Hemodynamisch <strong>in</strong>stabiel waarvoor IABP<br />
� Bij opname IC alhier, ernstige respiratoire problemen<br />
� Beadem<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> buikligg<strong>in</strong>g na <strong>in</strong>brengen PiCCO<br />
catheter<br />
� FiO 2 100%, PEEP 22 cmH 2 0.
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 921 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 47 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 18%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 100%<br />
-PEEP 22 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 10.9 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-pO 2 70 mmHg<br />
R<br />
E<br />
S<br />
U<br />
L<br />
T<br />
S<br />
T<br />
H<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
P<br />
Y<br />
T<br />
A<br />
R<br />
G<br />
E<br />
T<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
DAG 1<br />
CI (l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2 )<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
CFI (1/m<strong>in</strong>)<br />
or GEF (%)<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
(slowly respond<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
700<br />
>850<br />
10 10<br />
V+<br />
V+!<br />
OK!<br />
V-<br />
>700 700-800<br />
>850 850-1000<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.3 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 1098 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 31 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 11%<br />
-PPV 14%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 10 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-PO 2 93 mmHg<br />
DAG 2
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 951 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 25 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 3%<br />
-PPV 3%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 11.3 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-PO 2 114 mmHg<br />
DAG 3
� Man, 72 jaar<br />
Casus 2<br />
� Reanimatie op basis van VF<br />
� Opname IC<br />
� Ernstige respiratoire problemen: FiO 2 80%, PEEP<br />
17 cmH 20<br />
pH 7.30; pCO 2 35 mmHg; pO 2 78 mmHg; Bic 15 mmol/l;<br />
BE -9; sat 97%<br />
� Hemodynamisch matig�MAP 55 mmHg, CVD 8<br />
H
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.5 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 902 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 24 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 12%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-FiO 2 80%<br />
-PEEP 17 cmH 2 0<br />
-PO 2 83 mmHg<br />
R<br />
E<br />
S<br />
U<br />
L<br />
T<br />
S<br />
T<br />
H<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
P<br />
Y<br />
DAG 1<br />
CI (l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2 )<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
700<br />
>850<br />
700-800<br />
850-1000<br />
>700<br />
>850<br />
T 2.<br />
A<br />
Optimise to SVV** (%) 30<br />
>4.5<br />
>25<br />
>5.5<br />
>30<br />
T<br />
≤10 ≤10
� De hoge <strong>EVLW</strong>-waarde <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>atie met<br />
normaal-hoge vull<strong>in</strong>gs volum<strong>in</strong>a en de ernstige<br />
respiratoire problemen<br />
� Ondanks hoge doser<strong>in</strong>g vasopressoren �<br />
starten geïsoleerde ultrafiltratie middels<br />
CVVH, beg<strong>in</strong>nend met 50 cc/uur en verhoogd<br />
tot 100 cc/uur<br />
G h d i h l ht i
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 854 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 12 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 16%<br />
-PPV 12%<br />
Ventilator<br />
-FiO 2 50%<br />
-PEEP 16 cmH 2 0<br />
-PO 2 130 mmHg<br />
DAG 3
Casus 3<br />
� Man 57 jaar<br />
� Resectie LBK, n phrenicus � refen<br />
diafragma<br />
� Dag later � luxatie en torsie hart met<br />
uitscheuren pericard � totale pericard<br />
resectie<br />
� Respiratoir <strong>in</strong>sufficiënt bij atelectase LOK,<br />
LWI en COPD � kl<strong>in</strong>ische uitputt<strong>in</strong>g �<br />
<strong>in</strong>tubatie<br />
� Ger<strong>in</strong>ge hoeveelheid noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e na
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.4 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 569 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 7%<br />
ScvO 2 60%<br />
OPNAME<br />
500 ml GELOFUSINE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%<br />
Start ENOXIMONE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.9 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 542 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 7 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 23%<br />
ScvO 2 66%
Casus 3<br />
� Man 57 jaar<br />
� Resectie LBK, n phrenicus � refen<br />
diafragma<br />
� Dag later � luxatie en torsie hart met<br />
uitscheuren pericard � totale pericard<br />
resectie<br />
� Respiratoir <strong>in</strong>sufficiënt bij atelectase LOK,<br />
LWI en COPD � kl<strong>in</strong>ische uitputt<strong>in</strong>g �<br />
<strong>in</strong>tubatie<br />
� Ger<strong>in</strong>ge hoeveelheid noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e na
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.4 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 569 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 7%<br />
ScvO 2 60%<br />
OPNAME<br />
500 ml GELOFUSINE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%<br />
Start ENOXIMONE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.9 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 542 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 7 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 23%<br />
ScvO 2 66%
Murray et al.<br />
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988<br />
Sep;138(3):720-3.
Lung <strong>in</strong>jury score<br />
S G HES A<br />
t=O 1.00 (0.25-2.75) 1.12 (0.25-2.00) 1.00 (0.25-2.00) 0.75 (0.25-2.00)<br />
1 b<br />
t=90 1.00 (0.25-2.75) 1.25 (0.50-2.75) 1.00 (0.50-2.25) 1.00 (0.25-2.50)
PLI t=90 vs t=0, m<strong>in</strong>-1<br />
0.080<br />
0.040<br />
0.000<br />
-0.040<br />
PLI, /m<strong>in</strong><br />
cardiac surgery vascular surgery<br />
�<br />
�<br />
NaCl Gelat<strong>in</strong> HES Album<strong>in</strong><br />
fluid<br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
NaCl Gelat<strong>in</strong> HES Album<strong>in</strong><br />
fluid
<strong>EVLW</strong> t=90 vs t=0<br />
2.0<br />
0.0<br />
-2.0<br />
-4.0<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>, mL/kg<br />
cardiac surgery vascular surgery<br />
NaCl Gelat<strong>in</strong> HES Album<strong>in</strong><br />
fluid<br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
NaCl Gelat<strong>in</strong> HES Album<strong>in</strong><br />
fluid
Our model:<br />
F<strong>in</strong>al conclusion<br />
Little (<strong>in</strong>crease of)<br />
pulmonary edema,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent of COP Substantial<br />
pulmonary edema<br />
formation; effect<br />
of COP dependent<br />
on permeability
Some enjoy the fluids and<br />
others don’t………<br />
don ……….
Too much of anyth<strong>in</strong>g anyth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
is bad<br />
The effect of too many,<br />
heavy fluid bags ?
Fluid guidance ??
CV bolus <strong>in</strong>jection<br />
Transpulmonary thermodilution method<br />
ETV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PBV<br />
−Δ T<br />
[°C]<br />
0,6<br />
0,4<br />
0,2<br />
ETV<br />
0,0<br />
0 10 20 30 40 50<br />
Injection<br />
arterial TD<br />
catheter<br />
LAEDV LVEDV<br />
[s]
Global end-diastolic end diastolic volume<br />
Global end-diastolic Volume<br />
(GEDV) = end-diastolic blood<br />
volume <strong>in</strong> the 4 chambers of the<br />
heart.<br />
GEDV = ITTV - PTV<br />
GEDV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PTV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
ITTV
ITBV TD (ml)<br />
Intrathoracic blood volume<br />
ITBV = PBV + GEDV<br />
ITBV = 1.25 x GEDV<br />
r = 0.96<br />
ITBV = 1.25 * GEDV – 28.4 [ml]<br />
RAEDV<br />
RVEDV PBV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
GEDV vs. ITBV <strong>in</strong> 57 <strong>in</strong>tensive care patients<br />
Sakka et al, Intensive Care Med 26: 180-187, 2000
=<br />
ITTV<br />
ITBV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
ExtraVascular Lung Water,<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
RAEDV RVEDV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
PTV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PBV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>
WP-guided<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>-guided
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 May;145(5):990-8.
Do we need to repeat this study ?
PiCCO workshop MST<br />
Albertus Beishuizen<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensivist
Global e<strong>in</strong>d-diastolisch e<strong>in</strong>d diastolisch volume<br />
• Global End-Diastolic Volume<br />
(GEDV) = het e<strong>in</strong>d-diastolische<br />
bloed-volume aanwezig <strong>in</strong> de 4-<br />
”kamers” van het hart.<br />
GEDV = ITTV – PTV<br />
ITTV = MTt x flow (CO)<br />
PTV=DSt x flow<br />
GEDV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PTV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
ITTV
ITBV TD (ml)<br />
Intrathoracaal bloedvolume<br />
ITBV = PBV + GEDV<br />
r = 0.96<br />
ITBV = 1.25 * GEDV – 28.4 [ml]<br />
RAEDV<br />
RVEDV PBV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
ITBV kan direct worden gemeten met de thermal dye dilution technique (COLD System) en uit studies<br />
is gebleken dat ITBV 25% groter is dan GEDV, gemeten met de s<strong>in</strong>gle thermodilution technique<br />
(PiCCO) ITBV = 1,25 x GEDV<br />
GEDV vs. ITBV <strong>in</strong> 57 <strong>in</strong>tensive care patients<br />
Sakka et al, Intensive Care Med 26: 180-187, 2000
Extravasculair Long Water<br />
• Extravasculair Long Water (<strong>EVLW</strong>) is de hoeveelheid water <strong>in</strong> de longen<br />
=<br />
ITTV<br />
ITBV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
RAEDV RVEDV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
PTV<br />
RAEDV RVEDV PBV LAEDV LVEDV<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>
Pulmonale Vasculaire Permeabiliteits Index<br />
Extra Vasculair<br />
Long Water<br />
PBV<br />
Pulmonaal Bloed<br />
Volume<br />
PVPI =<br />
normaal<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
PBV<br />
normaal<br />
Normale longen<br />
PBV<br />
PBV<br />
PVPI =<br />
normaal<br />
PVPI =<br />
toegenomen<br />
normaal<br />
toegenomen<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
PBV<br />
toegenomen<br />
toegenomen<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
PBV<br />
normaal<br />
�<br />
�<br />
�<br />
Hydrostatisch<br />
longoedeem<br />
Permeabiliteits<br />
longoedeem
Beat to Beat Cardiac Output<br />
Top en dal van de bloeddruk-curve is afhankelijk<br />
van de aorta compliantie van patient<br />
P [mm Hg]<br />
PCCO = cal • HR • ⌠ P(t) dP<br />
( + C(p) • ) dt<br />
⌡ SVR dt<br />
Systole<br />
Patient-specific calibration factor<br />
(determ<strong>in</strong>ed by thermodilution)<br />
Heart<br />
rate<br />
Area under<br />
pressure curve<br />
t [s]<br />
Aortic<br />
compliance<br />
P(t), Systole P(t), Diastole<br />
Na calibratie is het pulse contour algorithme <strong>in</strong> staat slag-op-slag cardiac<br />
output te bepalen.<br />
Shape of<br />
pressure curve
Pulse Pressure Variation<br />
Pulse pressure variation (PPV) is de variatie van de polsdruk gedurende één<br />
beadem<strong>in</strong>gscyclus<br />
PP max<br />
PP m<strong>in</strong><br />
PPV =<br />
PP max – PP<br />
PP mean<br />
PPm<strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong><br />
PP mean<br />
PPV:<br />
- gemeten met een tijds<strong>in</strong>terval van 30 sec<br />
- alleen toe te passen bij patiënten met volledig gecontroleerde beadem<strong>in</strong>g én NSR
PiCCO en kl<strong>in</strong>ische vragen<br />
CO GEDV SVV SVR <strong>EVLW</strong><br />
Volume<br />
Wat is de huidige situatie?.………..……..………….………. Cardiac Output!<br />
Wat is de preload?.……………….................. Global End-Diastolic Volume!<br />
Neemt de CO toe bij toedienen volume?............ Stroke Volume Variation!<br />
……… Pulse Pressure Variation!<br />
Zijn de longen nog droog?...…….……...…..…. Extravascular Lung Water!<br />
Drugs
Casus 1<br />
• Vrouw, 60 jaar (presentatie ziekenhuis <strong>in</strong> regio)<br />
• Acuut cardiaal en respiratoir falen<br />
• Intubatie en opname IC aldaar<br />
• Diagnose: Acuut coronair syndroom<br />
• Overname VUmc voor PCI<br />
• In-stent thrombose LAD � PCI en re-stent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Hemodynamisch <strong>in</strong>stabiel waarvoor IABP<br />
• Bij opname IC alhier, ernstige respiratoire problemen<br />
• Beadem<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> buikligg<strong>in</strong>g na <strong>in</strong>brengen PiCCO catheter<br />
• FiO2100%, PEEP 22 cmH20. pH 7.12 / pCO2 68 mmHg / pO2 70 mmHg / Bic 22 mmol/L /<br />
BE -8 mmol/L / sat 93%<br />
• S<strong>in</strong>ustachycardie 134/m<strong>in</strong>, MAP 65 mmHg, CVD 11 mmHg, diurese<br />
0 ml/uur<br />
• Noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e 0.84 μg/kg/m<strong>in</strong>
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 921 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong>I 47 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 18%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 100%<br />
-PEEP 22 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 10.9 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-pO 2 70 mmHg<br />
R<br />
E<br />
S<br />
U<br />
L<br />
T<br />
S<br />
T<br />
H<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
P<br />
Y<br />
T<br />
A<br />
R<br />
G<br />
E<br />
T<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
DAG 1<br />
CI (l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2 )<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
CFI (1/m<strong>in</strong>)<br />
or GEF (%)<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
(slowly respond<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
700<br />
>850<br />
10 10<br />
V+<br />
V+!<br />
OK!<br />
V-<br />
>700 700-800<br />
>850 850-1000<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.3 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 1098 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 31 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 11%<br />
-PPV 14%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 10 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-PO 2 93 mmHg<br />
DAG 2
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 951 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 25 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 3%<br />
-PPV 3%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 40%<br />
-PEEP 20 cmH 2 0<br />
-AMV 11.3 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
-PO 2 114 mmHg<br />
DAG 3
Casus 2<br />
• Man, 72 jaar<br />
• Reanimatie op basis van VF<br />
• Opname IC – therapeutisch hypothermie<br />
• Ernstige respiratoire problemen: FiO2 80%, PEEP 17 cmH20 pH 7.30 / pCO2 35 mmHg / pO2 78 mmHg / Bic 15 mmol/L /<br />
BE -9 / sat 97%<br />
• Hemodynamisch matig �MAP 55 mmHg, CVD 8 mmHg<br />
• Oliguur<br />
• Noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e 0.92 μg/kg/m<strong>in</strong><br />
• Beadem<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> buikligg<strong>in</strong>g na <strong>in</strong>brengen PiCCO cathether
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.1 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 902 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 24 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 12%<br />
-PPV 6%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 80%<br />
-PEEP 17 cmH 2 0<br />
-PO 2 78 mmHg<br />
R<br />
E<br />
S<br />
U<br />
L<br />
T<br />
S<br />
T<br />
H<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
P<br />
Y<br />
DAG 1<br />
CI (l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2 )<br />
GEDI (ml/m 2 )<br />
or ITBI (ml/m 2 )<br />
ELWI (ml/kg)<br />
700<br />
>850<br />
700-800<br />
850-1000<br />
>700<br />
>850<br />
T 2.<br />
A<br />
Optimise to SVV** (%) 30<br />
>4.5<br />
>25<br />
>5.5<br />
>30<br />
T<br />
≤10 ≤10
• De hoge <strong>EVLW</strong>-waarde <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>atie met normaal-hoge<br />
vull<strong>in</strong>gs volum<strong>in</strong>a en de ernstige respiratoire problemen<br />
• Ondanks hoge doser<strong>in</strong>g vasopressoren �<br />
starten geïsoleerde ultrafiltratie via CVVH<br />
• Geen hemodynamische verslechter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Toename cardiac output
PiCCO<br />
-CI 3.2 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 854 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 12 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 16%<br />
-PPV 12%<br />
Beadem<strong>in</strong>g<br />
-FiO 2 50%<br />
-PEEP 16 cmH 2 0<br />
-PO 2 130 mmHg<br />
DAG 3
Casus 3<br />
� Man 57 jaar<br />
� Resectie LBK, n phrenicus � reven<br />
diafragma<br />
� Dag later � luxatie en torsie hart met<br />
uitscheuren pericard � totale pericard<br />
resectie<br />
� Respiratoir <strong>in</strong>sufficiënt bij atelectase LOK,<br />
LWI en COPD � kl<strong>in</strong>ische uitputt<strong>in</strong>g �<br />
<strong>in</strong>tubatie<br />
� Ger<strong>in</strong>ge hoeveelheid noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e na
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.4 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 569 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 7%<br />
ScvO 2 60%<br />
OPNAME<br />
500 ml GELOFUSINE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.6 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 578 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 6 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 6%<br />
ScvO 2 62%<br />
Start ENOXIMONE<br />
PiCCO<br />
-CI 2.9 L/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
-GEDVI 542 ml/m 2<br />
-<strong>EVLW</strong> 7 ml/kg<br />
-SVV 23%<br />
ScvO 2 66%
� Man 60 jr<br />
� Koorts, rill<strong>in</strong>gen,<br />
hoesten<br />
� Dbz vlekkerige<br />
afwijk<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
Casus 4<br />
� BP 90/70 mmHg<br />
� HR 155 = BPM<br />
� CVD = 5 cmH2O<br />
� oligurie<br />
� PaO2/FiO2 = 80<br />
� PEEP 16<br />
Wat te doen ?
� ScvO2=69%<br />
� CO = 15 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
� SVR = 400<br />
� GEDI = 900<br />
� <strong>EVLW</strong> = 23 ml/kg<br />
Casus 4
Casus 5<br />
� Vrouw 74 jaar, geraakt door auto,<br />
langdurig beklemd<br />
� Na 1 uur op EH;<br />
� GCS=3;BP = 70/45, HR 56<br />
� Oorzaak:<br />
1. Hypovolemie?<br />
2. Bloed<strong>in</strong>g ?<br />
3. Cardiale contusie?<br />
4. Myocard <strong>in</strong>farct?
� Echo (FAST) = geen vrij vocht<br />
� TTE = goede LV/RV functie, adequaat LV<br />
e<strong>in</strong>d- diastolisch volume.
� Opname ICU<br />
– Maxillo-faciale fracturen<br />
– C7 fractuur<br />
– Trauma capitis - SAB<br />
– Bilaterale long contusie<br />
– VB tot nu: 3500 ml.<br />
– Beademd/gesedeerd<br />
– Noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e gestart ivm persisterende hypotensie:<br />
� Reeds centrale lijn: CVD 10
� Wat is jullie <strong>in</strong>terpretatie van deze<br />
data?<br />
1. Hypovolemie?<br />
2. Cor contusie?<br />
3. Longembolie?<br />
4. Hoog sp<strong>in</strong>aal letsel?<br />
• HR = 104<br />
•SaO2 = 98%<br />
• BP = 131/71<br />
• CO = 1.78 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
• SVV = 26%
Wil iemand nog meer weten ?<br />
� CI = 1.1<br />
l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
� GEDVI = 420 ml/m 2<br />
� <strong>EVLW</strong>I = 6.5<br />
ml/kg
Afname SVV na fluid load<strong>in</strong>g
Dus:<br />
Lage CO tgv hypovolemie (laag GEDVI,<br />
hoog SVV)<br />
CO stijgt en SVV daalt na volume-therapie
Casus 6<br />
� Man 65 jaar, met ernstig coronarialijden<br />
en hartfalen <strong>in</strong> VG<br />
� Ondergaat PTA/stent<strong>in</strong>g carotis stenose<br />
� Ascal/plavix
Basel<strong>in</strong>e CXR
eloop<br />
� +2 verward; op CT grote frontale bloed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� +3 progressieve dyspnoe, sat 76%, RR 90/40<br />
� Naar ICU, <strong>in</strong>tubatie<br />
� RR 100/50 HR 110 sat 92% bij PEEP 10 FiO2<br />
100%<br />
� ECG: ST, LBTB<br />
� Meest wsch diagnose ???.<br />
1. Astma cardiale<br />
2. AMI
� Morf<strong>in</strong>e/lasix<br />
� Diurese ++<br />
� RR 85/40 HR 110<br />
� TTE: matige LV, M<br />
� CO 2.2
� Zal deze patient op vocht responderen ?<br />
1. Nee, acuut hartfalen<br />
2. Nee, fluid overloaded<br />
3. Nee, acuut MI<br />
4. Ja, hij is hypovolemisch.
PiCCO parameters<br />
� CO = 1.8 - 2.2 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
� GEDVI = 500<br />
ml/m 2<br />
� <strong>EVLW</strong>I = 15<br />
ml/kgWat<br />
Wat te doen ?<br />
� SVV = 25-30%
Dopam<strong>in</strong>e, dobutam<strong>in</strong>e, NTG<br />
Fluid challenge 250-250<br />
CO<br />
SVV
Verder beloop<br />
� Dag 2: Agitatie, tachycardie, tachypnoe, ernstige<br />
hypoxaemie<br />
Dag 4<br />
CO = 4-5 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
GEDVI = 650 ml/m2<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong> = 10 ml/kg<br />
ELWI trend
Dus:<br />
Hypotensie, laag CO, hypoxemie en verhoogd<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong> <strong>in</strong> een patient met hartfalen en IHD.<br />
Correctie van hypovolemie verbetert CO,<br />
maar leidt tot longoedeem wv ontwateren
Casus 8<br />
� Gezonde vrouw 27 jaar met pijn L na recent<br />
starten met fitness<br />
� Helder, heftige pijn met zwell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� HR 120 RR 110/50 temp 38 (EHBO)<br />
� Epileptisch <strong>in</strong>sult,<br />
� Intubatie, RR 100/50 perifeer klam/koud<br />
� X-foto: vergroot cor<br />
� Labs: Ph 7.3 pCO2 39 pO2 136 lactaat 6 Hb 9<br />
leuco 30 tromb 245
Werkdiagnose ?<br />
� Massale longembolie bij DVT<br />
� CT: bdz PV, geen long-embolien<br />
� Echo cor: zeer slechte LVF, geen PH<br />
� diagnose ?<br />
� Myocarditis ? Sepsis ? Infarct ? Toch<br />
embolie ?<br />
� naar IC: gesedeerd RR 70/40 HR 120<br />
� Dopam<strong>in</strong>e + PICCO
PiCCO parameters<br />
� CO = 7 l/m<strong>in</strong><br />
� GEDVI = 580 ml/m 2<br />
� <strong>EVLW</strong>I = 8 ml/kg<br />
� SVR = 560<br />
� SVV = 3%<br />
� Werkdiagnose nu ?<br />
� Sepsis, embolie, myocarditis ?
ICU<br />
� LO: warme kuit, extreem<br />
� Echo: vocht<br />
� Aspiraat: groep A streptococ<br />
� Debridement, fasciotomie, onstlag na 4 wkn
Casus 9<br />
Secundair AML bij NHL<br />
Pancytopenie na CT<br />
Ivm sepsis naar IC<br />
Hemodynamiek BP 90/50mmHg, HR 150 SR, CVP 11mmHg<br />
Respiratie SaO 2 99% bj 2L O 2<br />
Abdomen ernstige diarhee<br />
Renaal cumulatieve 24h diurese 400ml<br />
Laboratorium Hb 4.1, Leuco
Haemodynamiek • agressief vullen, cathecholam<strong>in</strong>es<br />
• echo cor: goede LV<br />
• CVD stijgt van 11 naar 15mmHg<br />
Respiratie • verslechter<strong>in</strong>g SaO 2 90% bij 15L O 2 /m<strong>in</strong>, pO 2 69mmHg, pCO 2 39mmHg,<br />
RR 40/m<strong>in</strong><br />
• X: longoedeem ++<br />
• NIV<br />
Renaal • oligurei (ondanks diuretica)<br />
Infectiologisch • E. Coli <strong>in</strong> BK<br />
Diagnose: sepsis/MODS
Problemen<br />
Haemodynamiek • meer volume bij toename cathechol-behoefte en goede pomp functie<br />
• wat is volume status bij <strong>in</strong>tieel hoge CVD, diarhee, oligurie<br />
Respiratie • longoedeem<br />
• <strong>in</strong>tubatie bij leucopene patient ?<br />
Renaal • ARF
PICCO dag 1<br />
Cardiac<br />
Index<br />
GEDVI<br />
ELWI<br />
SVRI<br />
CVP<br />
Initieel<br />
3.4<br />
760<br />
14<br />
950<br />
16<br />
- cont<strong>in</strong>ueren nor<br />
-volume ogv GEDVI<br />
Normaal<br />
3.0 – 5.0 l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
680 - 800 ml/m 2<br />
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg<br />
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m 2<br />
2 - 8 mmHg
Dag 2<br />
CI<br />
GEDVI<br />
ELWI<br />
SVRI<br />
CVP<br />
3.5<br />
780<br />
14<br />
990<br />
16<br />
Normaal<br />
3.0 – 5.0 l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
680 - 800 ml/m 2<br />
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg<br />
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m 2<br />
2 - 8 mmHg<br />
GEDVI met volume therapie hoog-normaal, zonder toename van ELWI
Aanvullende therapie<br />
- NIV<br />
- breed-spectrum ab<br />
- hydrocortison / GCSF<br />
beloop<br />
- stabilisatie hemodynamiek<br />
- lage nor-behoefte<br />
- streven naar negatieve VB mbv PICCO
Dag 3<br />
CI<br />
GEDVI<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>I<br />
SVRI<br />
CVP<br />
3.2<br />
750<br />
8<br />
1810<br />
14<br />
- stabilisatie<br />
- staken noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e<br />
-Lasix<br />
Normaal<br />
3.0 – 5.0 l/m<strong>in</strong>/m 2<br />
680 - 800 ml/m 2<br />
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg<br />
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m 2<br />
2 - 8 mmHg
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Nor<br />
CVD<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>I<br />
GEDVI<br />
SVRI<br />
CI<br />
Dag 1<br />
Day 2<br />
Dag 3<br />
Dag 4<br />
Dag 5<br />
CI<br />
HI<br />
GEDVI Blijft normaal<br />
ITBI<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong>I<br />
CVP<br />
Ondanks volume/ontwateren, relatief<br />
constant<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong> Ogv longwater titratie volume waarbij<br />
longoedeem vermeden wordt<br />
SVR<br />
Initieel hoog, ondanks volume<br />
Nordepletie
Casus 10<br />
� 55 jaar man met <strong>in</strong> VG AML<br />
� Nu acuut RF, 7 kg gewicht toename<br />
ondanks diarhee<br />
� CVD 32 -> lasix<br />
� Op IC: AF 34, temp 34.4, MAP 59 ST 140<br />
� Intubatie wgs uitputt<strong>in</strong>g; PEEP 15; P/F ratio<br />
115<br />
� Zwak AG + rhochi<br />
� Licht buik distensie
PICCO<br />
� CI 5.1 SVRI 700 -> sepsis ?<br />
� CVD 24<br />
� SVV 15%<br />
� GEDI 650<br />
� -> ondervull<strong>in</strong>g ondanks hoge CVD?<br />
� BK: enterococcen; FK: Clostridium<br />
� Aanvankelijk fluid responsive<br />
� Tevens cathecholam<strong>in</strong>es<br />
� Oligurie-anurie (12 liter VB +)<br />
� Verdere fluid resuscitatie; P/F 75 CVD 29; MAP 65; SVV<br />
13%;GEDI 780, <strong>EVLW</strong>12-> 17<br />
� Wat nog meer ?<br />
� IAP 28 door toxic megacolon wv colectomie<br />
� CVVH IAP 16; ELWI 13; P/F 175 CVD 18-22; SVV 10-
Dus;<br />
� Vull<strong>in</strong>gsdrukken vals-hoog door hoge<br />
<strong>in</strong>trathoracale drukken gerelateerd aan IAP<br />
of PEEP<br />
� SVV niet een marker van preload maar<br />
meer van fluid responsiveness<br />
� Flow (CI) discrim<strong>in</strong>eert niet tsusen onderovervull<strong>in</strong>g<br />
� Na <strong>in</strong>itiele resuscitatie: wanneer stoppen<br />
met vullen /
Vragen?
Potentiele problemen zonder PiCCO bij deze patient<br />
Diarrhee<br />
diaphorese<br />
Moeizame<br />
assessment<br />
vocht-deficit<br />
Hoge CVD<br />
Volume ?<br />
Matige Diurese Constante CO<br />
Volume ?<br />
Volume ?
5<br />
3<br />
7<br />
3<br />
Cardiac Output<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
Preload<br />
Inadequate preload noodzaakt volume<br />
toedien<strong>in</strong>g
5<br />
3<br />
7<br />
3<br />
Cardiac Output<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
Preload<br />
Inadequate preload should be treated<br />
<strong>in</strong>itially with volume adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ueren volume totdat <strong>EVLW</strong><br />
stijgt
Practical Approach<br />
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology<br />
5<br />
3<br />
7<br />
3<br />
Cardiac Output<br />
<strong>EVLW</strong><br />
Preload<br />
Inadequate preload should be treated<br />
<strong>in</strong>itially with volume adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
Volume adm<strong>in</strong>istration causes an<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> <strong>EVLW</strong><br />
Volume verwijderen tot <strong>EVLW</strong> niet<br />
meer of langzaam daalt (preload<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g!)<br />
Volume moet ip leiden tot toename<br />
van preload, of toename<br />
longoedeem( <strong>EVLW</strong>)