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1 Su elaboración en formato electrónico, iniciada en julio de 2002 ...

1 Su elaboración en formato electrónico, iniciada en julio de 2002 ...

1 Su elaboración en formato electrónico, iniciada en julio de 2002 ...

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The Dynamic Nature of Risk Factors for <strong>Su</strong>bstance UseAmong Adolesc<strong>en</strong>tsKar<strong>en</strong> A. Randolph…………………………………………………33<strong>Su</strong>bstance use is one of the major social problems facing youth today. The research on risk factorsassociated with onset and continuation of use is ext<strong>en</strong>sive. Typically, reviews of the literaturecategorize risk factors by <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal domain (Le., family, peer relations, neighborhoods).This review ext<strong>en</strong>ds this f ramework by examining studies that focus on the changing nature ofrisk factors for substance use among te<strong>en</strong>agers. The un<strong>de</strong>rlying assumption is that, especiallyduring adolesc<strong>en</strong>ce, these relations are dynamic and shift across time. Five time-relatedmechanisms are id<strong>en</strong>tified and used to <strong>de</strong>scribe the research. The article conclu<strong>de</strong>s with adiscussion about the implications for future research.KEYWORDS. Adolesc<strong>en</strong>ce, substance use, risk factors, changeEarly Adolesc<strong>en</strong>t <strong>Su</strong>bstance Use/Abuse as Predictor to Employm<strong>en</strong>t inAdulthood: G<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r Differ<strong>en</strong>cesAlfred S. FriedmanArl<strong>en</strong>e TerrasWeizhong ZhuFor the inner-city, low SES African-American community sample of this study, prospective dataon childhood educational performance and adjustm<strong>en</strong>t to school was available for use as controlvariables in analyses planned for predicting from early adolesc<strong>en</strong>t substance use/abuse to workhistory during adulthood.Results: (1) For the male sub-sample (N = 205), a greater <strong>de</strong>gree of alcohol use up to age16 was fauna lo predict to poorer work history during the three-year period that prece<strong>de</strong>d age37. Some possible explanations for these g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r-specific findings are discussed.KEYWORDS. Adolesc<strong>en</strong>ts, g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r, employm<strong>en</strong>t, substance use/abusePreadolesc<strong>en</strong>t Psychiatric and <strong>Su</strong>bstance Use Disor<strong>de</strong>rsand the Ecology of Risk andProtection……………………………………………………..61Michael J. MasonThis paper examines the literature regarding preadolesc<strong>en</strong>t (ages 9-12) psychiatricdisor<strong>de</strong>rs, m<strong>en</strong>tal health problems, substance abuse disor<strong>de</strong>rs, and the ecology of risk andprotection. The paper is divi<strong>de</strong>d into three primary sections. The first section addresses thechall<strong>en</strong>ges in <strong>de</strong>fining and applying disor<strong>de</strong>rs for preadolesc<strong>en</strong>ts. The next section reviewsthe preval<strong>en</strong>ce of psychiatric disturbances and substance abuse among preadolesc<strong>en</strong>ts. Thissection also examines the state of knowledge regarding the emotional problems that do notmeet DSM-IV criteria as disor<strong>de</strong>rs but that may be prodromal for future disor<strong>de</strong>rs. The finalsection reviews risks and prev<strong>en</strong>tive factors as well as an ecological theoretical frameworkthat organizes the influ<strong>en</strong>ces of psychiatric disturbances and substance use. The primaryconclusion drawn from this review of the literature is that preadolesc<strong>en</strong>ce is a critical<strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>tal crossroads for the expression of m<strong>en</strong>tal health problems and the initiation ofsubstance abuse and that researchers and clinicians should pay particular att<strong>en</strong>tion to thisvulnerable age range.KEYWORDS. Preadolesc<strong>en</strong>t, psychiatric disor<strong>de</strong>rs, substance use, ecology, risk factors

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