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over the study period [1980-2002] mainly because of large reductionsin the use of refined petroleum products. At the sametime, the sector’s indirect emissions from fossil fuel electricityalmost doubled mainly because electricity was the fastest growingenergy source for the sector.” 30• FACT: The CCFM continues, “Although there was significantvariability over the study period, the forest sector’s GHG emissionsin 2002 were unchanged from 1980, despite a 23% increasein energy use (Figure 4.1g).” 31CLAIM: “The continual improvement of sustainable forest managementpractices ensures carbon sequestration through reforestation.”32• FACT: Primary, unlogged forests store significantly more carbonthan managed forests. For example, managed boreal forest,BC Interior forest and BC coastal forest are estimated to store12.1%, 25.1% and 50.6% less carbon than primary forests inthese regions. 33 Other estimates are in the range of 25-50%increased carbon storage in natural forests. 34CLAIM: “The development of energy-efficient production facilitiesthat run on new, clean and renewable bio-energy are madefrom wood waste instead of fossil fuels.” 35• FACT: The forest sector remains the “largest single industrialenergy user in Canada and has significant GHG emissions.” 36To its credit, the forest sector has increased energy efficiency,slightly reduced its reliance on fossil fuels and substantially increasedits use of ‘emission-free energy sources’. 37CLAIM: Numbers used by environmental groups related to emissionsfrom logging are misleading. For example, FPAC has said:• “Environmental campaigners take into account only one part ofthe whole carbon life cycle; and does not account for sequestrationfor example through forest regeneration.”• “All harvested forests in Canada are, by law, regenerated.”• “Carbon is also stored in products such as building materialsand furniture.”• “Accounting for carbon in forest and forest products is complexand an international process has been under way for some timeto determine how current practice might be improved.” 38• FACT: ForestEthics has publicly communicated that loggingin Canada removes approximately 33.42 megatons of forest carbonstores every year, 39 more carbon than is emitted annuallyby all passenger vehicles in the country. 40 This number correspondsto the amount of carbon actually removed from theforest in the form of trees.• FACT: Additional carbon emissions result from the disturbanceof the soil during industrial harvesting activities. Up toeighty percent of forest carbon is stored in the soil.• FACT: Additional significant carbon emissions also resultfrom the burning of fossil fuels used to power the heavy loggingequipment and truck transport of logs and chips to mills as wellas the mills themselves.KEY FACTS• The forest sector remains the largest single industrial energyuser in Canada and has significant GHG emissions.• Between 1980-2002 the forest sector's indirect emissionsfrom fossil fuel electricity (used by mills) almostdoubled mainly because electricity was the fastest growingenergy source for the sector. 1• Primary, unlogged forests store significantly more carbonthan logged forests. For example, logged borealforest, BC Interior forest and BC coastal forest are estimatedto store 12.1%, 25.1% and 50.6% less carbonthan primary forests in these regions. 2• Over 110,000 hectares of forest are deforested in Canadaper year.• According to the United Nations Food and AgricultureOrganization, only 53.3% of Canada’s ‘primary’ forestremains 3 .• Clearcutting accounts for 90% of all forest harvest inCanada. 4• Canada has less protected forest than any other G8country at 6.84%.• Only about half of Canada’s forests remain intact, or notsubstantially modified by human activity. 5 Only 15% ofCanada’s southern boreal forest remains intact and unaccessed.• One half of one percent of Canada’s forests is loggedeach year, which translates into one million hectares or2 hectares every minute 6 .• FACT: While it is true that carbon is stored in forest productslike wood and paper, these products have a decay rate that beginsas soon as they are harvested. New forest products are beingadded to the pool of existing forest products all the time. Inthe absence of reliable models to estimate the balance betweennew products being created and old ones decaying, the rulesof the Kyoto protocol assume that additions of carbon fromnew forest products merely replace losses from existing forestproducts that are decomposing (e.g. old fence posts, or last year’snewspaper). This is a responsible and reasonable assumption inthe absence of sound science to prove otherwise. Furthermore,studies done in both coastal rainforest in BC and Finnish borealforest show that even when counting carbon stored in forestproducts, managed forests store significantly less carbon thannatural, or unlogged, forests. 41,42CLAIM: Canada has the largest area of 3rd-party independentlycertified forests in the world (124 million hectares) 43Canada’s Forest Industry: Setting the Record Straight
• FACT: 16% of all the certified forest in Canada meets therequirements of the Forest Stewardship Council. 44 The totalamount of Canadian forest certified to FSC standards is approximately21 million hectares. 45CLAIM: 70% of Canada’s boreal is unaccessed 46 .• FACT: Global Forest Watch Canada reports that only abouthalf of Canada’s forests remain intact, showing “no signs of havingbeen substantially modified by human activity or subjectto industrial land use for the last six to seven decades.” 47 Thesouthern and most biologically diverse forest regions in Canadahave been most affected by human activity. For example, only15% of Canada’s southern boreal forest remains intact and unaccessed.CLAIM: Canada has world leading forestry practices and regulatoryregime – conclusion of an independent third party reportconducted by Dr. Benjamin Cashore, Associate Professor of SustainableForest Policy, and Chair of the Program on Forest Certificationat the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.48• FACT: FPAC misrepresents the findings of Dr. Cashore’s report.In a media release responding to Canadian coverage ofthe report, Dr. Cashore and his co-investigator issued a “strongcaution against complacency and misinterpretation of their report”:49♦ “[stringency means]…the degree to which the rules includemandatory, standardized requirements for environmentalprotection…The report takes care to explain thata jurisdiction’s stringency ranking does not, by itself, sayanything about how sustainable forest policy or forest practicesmight be. It calls for future research to address theseissues.”♦ “Nowhere in the report is it stated that BC or Canada havethe ‘best’ forest practices - indeed the report calls for futureresearch to look at the on-the-ground implementation andenvironmental impacts of different policy choices that governmentshave made.”• FACT: Studies by expert non-governmental organizationshave given Canadian governments poor grades on their protectionof environmental and social values. For example, thenational average of provincial scores in World Wildlife FundCanada’s Nature Audit was 41%. 50CLAIM: “Managed forests support rich, diverse bird communities.”51• FACT: Of the 186 bird species that regularly inhabit Canada’sboreal forest, at least 40 species of land birds are experiencingpopulation declines according to long-term trends. 52CLAIM: “FPAC has been actively engaged with the federal governmenton migratory bird issues since 2000.” 53• FACT: NAFTA’s Commission for Environmental Cooperationreleased the results of a comprehensive investigation inForestEthicsFebruary 2007 stating that it could find no evidence that thatthe Canadian government had enforced the Migratory BirdsAct to prevent forest companies from destroying migratory birdnests during the breeding season. The investigation also reportedthat more than 45,000 nests are probably being destroyedeach year in Ontario alone. 54CLAIM: “The boreal is relatively young” 55• FACT: The age of boreal forests is often under-estimated byconventional techniques used by the forest industry. A moreaccurate study recently carried out in the western boreal forestof Quebec found that 50% of the forest is over 100 years old. 56CLAIM: “Fires occur naturally in much of the boreal forest approximatelyevery 100 years” 57• FACT: Fire is the main natural disturbance in the boreal forest.The length of the fire cycle (i.e. the time between fires) ina given area of forest can range from between 20 to 500 years,resulting in some very old forests. 58 A well-accepted axiom inboreal forest ecology is that 37% of any given forest will be olderthan the length of the fire cycle. 59• FACT: Despite the prevalence of natural fire in the boreal forest,clearcut logging has become the primary forest disturbancein Canadian forests that are allocated for industrial forestry. 60For example, between 1951 and 1995 in Ontario, 6.6 millionhectares of forest were harvested by clearcutting, versus twomillion hectares that were burned by wildfire. 61Endnotes1 Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 2005. Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable ForestManagement in Canada. National Status 2005. Indicator 4.1.4 - Forest sector carbon emissions.2 Kurz, W.A., S.J. Beukema, M.J. Apps 1998. Carbon Budget Implications of the Transitionfrom Natural to Managed Disturbance Regimes in Forest Landscapes. Mitigation andAdaptation Strategies for Global Change 2, pp. 405-421.3 Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations). 2005. Global Forest ResourceAssessment 2005 - Progress toward sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper.Rome, Italy, United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization: pg 235, annex 3, table 9. Primary forests are defined as“forests of native species, in which there are no clearly visible indications of human activityand ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.” (pg. 40).4 Canadian Forest Service, 2002. Compendium of Canadian Forestry Statistics. 5 Global Forest Watch Canada. 2003. Canada’s Large Intact Forest Landscapes. 68pp.6 Forest Products Association of Canada. 2007. Sustainability Report 2007. 24pp. 7 Forest Products Association of Canada. The Canadian Forest: 10 Key Facts About Canada’sForests. http://www.fpac.ca/en/sustainability/forest/tenFacts.php8 Environment Canada. 2006. National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources andSinks in Canada 1990-2004. April 2006.9 Colombo C.J., W.C. Parker, N. Lukai, Q. Dang and T. Cai. The effects of forest managementon carbon storage in Ontario’s forests (Climate change research report; CCRR-03). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Applied Research and Development Branch.Queens Printer for Ontario. Ontario, Canada. Pg. 82.10 Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. National Forestry Database Program. 11 Forest Products Association of Canada. The Canadian Forest: 10 Key Facts About Canada’sForests. http://www.fpac.ca/en/sustainability/forest/tenFacts.php12 Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations). 2005. Global Forest ResourceAssessment 2005 - Progress toward sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper.Rome, Italy, United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization: pg 235, annex 3, table 9. Primary forests are defined as“forests of native species, in which there are no clearly visible indications of human activityand ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.” (pg. 40).13 Hearndon, K. W., S. V. Millson and W. C. Wilson, 1992. A report on the status of forestregeneration by the Ontario Independent Forest Audit Committee. 117 In (eds), OntarioMinistry of Natural Resources. Sault St. Marie, Ontario. Queen’s Printer for Ontario
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