Order 8900.1, Volume 4, Chapter 1, Section 5 - Code7700

11/3/11 8900.1 CHG 1844-103 AMUs. Two large areas of en route operation have unique features which significantlycomplicate air navigation. These two areas are centered around Earth’s magnetic poles.A. Concept. Conventional magnetic compasses sense magnetic direction by detectingthe horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field. Since this horizontal component vanishesnear the magnetic poles, magnetic compasses are highly unreliable and unusable in an areaapproximately 1,000 NM from each magnetic pole. Within these areas, air navigation tasks arefurther complicated by very rapid changes in magnetic variation over small distances. Forexample, when flying between the magnetic North Pole and the true North Pole, a heading oftrue North results in a magnetic heading of South (a magnetic variation of 180 degrees).B. Convergence of the Meridians. Since these two major AMUs also occur nearEarth’s geographic poles, the convergence of the meridians also presents additional directionalcomplications. When flying “great circle” courses at latitudes greater than 67 degrees,convergence of the meridians can create rapid changes in true headings and true courses withsmall changes in aircraft position. As a result, relatively small errors in determining the aircraft’sactual position can produce very large errors in determining the proper heading to fly and tomaintain the assigned flightpath. When even small errors occur, very large navigation errors candevelop over extremely short distances. An extreme example of this phenomenon occurs atEarth’s geographic North Pole. Flight in any direction from the exact pole is initially due South(that is, the direction to Russia or the United States is South).C. Special Equipment, Techniques, and/or Procedures. Special navigationequipment, techniques, and/or procedures are critical to operate safely in polar areas, includingthe two AMUs. Operations based solely on magnetic references within AMUs are unsafe,unacceptable, and must not be approved. Operations within these areas can only be conductedsafely if the primary heading reference is derived from sources other than magnetic.1) All INS/IRS/IRU are capable of calculating true North independently from otheraircraft systems. INS/IRS/IRU can be approved and safely used for operations in AMUs andpolar areas provided the following conditions are met:operations.a) The INS is certified as Airworthy for the highest latitude authorized for theseb) Ground alignment of the INS/IRS/IRU is restricted to those airports wheresatisfactory alignment has been demonstrated or otherwise approved.c) The operator’s training programs and crew procedures provide acceptabletechniques and methods for the following:• Approaches and departures using appropriate heading references otherthan magnetic.• The use of ground-based NAVAIDs, which are oriented to appropriatedirectional references other than magnetic.9UNCONTROLLED COPY WHEN DOWNLOADEDCheck with FSIMS to verify current version before using