Vol 24, No 1, March 2011 - Enable

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weather meant, for some, that it was too wet to plant a summercrop, so again cutting farm and town income for so manyregions of Australia.For Australia’s regions that depend so much on sugarcane for anincome, increased very wet weather meant less sugar yield andless sugar content as well as badly interrupting mill operationsand all the shipping and transport of whatever sugar could beretrieved.During La Niña, sugarcane fields in Queensland also sufferfrom disease (‘orange rust’) together with many rats and snakesinvading the cane fields. What happens next is that there is a bigdownturn for this industry that helps Australia’s exports.For regions such as the Gascoyne/Murchison in WesternAustralia and in similar small crop-growing regions in the east,all this excess rainfall caused massive damage and limitedgrowth and quality of important small vegetable crops.For those regions producing cattle and sheep, disease andpest outbreaks are common during a La Niña, especiallywith blowflies, buffalo flies, cattle ticks, and worm and otherinfestations (see Figure 6). The massively increased numbers ofmosquitoes, sandflies and midges (all because of the same highrainfall and flooding) caused so much misery for wildlife andstock animals through the incessant attacks by these pests ontothe eyes and other regions of these poor animals.Figure 6: Buffalo fly on cattleLa Niña can also cause big losses for the mining industry,especially in regions such as central Queensland and WesternAustralia. The pits in open-cut coal mines can fill with water.Major damage can occur to drag-lines, coal trucks and trains,meaning that very valuable export coal cannot be shipped out ofthe mining region to the ports.In the meantime, our coastal ports can be severely impacted bythe same La Niña, often due to tropical cyclone damage causedby the cyclones very strong winds and storm surges – that area little like being hit by a tsunami. Billions of dollars in lossof our exports can be expected if the management of theseoperations is not really aware of the potential for such damagedue to La Niña.STUDENT ACTIVITIES18. Explain the effects of the Southern Annular Mode in the SouthernOcean and the Indian Ocean Dipole of Australia’s weatherpatterns.19. Describe the beneficial and detrimental effects of the MillenniumDrought on Australian rural industries.20. Explain the effect of the onset of the 2010 La Niña event onfarmer’s prospects. What were the later problems that emerged?21. How are pastoralists, miners and coastal communities affected bysuch prolonged heavy rainfall episodes?ResearchComplete the webquest ‘El Nino or El No-no RetrievedFebruary 2011 from Construct a photographic display in PowerPoint, or similarpresentation software, to illustrate the most powerful El Ninoand La Nina years from 1950 to the present in an Australiancontext.~ 8 ~
Sport Terrorism:A Deadly GameDr. Susan Bliss Director Global Education NSW 2001–2010,University Lecturer and Textbook AuthorAbstractSport attracts the attention of billions of people, making it adesirable target for terrorists who wish to publicise their causeto the largest and widest audience. Today, sport mega events(SME) such as the Olympic Games, viewed on the internationalstage, provide a potential target for terrorist activities. Thetargeting of sporting events has resulted in the need toimplement pro-active expensive security strategies that aresupported by governments’ defensive anti-terrorism legislationand offensive counter-terrorism tactics.IntroductionThe scene is set. The international media are broadcasting.Billions of fans are watching the 2012 London Olympic Games.Elite sportspeople are performing. A terrorist walks into thestadium with a hidden bomb. While the excited crowd cheers,the bomb explodes. Chaos follows. The Games are cancelled.This horrendous occurrence is possible.Since 1972, there have been over 170 sport-related terroristattacks (Figure 1). Even cricket, the so called ‘gentleman’sgame’, has been affected by terrorist activities in India, Pakistanand Sri Lanka (Figure 2). These attacks resulted not only indeath and damaged infrastructure but strained internationalrelationships, had a devastating ripple effect on economies and ademoralising impact on sportspeople and their fans.Defining TerrorismBoaz Ganor proposed that an analytically useful definition ofterrorism is ‘the intentional use of, or threat to use violenceagainst civilian targets, in order to attain political aims’.An internationally agreed definition has been difficult, asit is influenced by interpretation, personal perception andexploitation. (Ganor, 2005).Over the past decade, the changing global political landscapehas forced sport event managers to develop pro-active plans toreduce the risk of a terrorist attack.Figure 1: Global overview of sport related terrorism1997Sweden: OlympicsOlympic stadium inStockholm damagedby terrorist bomb,planted by groupopposed to Swedishbid for 2004 OlympicGames1974Munich: OlympicsBlack Septembergroup crept into theOlympic Village inMunich and grabbednine Israeli teammembers as hostages.All killed2002Madrid: Football/SoccerChampion semi-final day at BernabeuStadium in Madrid between RealMadrid and Barcelona FC.Car bomb targeted by members ofthe Basque separatist group ETA.17 people injured2006Iraq: Taekwondo, Tennis, AthletesMay 17: 15 Taekwondo teammembers kidnapped. 13 found dead.May 26: Tennis coach and twoplayers shot dead allegedly forwearing shorts.July 16: Kidnapped 30 athletes andofficials at sports conference inBaghdad.1997UK: Horse RacingGrand National horse racein U.K abandoned after twobomb threats from IRA.60,000 spectators (includingPrincess Anne), evacuated1987South Korea: OlympicsDestruction of KoreanAirlines jet by terrorist bomb.Perpetrators intended todisrupt the lead up to 1988South Korea Olympics1996USA: OlympicsBomb detonatedin Atlanta GamesOlympic Park. I killedover 100 injured2010Pakistan: VolleyballPakistan suicide bomb killsover 88 people at volleyballcourt in NW Pakistan1994Colombia: World CupColombian teamlost 2-1 to US, withEscobar scoring in hisown goal, leading totheir elimination. Uponreturning home he waskilled. Murder believedto be a punishmentor linked to gamblinglosses by drug lordswho bet on team.2008Senegal:Dakar Car RallyThe threat of al Qaedacancelled the Rallyfor first time in its30-year history. TheRally from Paris, toDakar, Senegal, wascancelled due tothreats in Mauritania2010Togo/Angola:Soccer teamTogo national football team’s busattacked travelling through Angolaon way to 2010 Africa Cup of Nationstournament. 3 killed several injured.The Front for the Liberation of theEnclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimedresponsibility for the attack2010South Africa:World CupNorth African Al-Qaedaterrorists issued athreat to cause ‘dozensand hundreds’ ofdeaths by attackingEngland’s openinggame in the footballWorld Cup in SouthAfrica.2008Sri Lanka: MarathonTamil Tiger suicidebomber detonateda device at start ofmarathon celebratingSri Lanka’s New Year.12 killed 100 injured.Highways ministerand former Olympicmarathon runneramong the dead.Source: Dr. Susan Bliss, Director, Global Education NSW~ 9 ~
Page 2 and 3: ‘La Niña - How AreAustralia’s
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Page 6 and 7: the Queensland coast in recent mont
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Page 12: STUDENT ACTIVITIES9. Explain the ph
Page 15: The Toowoomba flash flood was a dis

Vol 24, No 1, March 2011 - Enable

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