Tau Neutrino Appearance via Neutrino Oscillations in Atmospheric ...

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Dedicated to my parents.
ContentsList of FiguresList of TablesAcknowledgementsviiixixiii1 Introduction 11.1 Neutrinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Neutrinos in the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Neutrino Mass and Neutrino Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3.1 Detection of Neutrino Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 Atmospheric Neutrinos and Neutrino Oscillation Experiments 81.4.1 Atmospheric Neutrinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4.2 Neutrino Oscillation Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 Super-Kamiokande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.5.1 Super-Kamiokande Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.6 Motivation of the analysis in this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Super-Kamiokande Detector 152.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.1.1 Cherenkov Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.2 Water Tank: Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.2.1 Inner Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2.2 Outer Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3 Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.3.1 Inner Detector PMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.3.2 Outer Detector PMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4 Water Purification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.5 Radon Hut and Air Purification System . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.6 Electronics and Data Acquisition System (DAQ) . . . . . . . . 322.6.1 Inner Detector DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33v
Page 1 and 2: Tau Neutrino Appearance via Neutrin
Page 3: Abstract of the DissertationTau Neu
Page 7 and 8: 6 Event Reconstruction 966.1 Vertex
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures1.1 Feynman diagrams
Page 11 and 12: 6.7 PID likelihood distributions fo
Page 13 and 14: AcknowledgementsAfter spending six
Page 15 and 16: I would like to thank administrativ
Page 17 and 18: 2and obey the exclusion principle a
Page 19 and 20: 4Table 1.1: Table of elementary par
Page 21 and 22: 6then, |ν α (t)〉 can be express
Page 23 and 24: 8As described in the next section,
Page 25 and 26: 10Table 1.2: List of the flavor rat
Page 27 and 28: 12much smaller than the unity with
Page 29 and 30: 14Data/Prediction (null oscillation
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.1: The location of Super-K
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.2: An overview of the Supe
Page 35 and 36: 202.1.1 Cherenkov RadiationThe prim
Page 37 and 38: 22Figure 2.5: The layout of the PMT
Page 39 and 40: 24< φ 520photosensitive area > φ
Page 41 and 42: 26Quantum efficiency0.20.10300 400
Page 43 and 44: 282.3.2 Outer Detector PMTThe OD ph
Page 45 and 46: 30CARTRIDGEPOLISHERUVSTERILIZERVACU
Page 47 and 48: 32system is shown in Figure 2.13. T
Page 49 and 50: 34A block diagram of the ATM board
Page 51 and 52: 3620-inch PMTSCHATMx 24020-inch PMT
Page 53 and 54: 38Super−Kamiokande Outer Detector
Page 55 and 56:
402.6.4 Flash ADCAs a part of the S
Page 57 and 58:
42UV filter ND filterXe Flash LampO
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44Number of PMTs in Each Bin1400120
Page 61 and 62:
46ND filterTriggerPMTDyeN2 LaserDif
Page 63 and 64:
485432Timing Resolution (nsec)10543
Page 65 and 66:
50Optical FiberLASER337nmTop371nm40
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52Light scattering measurementatten
Page 69 and 70:
54neutrino analyses, such an estima
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56Number of events14012010080604020
Page 73 and 74:
58momentum/range (MeV/cm)432DATAM.C
Page 75 and 76:
60µ momentum/trackelectron momentu
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theoretical groups such as Honda fl
Page 79 and 80:
640Zenith angle of arrival directio
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66Flux×E ν2(m -2 sec -1 sr -1 GeV
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684% [105]. The flux of atmospheric
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70where G E and G M are the electri
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72resonance), M j is the mass of th
Page 89 and 90:
74σ (10 -38 cm 2 )0.25 (a) νp →
Page 91 and 92:
761.5(a) ν µN → µ - XIHEP-JINR
Page 93 and 94:
7821.751.5ν 16 O → l ± 16 O π
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80ing experiments [158, 159, 160].
Page 97 and 98:
82shown in Figure 3.5. The timing o
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8410.8ν τν µν eν - τν - µ
Page 101 and 102:
86Chapter 5Data ReductionThe Super-
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88and exit the ID. The neutrino ene
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90• NHITA 800 ≤ 50The number of
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92• The distance between the cabl
Page 109 and 110:
94Coincidence muonsThe remaining co
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96Chapter 6Event ReconstructionThe
Page 113 and 114:
9842 deg. ring(possible center)hit
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100Number of events450400350Single-
Page 117 and 118:
102by muons or charged pions and ha
Page 119 and 120:
104Number of eventsNumber of events
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106the changes in the vertex positi
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108flux. This is because most of ν
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110NUM 14RUN 999999SUBRUN 99EVENT 2
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112expected to be upward-going.Base
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114150100500(a)10 2 (b)1013.5 4 4.5
Page 131 and 132:
116SK-I Multi-GeV MCSK-II Multi-GeV
Page 133 and 134:
118Number of Events9080706050403020
Page 135 and 136:
120Table 7.5: Fraction of neutrino
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122Number of Events604020TAU+BKGBKG
Page 139 and 140:
124100SK-ITAU+BKGBKGDATA6050SK-IITA
Page 141 and 142:
126• Up/down ratio : (For the obs
Page 143 and 144:
128• Charge-current ν τ interac
Page 145 and 146:
130• Tau likelihood selection eff
Page 147 and 148:
132Table 7.8: (For only SK-I) Summa
Page 149 and 150:
134Table 7.10: (Common to SK-I and
Page 151 and 152:
136because for non-zero θ 13 , Mul
Page 153 and 154:
138Bay [184] reactor experiments, a
Page 155 and 156:
140Table A.2: Summary of the damage
Page 157 and 158:
142Appendix BEnergy Flow AnalysisIn
Page 159 and 160:
Figure B.2: Example of subdivision
Page 161 and 162:
146be handled by setting any negati
Page 163 and 164:
148[16] K. Assamagan et al., Phys.
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150[48] H. Seo, A Measurement of ν
Page 167 and 168:
152[84] T. H. Johnson et al., Phys.
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154[125] G. Radecky et al., Phys. R
Page 171 and 172:
156[171] K. Hagiwara et al., Nucl.
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