Clinical TrialsClinical trials play an essential role in the development of new medical products and are a required part of theresearch process for many <strong>Baxter</strong> products. <strong>Baxter</strong> protects the safety and privacy of clinical trial participants,as well as the integrity of data obtained from these studies.<strong>Baxter</strong>'s Clinical Trials Policy defines the requirements for clinical trials, studies and investigations involvinghuman subjects that use investigational and/or marketed medicinal products and/or medical devices. Thepolicy applies to all <strong>Baxter</strong>-sponsored studies worldwide.The standards <strong>Baxter</strong> adheres to include, but are not limited to, the standards found in the followingdocuments:• Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP), edited by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH),Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP);• Declaration of Helsinki and the laws and regulations of the applicable country;• International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects;• Directive 2001/20/EC and Directive 2005/28/EC on the approximation of the laws, regulations andadministrative provision of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practicesin the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for humans for Europe; and• Applicable privacy and data protection standards.Clinical trials require prior written approval by an Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board.Prior to any study-related activities or assessments, the study subjects must provide informed writtenconsent. All studies must comply with applicable privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to,the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations or other applicablecountry-specific requirements.For any clinical trial that prospectively assigns human subjects to intervention and comparison groups tostudy the cause-and-effect relationship between a medical intervention and a health outcome, the trial willbe registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov within three weeks after the first subject has been recruited.http://www.sustainability.baxter.com/product-responsibility/research-development-design/clinical-trials.html© Copyright 2011 <strong>Baxter</strong> International Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Materials UseCustomers, governments and other stakeholders are increasingly interested in the materials and chemicalsubstances used in products and packaging. With regard to medical products, this is due to employee,clinician and patient health and safety in addition to environmental impacts, in particular at the product'send-of-life stage. In parts of the world, legislation restricts the use of specific substances in products(see Case Study: Materials Restrictions). Customers are also interested in which materials are recyclable,such as in product packaging.<strong>Baxter</strong> carefully considers the potential impacts of the materials it uses in its products and packaging,and takes a disciplined approach to identifying materials for possible restriction. The company focusesboth on the amount and the types of materials used, working to eliminate hazardous substances whereverpossible. <strong>Baxter</strong> also works to maximize product service life, reuse and recycling when appropriate, for itselectronic products, for example.In 2010, <strong>Baxter</strong> purchased more than 188,000 metric tons of major commodities for use in its products andpackaging, in addition to pre-manufactured components (see Major Materials Used in Manufacturing).The company continues to work to improve the efficiency of its materials use. For example, during 2010,the company implemented projects that achieved an annualized reduction of 140 metric tons of corrugatecardboard consumption and a total packaging material reduction of 247 metric tons, providing a total savingsof 3,500 metric tons since 20071 (see Packaging for details). Plastic scrap from manufacturing is <strong>Baxter</strong>'slargest waste stream, generating roughly one-third of the company's non-hazardous waste, so reducingplastic waste and increasing recycling is another key focus (see Waste for details).<strong>Product</strong> Design<strong>Baxter</strong>'s research and development and manufacturing operations work with environment, health and safety(EHS) specialists to ensure that new products meet robust environmental design principles, comply withenvironmental regulations and satisfy customer requirements. This involves avoiding hazardous substanceswherever possible, minimizing resource use and enhancing opportunities for product recovery, reuse, andrecycling when appropriate.As part of the company's product development process, <strong>Baxter</strong> applies a <strong>Product</strong> <strong>Sustainability</strong> Review toall new medical devices, assessing health and safety and environmental impacts across the product life cycle,including those related to materials selection and use. This includes an enhanced screen for toxic chemicals.<strong>Baxter</strong> eliminates those materials whenever feasible. For example, new devices under development aredesigned to meet the European Union's Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive guidelinesworldwide and will avoid chemicals from the REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation andRestriction of Chemicals) Directive list of "Substances of Very High Concern" as is feasible. <strong>Baxter</strong> is alsoevaluating using the IEC 60601-1-9, an international standard for environmentally conscious design, on anew electromechanical device currently being developed.http://www.sustainability.baxter.com/product-responsibility/materials-use.html© Copyright 2011 <strong>Baxter</strong> International Inc. All Rights Reserved.