Self Directed Learning Package - University of Queensland

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80 • The Palliative Approach ToolkitKey PointResidents may often have more than one type andlocation of pain. This is especially common withadvanced cancer pain.The following story illustrates a resident with advanced diseasewhere metastases are causing pain in three different locations.Case Study: JudyJudy (87 years) has been a resident of your facility for 4months and is dying.She was diagnosed with advanced bowel cancer threemonths ago and her disease has progressed rapidly. She hasdeveloped a fungating rectal mass as well as metastasis inher liver and bones (right hip and ribs). She complains of painin her ‘bottom’ when she is sitting on a chair, intermittent hippain when she walks or moves in bed and also a ‘discomfort’in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen occasionallyradiating to her right shoulder.The areas of pain identified in this case study include her rectallesion, bone pain (worse on movement), and pain from her livercausing referred pain to her shoulder.Barriers to effective pain assessment andmanagementThinking PointWhat factors may interfere with Judy’s painassessment?Barriers to indentifying pain• concurrent clinical problems• cognitive impairment• multiple pain problems• lack of objective biological markers for chronic pain that canbe used to test if pain is present• communication deficitse.g. language, vision, dysphasia• cultural norms in the expression of paine.g. Western Anglo-Saxon “stiff upper lip”• false beliefse.g. “People with dementia don’t feel pain”; “It’s normal tohave some pain as you age”; “Opioids hasten death”• fear of the meaning of pain especially when linked to canceror a terminal illness• inexperience of healthcare workers in OBJECTIVE assessmentof pain. 2
81 • Self Directed Learning Package - Advanced Registered & Enrolled NurseTypes of painPain can be classified in a number of ways:Acute or chronic painAcute pain• due to acute injury/illness• may last days/weeks, has a predictable andlimited duration• clinical signs are obvious: increased bloodpressure and heart rate; sweating, pallor• anxiety• inactivity until recovery• temporary use of analgesics.Chronic pain• results from chronic pathological process• gradual onset and becomes progressively worse• usually no sympathetic clinical signs• may appear depressed, withdrawn with lethargy• requires treatment of underlying disease andregular use of analgesia.Key PointIn palliative care, pain is usually chronic and theobvious signs such as pallor, sweating, or changesin blood pressure may not be seen.Remember pain may be due to the resident’sdisease, their treatment, or a co-morbid illness.
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Self Directed Learning Package - University of Queensland

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