<strong>10</strong> <strong>Years</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> Cooperation: FTI, Nippon Keidanren and TU<strong>SIIT</strong> <strong>Commemorative</strong> <strong>Publication</strong>, 20027. References1. 2002 JSCE Design Code, Japan Society <strong>of</strong> CivilEngineers.2. Bathe, K.J. 1982. “Finite element procedures inengineering analysis”, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,Englewood Cliffs, NJ.3. Meyer, C. and Okamura, H. 1982. “Finite elementanalysis <strong>of</strong> reinforced concrete structures”,Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the joint US-Japan seminar,Tokyo, American Society <strong>of</strong> Civil Engineers.4. Okamura, H. and Maekawa, K. 1991. “Nonlinearanalysis and constitutive models <strong>of</strong> reinforcedconcrete”, Gihodo-Shuppan Co. Tokyo.5. Pimanmas, A. and Maekawa, K. 2001. “Behaviorand finite element analysis <strong>of</strong> pre-crackedreinforced concrete in shear”, Magazine <strong>of</strong>Concrete Research, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 263-282.6. Pimanmas, A. and Maekawa, K. 2001. “Influence<strong>of</strong> pre-cracking on reinforced concrete behavior inshear”, Concrete Library <strong>of</strong> JSCE, No. 38, pp.207-223.6
<strong>10</strong> <strong>Years</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> Cooperation: FTI, Nippon Keidanren and TU<strong>SIIT</strong> <strong>Commemorative</strong> <strong>Publication</strong>, 2002A Low-Power High-Frequency Low-DistortionSinusoidal Quadrature Oscillatorวงจรกําเนิดสัญญาณไฟฟาคลอดราเจอร ความถี่สูง สูญเสียพลังงานไฟฟาตํ่าและความเพี้ยนของสัญญาณตํ่าBanlue SrisuchinwongTelecommunications Program, Sirindhorn <strong>International</strong> Institute <strong>of</strong> TechnologyP.O. Box 22, Thammasat-Rangsit Post Office, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.บรรลือ ศรีสุชินวงศสาขาโทรคมนาคม สถาบันเทคโนโลยีนานาชาติสิรินธรตู ปณ. 22 ปทฝ. ธรรมศาสตร รังสิต ปทุมธานี 12121Abstract: A low-power high-frequency low-distortion sinusoidal quadrature oscillator through the use <strong>of</strong> the internalcapacitances <strong>of</strong> CMOS current mirrors and the negative resistance is summarized. The oscillation frequency is 1.9GHz and current-tunable over a range <strong>of</strong> 370 MHz or 21.6 %. The amplitude matching and the quadrature phasematching are better than 0.029 dB and 0.15°, respectively. Total harmonic distortions (THD) are less than 0.3 %.Carrier to noise ratio (CNR) is 90.01 dBc/Hz at 2 MHz <strong>of</strong>fset from the 1.9 GHz carrier. The power dissipation isonly 0.45 mW. The figure <strong>of</strong> merit CNR norm is 153.03 dBc/Hz. The ratio <strong>of</strong> the oscillation frequency to the transitionfrequency <strong>of</strong> the transistor is 0.25. Techniques <strong>of</strong> CMOS current mirrors have been demonstrated for an <strong>of</strong>f-chipcapacitorless(OCL) approach to a low power, high frequency, low distortion linear quadrature oscillator.Comparisons to other approaches are presented.Keywords: Sinusoids, Quadrature, High frequency, Low power, CMOS current mirrors, Negative resistance, Internalcapacitances.1. IntroductionIntegrated circuits have enabled millions <strong>of</strong> electroniccomponents in a small piece <strong>of</strong> a silicon chip where thearea is typically in the order <strong>of</strong> <strong>10</strong>0 mm 2 . Depending onthe complexity and the silicon areas, digital integratedcircuits can be referred to as small-scale (SSI), mediumscale(MSI), large-scale (LSI) and very-large scale(VLSI) integration. Techniques for the design <strong>of</strong> VLSIhave been suggested in, for example, Srisuchinwong et al(1995a, 1992) and York et al (1992, 1991, 1990).On the other hand, analogue integrated circuits haveplayed crucial roles in various applications includingcircuits for wireless communications (Srisuchinwong etal 2001a). One <strong>of</strong> a building block is the quadratureoscillator (QO) where two sinusoids with 90° phasedifference are generated for a variety <strong>of</strong> applicationssuch as in Hartley and Weaver image-reject receiversor in direct-conversion receivers (Razavi 1997).Typically, quadrature oscillators (OOs) can be eithernon-linear or linear types. Nonlinear QOs such asrelaxation and ring QOs are usually realized usingperiodically switching mechanisms and thereforeoutputs may not be readily low-distortion sinusoids(Johns and Martin 1997, Srisuchinwong 2000a, 1998).In contrast, linear QOs employ frequency-selectivenetworks such as LC or RC circuits and consequentlylow-distortion sinusoids can be readily generated(Sedra and Smith 1998, Srisuchinwong 2000a).Existing RC techniques for QOs include all-pass filters(Srisuchinwong 2000a, 1999, 1997), (Srisuchinwong etal 2001b), OTA-C (Ahmed et al. 1997), negativeresistance (Sedra and Smith 1998) and BJT currentmirrors (Pookaiyaudom and Samootrut 1987).Although a related RC current-mirror-only techniqueusing BJTs (Pookaiyaudom and Sitdhikorn 1996) orrelated RC current-tunable techniques (Srisuchinwongand Trung 1995b), (Pookaiyaudom et al 1987) havebeen suggested, they are not for QOs. Such RCtechniques, however, have suffered not only from arelatively low oscillation frequency due to the use <strong>of</strong>relatively large <strong>of</strong>f-chip capacitors but also fromrelatively high power consumptions.Recently, internal capacitances <strong>of</strong> either BJTs (Tangand Kasperkovitz 1997, Tang et al 2002) or MOS(Sugimoto and Ueno 1997) have been exploited for the‘<strong>of</strong>f-chip capacitorless (OCL)’ approaches to nonlinearQOs. Conversely, internal capacitances <strong>of</strong> onlyBJTs (Pookaiyaudom and Mahattanakul 1995) havebeen demonstrated for an OCL approach to a linearQO. Such OCL approaches enable high oscillationfrequencies but the power consumptions have remained7
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