Tribal College Contributions to Local Economic Development

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2Figure One: Tribal Colleges in the United StatesState College(s) Reservation(s) Chartering Tribe(s)Reservation-based:Arizona (AZ) Diné College (formerly Navajo) Navajo Nation (also in part of NM and UT) Navajo NationMichigan (MI) Bay Mills Community College * Bay Mills (Ojibwa) Indian Community Bay Mills Indian CommunityMinnesota (MN) Fond du Lac Tribal Fond du Lac Fond du Lac Band ofand Community College Indian Reservation Lake Superior ChippewaLeech Lake Tribal College Leech Lake Indian Reservation Leech Lake Tribal CouncilWhite Earth Tribal White Earth White Earth Reservationand Community Colllege Indian Reservation Tribal CouncilMontana (MT) Blackfeet Community College Blackfeet Reservation Blackfeet Tribal Business CouncilDull Knife Memorial College Northern Cheyenne Reservation Northern Cheyenne Tribal CouncilFort Belknap College Fort Belknap Reservation Gros Ventre and Assiniboine TribesFort Peck Community College Fort Peck Reservation Assiniboine and Sioux TribesLittle Big Horn College Crow Agency Reservation Crow Tribal CouncilSalish Kootenai College Flathead Reservation Confederated Salish andKootenai Tribal CouncilStone Child College Rocky Boy Reservation Chippewa Cree Business CommitteeNebraska (NE) Little Priest Tribal College Winnebago Nebraska Reservation Winnebago TribeNebraska Indian Omaha and Santee Sioux Reservations (also Omaha Tribal Council, Santee Sioux Tribe,Community College Yankton Sioux Reservation in SD) and Yankton Sioux TribeNorth Dakota (ND) Cankdeska Cikana Community Devils Lake Sioux (Fort Totten) Spirit Lake Sioux Tribal CouncilCollege (formerly Little Hoop)Indian ReservationFort Berthold Community Fort Berthold Reservation Three Affiliated Tribes of theCollegeArikara, Hidatsa, and MandanSitting Bull College Standing Rock Reservation Standing Rock Sioux Tribe(formerly Standing Rock) (also in part of SD)Turtle Mountain Community College Turtle Mountain Reservation Turtle Mountain Band of ChippewaSouth Dakota (SD) Cheyenne River Community College Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal CouncilOglala Lakota College Pine Ridge Reservation Oglala Sioux Tribal CouncilSinte Gleska University Rosebud Reservation Rosebud Sioux Tribal CouncilSisseton Wahpeton Lake Traverse Reservation Sisseton Wahpeton SiouxCommunity College (also in part of ND) Tribal CouncilWashington (WA) Northwest Indian College * Lummi Reservation Lummi Indian Business CouncilWisconsin (WI) College of the Menominee Nation Menominee Reservation Menominee NationLac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Reservation Lac Courte Oreilles Band of LakeCommunity CollegeSuperior ChippewaNon-reservation-based:California (CA) D-Q University Coalition of 19 tribes and bandsKansas (KS) Haskell Indian Nations University Federally charteredNew Mexico (NM) Institute of American Indian Arts Federally charteredSouthwestern Indian Polytechnic InstituteFederally charteredCrownpoint Institute of Technology ** Navajo Nation Navajo NationNorth Dakota (ND) United Tribes Technical College ** North Dakota Development Corp(representing four tribes)* Bay Mills Community College and Northwest Indian College serve other reservations in their respective states. Other Tribal Colleges may do so as well.** Crownpoint Institute of Technology and United Tribes Technical College are vocational institutions chartered by tribes that also chartered one of the reservation-based colleges.They are excluded from the reservation-based colleges in this report only to avoid duplication of data.Note: Red Crow Community College, located in Canada, is not included here.Source: Tiller, 1996; BIA, 1995; AIHEC and The Institute for Higher Education Policy, 1999Tribal Colleges’ Contributions to Local Economic Development
3Economic Development: A New DefinitionUnderpinning the purposes of this report is the belief that success in economic development for American Indianreservation communities cannot be achieved without a broad vision of that development. The desire for tribal autonomyand the emphasis on traditional values has led most tribes to prefer a “holistic approach to development,which is culturally appropriate and ecologically prudent and which encourages human development as it fosterscapital development” (First Nations Development Institute, as cited in Fettig, 1992). The goal is not simply wealth,but community development and social renewal (Boyer, 1997). Non-economic goals are inextricably tied to economicgoals, as development from the perspective of tribes involves three aspects: economic well-being, politicalsovereignty, and social sovereignty. Development strategies that offer economic payoffs but undermine political orsocial sovereignty may be rejected by many tribes (Cornell and Kalt, 1990).The conventional definition of economic development focuses on increases in the well-being of local residents, asindicated by increases in the level of employment and per capita income (OERI, 1996). As noted by the Rural CommunityCollege Initiative, however, the improvement of economic opportunities in dependent, rural areas requiresmore than traditional job creation. Rather, effective practices must “stimulate indigenous entrepreneurial developmentand civic capacity” (Eller et al., 1998, p. 2). To a large extent, therefore, it is the types of jobs and the way inwhich they are generated that is important. Under this conceptual framework, “economic development” for AmericanIndian communities means: Creating jobs, raising incomes, generating wealth, and reinvesting wealth locally; Understanding existing “natural economies”;Creating a foundation for business development, including technology, capital, a high-quality labor force, andsound physical and civic infrastructures; andUsing local values to shape the integration of the regional economy into the broader economy.A range of economic development strategies emerges from this definition, including traditional business developmenttactics; promoting small business development and entrepreneurship; providing leadership and training future leaders;encouraging a strong education ethic; and becoming a center for workforce development that meets local employers’changing needs. All of these strategies must be culturally appropriate in order to succeed, as cultural factors are essentialto long-term development (Eller et al., 1998). Successful strategies cannot challenge the existing tribal cooperativesystems. In addition, due to the rural nature of most Tribal College reservations, economic development frequentlyincludes land use plans and strategies for agricultural improvement.increased skill levels and employment in the local workforce,encouragement of small business and entrepreneurship, andimprovement of land use and agricultural activities. Becausethe colleges are at different stages of growth and exist indistinct economic landscapes, the range of their contributionsto local development vary widely. Nevertheless, thereport reveals that the Tribal Colleges are vital componentsof the process of building a foundation for future growthon Indian reservations and are strongly contributing to theeconomies of this nation’s most disadvantaged areas.Tribal Colleges’ Contributions to Local Economic Development
Page 1 and 2: Tribal College Contributionsto Loca
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis report is the s
Page 5: I. INTRODUCTION“With determinatio
Page 10 and 11: 6portation, more doctors, more reti
Page 12 and 13: 8Despite the increased need for Ind
Page 14 and 15: 10Figure Four: Average Educational
Page 17 and 18: III. TRIBAL COLLEGES AND LOCALECONO
Page 19 and 20: 15Reservation CasinosThe publicity
Page 21 and 22: Increased skills/productivityof loc
Page 23 and 24: 19percent of the labor force on the
Page 25 and 26: 21Tribal Business Information Cente
Page 27 and 28: 23A Brief History of the Land-Grant
Page 29 and 30: 25Profile of Development Activities
Page 31: 27developing and implementing a Fam
Page 34 and 35: 30numbers of students from disadvan
Page 36 and 37: 32Cavan, John. 1995. “The Compreh
Page 38 and 39: 34Slater, Lois R. 1997. “Patterns
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Tribal College Contributions to Local Economic Development

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