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VIIIPageg) The Causal and Hypothetical Syllogism 309h) Summary 315Chapter IV. — Logical Fallacies.§ 1. Classification . . . 320§ 2. Fallacy against Reality (asiddha-hetv-abhasa) 327§ 3. Fallacy of a Contrary Reason 330§ 4. Fallacy of an Uncertain Reason 3B2§ 5. The Antinomical Fallacy 336§ 6. Dharmakirti's additions 337§ 7. History 340a) Manuals of Dialectics 340b) The refutative syllogism of the Madhyamikas 343c) The Vaisesjka system influenced by the Buddhists 345d) The Nyaya system.influenced by Dignaga 849§ 8. European Parallels 353Part IV. —Negation . . . 363—505Chapter 1. — The negative judgment.§ 1. The essence of Negation 363§ 2. Negation is an Inference 366§ 3. The figures of the Negative Syllogism. The figure of SimpleNegation 370§ 4. The ten remaining figures 375§ 5. Importance of Negation 381§ 6. Contradiction and Causality only in the Empirical Sphere . . 383§ 7. Negation of supersensuous objects 384§ 8. Indian developments 387§ 9. European Parallels:a) Sigwart's theory 390b) Denied copula and Negative Predicate ... 394c) Judgment and Re-judgment 397Chapter II. — The Law of Contradiction.§ 1. The origin of Contradiction 400§ 2. Logical Contradiction 402§ 3. Dynamical opposition . . • 404§ 4. Law of Otherness 409§ 5. Different formulations of the Laws of Contradiction andOtherness 410§ 6. Other Indian schools on Contradiction 413§ 7. Some European Parallels 415a) The Law of Excluded Middle 416b) The Law of Double Negation 417c) The Law of Identity 419d) Two European Logics 424e) Heracleitus 425f) Causation and Identity in the fragments of Heracleitus - . . 428g) The Eleatic Law of Contradiction 430