Radio Broadcast - 1923, August - 86 Pages, 8.5 ... - VacuumTubeEra

270 Radio BroadcastPREPARING MESSAGES TO BE SENT AT 80 WORDS A MINUTEThis operator, on the S. S. Majestic, is using a perforating machine to make records of radio messages on a tape. Thework is done at a time when traffic is slack. When the ship nears port and a great deal of business has to be rushedthrough, the tape is fed into an automatic transmitting apparatus and buzzed off in short orderMusic Publishers With VisionWEthe action of the popular musicHAVE several times had occasionto express our disapprobation ofwriters in prohibiting the broadcasting of anyof their compositions without the payment ofrather large license fees. The recent actionof the Radio Corporation in cutting outfrom their programs all compositions controlledby the Society, evidently verified ourguess that this grasping after revenues, wherenone was in sight, would react to the detrimentof these composers and publishers.It is with real pleasure that we now recordthe action of another group of music composersand publishers; producers of the so-called"standard" music, as contrasted to the "popular"variety.In a report on the subject of broadcasting, acommittee of the Music Publishers' Associationof the United States says: "Our committeehas been carefully investigating the broadcastingof copyrighted music since last November.In our report, just adopted by the Association,we point out that music publishers are vitallyinterested in radio broadcasting as a greatfuture user of music and that our rights in theuse of copyrighted music in public performancesmust be protected. However, we appreciatethe fact that radio broadcasting is still in achaotic and experimental state, and that whileultimately it will have to be placed on a commercialbasis if it is to develop its potentialities,nevertheless the commercial side of the broadcastingproblem has not yet been solved." In view of these facts, and also because wedesire to cooperate in developing the music possibilitiesof radio, we believe that we shouldallow the use of our copyrighted compositions

The March of Radio 275centre of the city. Trouble from power absorptionin the neighboring buildings, and poorradiation, might have been anticipated, butfrom results so far reported the station seemsto function excellently.The Radio Corporation's previous broadcastingstation, WJZ, located in Newark, adozen miles from New York, was extremelyinaccessible to lecturers and performers. Thisdrawback was partially remedied by fitting upa studio in New York City, and sending thevoice currents by wire to the radio station.But this scheme gave much trouble; the wiresused were leased from the Western UnionTelegraph Company, and in spite of assurancesthat they were "as quiet as it was possible tomake them," noises of all sorts were picked upby them between the studio and the transmittingstation. In fact, on the night whenthey were first put in commission, while theWestern Union official was telling us viaradio how quiet his wires were, they werepicking up so much extraneous noise, unknownto him, that his words were scarcely intelligible.A studio and radio transmitter should be asclose together as it is possible to make them,because wire connections between them evenunder the best conditions will pick up somedisturbing "electrical noises." Broadcast Central'sstudios (there are two of them) are directlyunder the antenna, so that trouble fromthis source has been eliminated.Two antennas, suspended from the samemasts, lead to two entirely separate transmittingsets, each of which has its own controlequipment. Each studio controls one of theantennas, and as these and their respectivetransmitters are tuned for different wavelengths,both studios and antennas may operatesimultaneously without interference. ThisA PLACE FOR EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACEAmateur station 2ABT, owned by Mr. George Freisinger of New York. It is one of the most elaborate in the East, and itsperformance is in keeping with its appearance, as Mr. Freisinger (at right of picture) has heard stations in Europe as wellas all over America. The 3oo-watt transmitter is not shown, but the combination transmitter and receiver of the navytype, using 2O-watt Singer tubes for transmitting, and a standard honeycomb regenerative hook-up with two stages ofamplification for receiving, is mounted on the desk at the left. In the centre is a special type amateur receiving unitwith two stages of A. F. amplification. At the right, is a three-stage power amplifier

276 Radio Broadcastis the first time such a system has been introducedinto the broadcasting game.These paragraphs do not pretend to give atechnical description of WJY and WJZ, butone very ingenious scheme of control doeswarrant mention here; the visual control ofthe amount of modulation of the antenna current.The high-frequency antenna current isrectified by a tube outfit and thrown on to anoscillograph screen, and a wavy line of lightshows the operator exactly how much theantenna current isbeing varied by the singer'svoice. Moreover, this operator has at his immediatecommand the control of the amount ofmodulation sent to the antenna if a singerputs too much fortissimo into her voice sothat the entenna current would be modulatedtoo much to sound well, the effect of the voiceon the antenna current can be at once (andunknown to the singer) cut down, thus temperingthe singer's effect on the transmitter.The idea isvery much like having an orchestraperform in a room enclosed by shutterswhich could be opened or closed by a listeneroutside; if the performers put too much intensityinto their playing the outside listenercould close the shutters when they played tooloudly and open them when the softer passageswere being executed.Some such control over radio modulation isabsolutely essential if the quality of the receivedsignal is to be good. While one performerwill sing with tremendous volume, andstand close to the microphone, the next, standingfarther from the microphone and singingwith less force, may scarcely affect the antennacurrent. The engineers of the Radio Corporationare to be congratulated on the methodwhich they have developed to solve thisproblem.THE FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF THE RADIO TAIL-E-PHONEThe scene is laid in Leadville, Colorado, in 1905, when Mr. C. B. Cooper (sitting on the apparatus) was Superintendentof Construction for the United Wireless Company. Mr. Cooper is now a member of the Hoover Conference Committee,the Board of Governors of the National Radio Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of its Broadcasting and Finance Committees,and Treasurer of the Radio Broadcasting Society of America. In 1917, he left construction work to organizethe Ship Owners' Radio Service, in Seattle. Recently he started the C. B. Cooper Company, Factory Representatives.His company acts as New York representative for the Crosley Manufacturing Company

The March of Radio 277LISTENING TO WJAZ FROM JUST OUTSIDE THE STUDIOGuests at the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, can see the broadcasters through the windows at the left and the controlroom operators through the windows at the centre. At the same time, they can listen to the program by means of areceiver and loud speakerSecretary Hoover ActsWEBEMOANED the failure of Congressto act on the White bill, bywhich the broadcast situation wasto be remedied; but before the echo of ourmoans had died away we found the situationsuddenly remedied without the White bill!Apparently feeling that it already had sufficientauthority, and that the situation was badenough to warrant immediate action, the Departmentof Commerce, acting in accord withthe opinion of the radio experts and authoritiesof the country, has reassigned frequenciesto practically all the broadcasting stationsin the country and has done it so well that weno longer have any cause for complaint. Insteadof the bedlam of noise to which we hadbecome almost accustomed, there is practicallyno interference at all. With a good receivingset, one can go through the range of wavelengthsassigned to broadcasting and pick upperhaps twenty stations with no appreciableinterference.To be sure, it was possible for the expert,even under previous conditions, to get rid ofmuch of the interference, because no two stationssent on exactly the same wavelength,and by using two- and three-circuit tuners withjust the right amount of regeneration, he wasable to cut out many of the disturbing stations.Most of us, however, were not sufficiently expert,and didn't have sufficiently complicatedsets (and didn't want them, either) to do suchfine tuning. But now no such skill is required.Even the novice can eliminate practically allinterference; and the concerts, ever improvingin quality, are really worth while staying athome to hear. The finer passages are notspoiled by the whining beat note of a competingstation, as they formerly were.With this re-assignment of wavelengths, abig step has been taken in forwarding theinterests of radio broadcasting; considering theapparent ease with which it was accomplishedwe wonder more than ever why the Departmentof Commerce delayed its good work solong.

278 Radio BroadcastTHE BOOM IS ON IN ENGLANDAnd manufacturers are hard-put to supply the increasing demand for broadcast receivers.These women are doing light assembly work at the Marconi Works in ChelmsfordThe Interdepartmental Radio Advisory sentatives of the Departments of Agriculture,CommitteeInterior, Justice, Labor, State, Treasury, War,and Navy, Bureau of the Budget, Interstatethe Department of Commerce we Commerce Commission, Post Office, and thehave received aFROMbulletin describing the Shipping Board. Whereas the power of thissuccessful functioning of the committee committee ispurely advisory, its membersof representatives from all governmental departmentshaving a serious interest in radio ter has yet been brought up for considerationhave cooperated so harmoniously that no mat-communication. For some time past various which has not been amicably solved. As itsdepartments have been doing more or less fundamental principle in controlling the extensionof governmental radio activities, thebroadcasting, and as it seemed only consistentwith the Federal Government's activitiesin other branches of coordinating the work broadcasting should not be used where wirecommittee has wisely concluded "that radioof various government sub-divisions to cut telegraphy or telephony or printed publicationdown expense and interference, Secretary would be as satisfactory."Hoover brought about in April, 1922, the formationof the Interdepartmental Radio Ad-departments feel that the committee has beenIn the words of the bulletin, "the severalvisory Committee, which we discussed in these a satisfactory clearing house for governmentcolumns about a year ago. The scope of the radio matters. While the experimental broadcastingsystem has operated satisfactorily toCommittee's activities was widened in Januaryof this year to include not only questions date, the experience which has been had withof methods of, and material for, broadcasting,it should be used as a basis of a rational planbut all other radio matters in which the several for a government broadcasting system. Thedepartments may be interested.question is, of course, intimately related withThe Chairman of the Committee isActing the existing and prospective privately ownedAssistant Secretary S. B. Davis of the Departmentof Commerce, and he has with him repre- If radio is to become of maximum benefitbroadcasting stations throughout the country.to

The March ofRadio279the people, the Government must continue tostudy the question of properly organized broadcastingand other services. There are constantoccasions for the curtailment or expansionof the Government's radio plant andthe committee's effort is to coordinate theseneeds and fulfill them with maximum economy."Radio Repayseven su-Tperficially, the development of radio inAmerica, the name of Alexanderson isits GeniusTHOSE who have followed,well known. The contributions which havecome from him and his co-workers are manyand varied; his work is not apparent in thereceiving sets with which most of us are familiarbut deals rather with the engineeringfeatures of radio. The reduction of losses inthe huge insulators used in suspending the largeantennas of the Radio Corporation's transmittingstations, the ingenious scheme for reducingearth losses of an antenna by his"multiple tuning" method, the magnetic behaviorof iron at the excessively high frequenciesused in radio, and the design and constructionof the immense high-frequency alternatorswhich bear his name, serve to illustrate thetype of work which this engineer is contributingto the advancement of this branch of electricalengineering.He now undoubtedly feels repaid a thousandfoldfor the energy he has devoted to radioresearch, as will be evident from the followingnarrative from the News Bureau of the GeneralElectric Company:Monday, April 30, Verner, six-year-old sonof Dr. Alexanderson, was lured from his homeby the promise of a gift of rabbits, and kidnapped.The police had practically no clue towork on ;in spite of the active work and closecooperation of the newspapers, police, and radiobroadcasting stations, the case appeared to beat a standstill and the whereabouts of the boyremained a mystery for three days.Bert Jarvis, of Theresa, Jefferson County,N. Y., a village of a thousand inhabitants,listening-in Monday night on his home-maderadio set, heard WGY, the Schenectady broadcastingstation of the General Electric Company,announce the kidnapping of VernerAlexanderson. Jarvis rents boats to fishermenand acts as caretaker for numerous summercottages in the vicinity of Theresa. A fewdays before the kidnapping, he had rented anDR. ALEXANDERSON AND HIS SONisolated cottage to a man who was bringing hisfamily up from the city for the season.After hearing the radio description of themissing boy and the kidnapper, Jarvis's suspicionswere aroused. Tuesday he met theowner of the cottage and asked him who hadtaken possession. The owner explained thatit was only an old woman, a little boy, and oneman.It so happened that the man when renting thecottage had said that. he was going to bring hisdaughter. Jarvis's suspicions grew and Wednesdayhe decided to ride out to the vicinityof the cottage in his motor boat. He stoppedat the cottage and asked the old woman whocame to the door for a glass of water. Heentered the house and saw a child on the bed.Jarvis returned to the cottage later and askedfor candle wicking for his motor. On thisvisit he waved to the boy and the boy wavedat him.Thursday morning, Jarvis saw a photographof the kidnapped boy in the Syracuse PostStandard and this picture tallied with the boyin the cottage. Now sure of his ground, Jarvisreported to the Deputy Sheriff and a few hours

280 Radio BroadcastWest Coast to Have a New StationGeneral Electric Co. has started workon a newTHEbroadcasting station to belocated in Oakland, Cal. Most of thebroadcasting stations to date have been fittedup in more or less makeshift quarters in' buildingsalready erected, but this new Western stationis to be built for radio from the ground up.Research isbeing carried on to determine howreverberator}' an ideal studio should be; a roomhaving no echoes at all gives the transmissiona peculiar empty quality, whereas too muchecho from walls and ceiling makes the speechunintelligible and accentuates severely certainmusical notes.A small power house for the radio apparatuswill be built below the antenna, which will beof the multiple tuned type. An interesting featureof the new station is the use of watercooledtriodes for the oscillator and modulator;although the normal antenna power fromthese tubes will be only 1000 watts, the possibleoutput., to be used for test purposes, will bemany times as much.HOMEWARD BOUND WITH THE CAVE-MAN SETIt is expectedHE MADE AT SCHOOLthat the programswill bebroadcasted notThis English youngsteris eager to see what's on the only from artists in the stationairdown in London. The apparatus looks a bit primitive studios, but that also, by suitable wire connectionsprovided by the Pacific Telegraph andbut it's easy to "get at," at leastTelephone Company, anylater Verner talked over the long distanceof the interestingevents taking placetelephone to his father and mother.in San Francisco, theWest's metropolis, willThe successful use of radio in the Alexandersoncase has convincingly proved the value ofbe put on the air!Thebroadcasting as a U. S. Health Service Functioning bypublicity factor when farreachingresults are desired in a short time.RadioWGY announced the kidnapping within tworadio is surely becoming one of thehours after it had been reported to the police. THAT very necessary factors in our every-dayOther broadcasting stations joined their voices life is evidenced by the following recentto the voice of WGY, and the story, with a note from the U. S. Public Health Service:description of the missing boy, went over theThe steamship Wesi Cabous, lying at anchor inentire country. Radio fans were everywhere Baltimore harbor, about nine miles from the city,enlisted in the search. The newspapers kept needed medical help at about 3 a. m. recently andthem posted on the progress of the case and also needed it quickly. A member of the crew hadfurnished them with pictures of the boy. fallen into the hold and injured himself seriously.Through Hudson Maxim, the members of the So the captain of the ship sent a wireless broadcastAmateur Relay League took up the case and asking help.hundreds of spark sets flashed the The call wasstory throughpicked up, not in Baltimore, ninemiles away,the but at Cape May, about 100 miles dueair.east of Baltimore. As Cape May was separatedDr. Alexanderson made a personal appealfrom the Schenectady broadcasting station. from the West Cabous by parts of New Jersey andDelaware and byAfter the boy had been found he again addressedthe radio audience thanking everyonethe eastern shore of Maryland, notto mention Delaware and Chesapeake bays, nofor his interest, sympathy, and assistance. Hedirect help from it was possible.But the operator was on the job. Promptly heplaced special emphasis on the cooperation of consulted the long distance list in the Baltimorethe press and police. telephone directory and called up the residence of

The March of Radio 281the Public Health Service, Surgeon-in-Charge of theMarine Hospital in Baltimore 100 miles to thewest. The surgeon, roused from sleep to receivethe message, asked him to radio certain emergencytreatment to the Wesl Cabous and to direct thecaptain to send a boat to a certain pier in Baltimore,where he would find a surgeon waiting to go to theship with him. And so, in the middle of the night,in less than an hour from the time the call for helpwas sent, a sea-going ambulance carrying a PublicHealth Service officer reached the side of the injuredsailor.Good News For Our Readersone really interested in the developmentof radio realizes that toEVERY understand its problems a knowledgeof its more technical features is most desirable.Of course, we cannot all expect to be radio experts,but we can learn to read, intelligentlyand with reasonable comprehension, papersdealing with the technical progress on radio.Those of you who look at radio in this lightwill appreciate our good fortune in having beenchosen by the executive committee of theRadio Club of America as the magazine topublish the papers presented at its meetings.In the membership of this club are includednearly all the best-known amateurs in thevicinity of New York. Not only do the membersthemselves contribute interesting andvaluable papers on the various phases of radio,but well known workers in the field from theresearch laboratories of the large manufacturingcompanies have always appreciated thehonor of being invited to speak before themembers, and have gladly done so. We havefrequently attended the meetings of the Cluband have always come away with addedknowledge and renewed enthusiasm for theradio game.RADIO BROADCAST is to be congratulated onhaving been selected bythe Radio Club ofAmerica for the publication of its papers. Webelieve that the class of readers to whomRADIO BROADCAST appeals is such that theRadio Club may feel sure that its papers arereaching an intelligent and appreciative audience.J. H. M.AT CAMP FOR THE TIME BETWEEN SUPPER AND SLEEPThe large home set can be taken over the hills and far away, when the family chariot does the toting

DR. MACMILLAN AT THE NEWLY INSTALLED SET ON THE "BOWDOIN"

THE MONARCH OF ALL HE SURVEYS, IN ETAH, NORTH GREENLANDIn Touch with the World from theArcticHow Dr. Mac Millan Came to Take Radio with Him to the Far North. TheQuestion of Communication Through the "Auroral Band." How Broadcastsfrom Civilization will Relieve the Greatest Hardship of the Expedition, andHow the Explorers will Flash Back Weekly Code Messages to CivilizationBy BURNHAM McLEARYyou lounge in youreasy chair this winter, listen-to violins in some distantingWHILEcity, give a thought to thebrave ship Bowdoin, captainedby Donald B. MacMillan, the Arcticexplorer; for he and his seven ship-mates willlikely enough be listening to that same orchestraand perhaps be dancing to its music on thesparkling ice-fields of the Frozen North.For radio is on its way to meet the Eskimo.About a month agoit set out from Wiscasset,Maine, ensconced in the forward end of CaptainMacMillan's Sg-foot schooner and bound forthe northernmost limits of Eskimo Land,hardly three hundred miles from the Pole itself.And while you are picturing the pleasureswhich radio will bring to these Arctic explorers,stand by and listen for the signals of their faroffstation. For under the ice-battened hatchesConnecticut; and his hand on the key willof the Bowdoin, there is a wireless operator,Donald H. Mix by name, who hails from Bristol,be flashing each week a five-hundred word storyof adventure (in a special code prepared for thepurpose by the Government) to seventy of theleading newspapers and magazines of America.He will transmit, also, coded diagrams of allnew lands and harbors found and charted bythe expedition. Each message will be signedwith the letters WNP. The full name of thesending station, happily christened by theGovernment, is Wireless North Pole.It's a great thing for radio, this adventuringinto the land of perpetual stillness, undoubtedlythe greatest from the standpoint of

284 Radio BroadcastDONALD H. MIX, RADIO OPERATOR ON THEPRESENT EXPEDITIONHe was selected from a group of many applicants to takecharge of the Bowdoin's communication with the outsideworld. He is 2i years old, a graduate of the Bristol HighSchool, Bristol, Conn., and an amateur operator of sixyears' standingpopular appeal that has yet taken place; and thestory of how it all came about adds an interestingchapter to radio history.On March 21, 1923, Captain Donald B.MacMillan, F.R.G.S., was guest of honor at adinner given by U. J. ("Sport") Herrmann atthe Hotel Sherman, Chicago, and attended byprominent officers of the Naval Reserve. Atthis dinner Captain MacMillan told of the truehardships of the Arctic not the cold, not thelack of food, but the awful solitude, so terribleindeed that men go mad because of it. He recalledone expedition in particular when thistragic fate befell a nurnber of the crew and theonly way the remainder of the party could getback to safety was to shoot them.Seated next to Captain MacMillan was E. F.MacDonald, Jr., radio fan and owner of the powerfulEdgewater Beach Broadcasting Station."Why inthe world don't you take along aradio receiving set?" was Mac Donald's immediatequestion."Haven't room," replied MacMillan."Great goodness, man," said MacDonald,"do you realize how little space a radio setwould take up and don't you see what itwould do? 1 don't mean a radio equipped withear-phones, but a set with a big loud-speakerthat could be heard in all parts of the ship.Why, at a single stroke you would eliminate,by your own testimony, the most terrible hardshipof your entire voyage. Your men couldlisten to the same concerts, the same orchestras,which they would be hearingifthey were athome, could get all the news of the day, couldeven receive direct messages from their familiesback in civilization. Give me space no biggerthan that" MacDonald measured the limitswith his two hands "and I'll not only furnishthe radio that will do all this but have it installedand let you tryit out.""All the space I've got left," said MacMillan,"is four cubic feet. Ifyou can do it in that,go ahead."This conversation took place in March.Two months later the idea of radio communicationhad made such appeal to the explorer thathe had arranged to take with him not only astandard Zenith receiving set but also a 500-watt Zenith transmitter, and had told the carpenterto rip out four bunks in the forwardend of the forecastle to make room for it.The set selected was located in the laboratoryon the second floor of the Zenithplant on the outskirts of Chicago. The motorgenerator was placed on skids approximatelyeight feet from the transmitting unit. Leadswere run across the floor in a temporary mannerand the set was then ready for test. Theaerial consisted of 4, wires No. 22, 7 strand,52 feet long, an exact duplicate of the antennawhich was subsequently used on the ship.One porcelain insulator was used at the oppositeend. The lead-in was composed of two wiresconnected to the outside wires and came downover the side of the building spaced five feetaway, and in through the top of a windowthrough a formica tube, to the set, the totallength of the lead-in being approximatelythirty-eight feet. The free end of the aerialwas supported on top of an electric sign approximatelytwenty-five feet above the roof of thebuilding. The opposite end was supportedby a long wire attached to the flagstaff whichis located in the center of the front of thebuilding and was approximately fourteen feetabove the roof. All rheostats and controls forthe motor generator were temporarily bolted

In Touch with the World from the Arctic 285to the floor in order to save time in the installationfor trial purposes.When the test was started at10:30 P.M., theoperators immediately started to get in touchwith amateur station lAW. However, lAWdid not find the wavelength until i -.30 in themorning when communication was establishedthrough the means of a relayed message from3JJ. Immediately afterward, Hartfordswitched their wavelength and caught the testingstation and worked for approximately i^hours with the ease of being in the same town.At the time the lower wavelength (220 meters)was used, the radiation was 3^ amperes, andon 310 meters 5 amperes. Under full load, themachine delivered 5^ amperes into the antennaon 220 meters, and 6| amperes on 310 meters.6The T TT K. W. motor generator was drivenby storage batteries of 32 volts, each an exactduplicate of conditions on board the Bowdoin.Two 5O-watt power tubes were used. Duringthe test the following stations were worked:iAW, Hartford, Conn.; 8Q, Freeport, Pa.;3JJ, Washington, D. C; 6KA, Los Angeles,Calif.; gBXA, Denver, Colo.; 8AWT, Syracuse,N. Y.; gZT, Minneapolis, Minn, (daylight);9CWB, Columbia, Mo.Meanwhile, the adventure had so appealedto MacDonald that the explorer invited him togo part way with him and the invitation wasaccepted; so that even while you read thisarticle, MacMillan and MacDonald are headedtoward the North Pole. The latter, however,plans to end his northward journey at theEskimo village of Hopedale, Labrador, thefarthest point from which he can get a mailboatback before ice closes navigation for the winter.Incidentally, Mr. MacDonald will return tothe United States with information of realimportance to the success of the expedition, forhis personal contact with the crew will haveshown him exactly what kind of radio programmost appeals to the men and will enablehim to put on just such a program once a weekat the Edgewater Beach Broadcasting Stationin Chicago.The selection of the operator to accompanyradio on its first adventure in the Arctic, formsa story in itself.Strangely enough,it is notphysique and ability that are the most importantqualifications for success in the Arctic,but personality the faculty for making oneselfcongenial in the close quarters of an iceboundship. In the search for the right man,THE CREW OF THE "BOWDOIN" ON HER IQ2I-22 CRUISE

286 Radio BroadcastHiram Percy Maxim, President of the AmericanRadio Relay League, was appealed to, andhis aid was readily enlisted. Mr. Maxim sentout a call for volunteers. Hundreds responded.From this group, five were picked as candidates,the final choice being made by Captain Mac-Millan.WILL RADIOPENETRATE THE AURORAL BAND?WITH a single powerful radio station sendingmessages from Farthest North,opportunity will be afforded for studying certainphases of radio transmission in a way thathas never before been possible. For example,there is a period of 141 days during which amessage sent at midnight must traverse hundredsof miles of sunlight before it reachesdarkness. How will this unusual conditionaffect the reception of the message?Again, a request will be issued to all membersof the American Radio Relay League to standby on a certain evening of each week and tunein for Station WNP. What portions of theAmerican continent will receive these messages?Where will they come through clearest? If aline be drawn on the map through the stationsthat succeed in picking them up, what sortof an arc : if it be an arc will that line describe?Of especial significance is this latterquestion, for the reason that never before hasTHE BOWDOIN FROZEN IN FOR THE WINTERNote the snow igloos built on the deck of theship, covering the hatches to retain the warmtha scientific attempt been made to transmitwireless messages through the "auroral band"which encircles the North Pole, and which, it isbelieved, will act as a powerfuldeterrent. Inthis connection it ishoped that these experimentswill shed new light of a purely scientificnature upon that great mystery of the heavens,the Aurora Borealis.Of the nature of the news that will be flashedwe may gain someto us from out the Arctic,inkling from the talks which Captain Mac-Millan has given in recent months. He tells,for example, of the marvelous Arctic summer,when the weather is mild and emerald fieldsare agleam with myriads of little twinklingflowers. He tells, also of vast mineral depositsa twenty-foot vein of coal, for instance, utterly,exposed and waiting only for the greatairships of the future. Doubtless, too, he willhave interesting reports to make of the glaciersof the Far North, now known to be advancingrather than receding, and believed by manyto foreshadow for this thriving continent ofours, a return engagement for the Age of Ice.AN APPRECIATION OF THE ESKIMOMOST interesting of all, however, will behis studies of the Eskimoin many waysthe only remaining specimen to whom humanitycan point with pride Devoted to his wife or!_wives, kind to his children,reverent always toward hiselders, ready always tobring up the orphan as hisown, the Eskimo is so freefrom guile that he maywell thank his lucky starsthat he has no money, forthe white man would surelygo after it.Very naive is the Eskimo.Shown a telephoneset by Captain MacMillan,one of them jabbered intoone end of it, just as he hadseen the white man do andthen ran as fast as he couldto the other end, to see ifhe could hear his own voicecoming through. Failing inthat, he cut the wire, puzzledover it for a while, andthen averred that the wholebusiness was impossible asthe wire had no hole in it!

In Touch with the World from the Arctic 287Shown, in motion pictures, the traffic onFifth Avenue, he exclaimed, "Oh, see the dogsleds that move without dogs.Nai've, indeed, the Eskimo, but a rathergood sort, for all that and he doesn't havesuch a bad time of it, either, according toMacMillan.If an Eskimo baby lives five days, it is almostcertain to be good for sixty years unless itfalls through the ice, or gets killed by a bearor a walrus. Except for heart disease andrheumatism, sickness in the Arctic is practicallyunknown. No good Eskimo would ever thinkof having such a thing as a "cold."Time, too, is practically unknown to theEskimo. He keeps no calendar, has no weeksor months or years. No Eskimo woman knowsher age.Although the Eskimo is deeply religious, hewould never think of praying to God for help,because he holds that it is not necessary;God is his friend. His only prayers are toevil spirits, begging them to let him alone.He is sure of a future life; to his mind no onewith any sense would question Some it. dayhe will go to heaven, a place where it's warmer,and the hunting's good.earlier expedition, being third in relief when only terrible thing that impendsis anotherthe final dash was made. On this "Crocker presidential contest. This time, however, theLand" Expedition MacMillan journeyed 300 men of the Bowdoin happily enough will notHAPPY LAUGHING AL-NING-WA OF THE SMITHSOUND TRIBEEskimos do not keep a calendar, and no Eskimo womanknows her age. But that is the least of Al-ning-wa'sworriesmiles across a field of solid ice to a point 100miles beyond the supposed location of " CrockerLand." It was nowhere to be seen. He thenturned back and ascended the exact elevationfrom which Commander Peary had sighted'Crocker Land," and there, at a distance ofFOURTEEN MONTHS OR FOUR YEARS?loo miles, he beheld this imaginary countryrugged bills and wooded stretches, a perpetual andHOW many months shall we be privileged permanent mirage !to entertain our guests in the Arctic and In 1913, as Isaid, Captain MacMillan sethow long will they be able to send us instalmentsof life in the great white solitudes? months. Four years later the ice of the Arcticout on this expedition to be gone only fourteenFourteen months, if all goes well- but one gave up a ship, and a band of weary explorersnever knows.made their way back to "civilization," there toIn the year 1913, for instance, Captain Mac- learn for the first time that practically the entireMillan headed an expedition to "Crockerworld was at war!Land," which Peary reported having seen on Great changes have come about since then.his successful dash to the Pole in 1908. Incidentally,Captain MacMillan, who up to that kin but at least it has placed its people all onRadio may not have made the whole worldtime had been a professor at Bowdoin College, speaking terms.his Alma Mater, accompanied Peary on his War smolders, and at present writing, theWhat will the Eskimo say when he listens tothe radio? Something about spirits, you can bemighty sure; for the Eskimo's explanation ofmotion pictures, which Captain MacMillan introducedhim to last year, was, in effect, that thewhite man had cleverly conjured up the spiritsof people in distant lands and put them throughtheir tricks! Doubtless he will say now thatthe white man has found out a way to makethose "spirits" talk and sing!

288 Radio BroadcastIF AN ESKIMO BABY LIVES FIVE DAYS, HE IS GENERALLY GOOD FOR SIXTY YEARSThis most northern Eskimo boy in the world is taking a sun bath twelvedegrees from the North Pole on the northern shores of Greenlandbe kept in darkness.shall have the newsFor better or worse, theyand no man quicker thanthey! Thus, betwixt wars and rumors of wars,these men up North shall have full opportunityto size this old world up and who shall saythat they may not indeed prefer to stay fouryears and perchance find out the answer to thatquestion the Eskimo is always asking: " Wbydo you and all the other white people like it betterto live so far from our home ?"A Dry-Cell Tube Loop Set forReceptionBy ALEX V. POLSON, E. E.LocalIreceiving set here described isone which was built after a few weeks'experimenting with loop aerial sets,and it is primarily designed for receptionfrom broadcasting stationsthat are not over a hundred miles away.This set has operated satisfactorily, signalsbeing clear and loud, while it was being carriedaround the house. As the detector tube usedis a i^-volt tube, the set may be made verycompact and may therefore be used as a portableoutfit which will prove convenient wherea ground connection cannot easily be made.A feature of this set that is a little unusualis the double loop aerial, one loop being used asa regular loop aerial and the other being used asa tickler coil. The diagonals for the frame consistof two pieces of dry wood 2^ x | x 18 inches,mortised at the centre and mounted as shownin the accompanying diagram (Fig. i). Twosets of binding posts are mounted on the faceof the frame as shown. The loop aerial properconsists of 15 turns of No. 20 D. C. C. magnetwire spaced one eighth of an inch apart andthe ends ofheld in place by saw cuts made inthe diagonals. The ends of the wire should

A Dry-Cell Tube Loop Set for Local Reception 2ft)be connected to two of the binding posts.The tickler loop consists of 14 turnsof No. 20 D. C. C. magnet wire spacedone quarter of an inch apart and held inplace on the face of the frame by smallbrads. The ends of this coil are connectedto the other two binding posts.The inductance coil shown consistsof 60 turns of No. 24 D. C. C. magnetwire wound on a cardboard tube 4inches in diameter and 3^ inches long.Taps are taken off at every tenth turn.The variable condenser is an ii-or 23-plate one, with a vernier for best results.In mounting the condenser andinductance it was found that considerablespace could be saved by puttingthe condenser inside the inductance tube.The rheostat should preferably be onewith a vernier, as very close regulationof the filament temperature is advisablewith the peanut or other i^-volt tubes.The grid condenser may be of either.0005 or .00025 mfd. and should be usedin conjunction with a variable grid leak.The phone condenser may have a capacityof .001 or .002 mfd. The panel usedby the writer is of mahogany, one quarterof an inch thick, but any one of the severalradio panel materials may be used satisfactorily.Tin foil was stuck on the rear of theFIG.I\OOTSIDEFIG. 2is TURNSThe hook-up which Mr.Poison uses for loop receptionon one tubeILcpanel and connectedto the negativeside of the Bbattery to cut outbody capacity effects.Care shouldbe taken that thetin foil does nottouch any of themetallic parts suchas binding posts orcontact points asthis may short circuit some of the apparatus.About eighteen or twenty will probably be thebest B battery voltage to use.To operate the set, it isonly necessary to point theloop so that its edge pointstoward the broadcasting station,turn on the filament, setthe inductance switch toabout 50 turns and vary thecondenser until signals or awhistling sound is heard.Further adjustment of therheostat and vernier condenserwill then clear up andBINDING bring the signals in at theirbest. If it is impossible toget signals at all, the ticklershould be reversed at thebinding posts,as the ticklermust be connected in theproper direction. If theground connection shown bythe dotted lines (Fig. 2.) isused in addition to the loop,signals will be much improvedin intensity.

. Pioneer'. .*JUNK WORTH A MILLION!With this very equipment, Edwin H. Armstrong discovered regeneration the receivingsystem that revolutionized radio reception and made the inventor famousEighteen Years of\ -Radio'..Amateur(TheDays When Hams Could Send on Any Wave. The "Junior WirelessClub Limited," Which, in 1911, Became the "Radio Club of America."Experiments and Inventions. Early Measures to ReduceInterference. Recent Activities Sponsored by the Radio ClubBy GEORGE E.BURGHARDPresident of the Radio Club of AmericaIt is with pleasure that we present this paper on amateur radio, prepared by one of the foremost Americanamateurs. This paper has just been read before the Radio Club of America at the close of a successfulseason of lectures.We feel sure that the readers of RADIO BROADCAST will be glad to learn that the Radio Club of Americahas chosen our magazine for the exclusive publication of its papers, and we wish to express our appreciationof the compliment paid us.Such solons as Professor M.I. Pupin, Professor L. A. Hazeltine, Professor J. H. Morecroft, E. H. Armstrong,W. C. White and many others, present to this Club papers of importance, in which we feel sure thatyou will find great interest.The second of these papers, which will appear in our September issue, deals with the latest of all the vacuumtubes those employing thoriated filaments and is the work of Mr. W. C. White, of the General ElectricTHE EDITOR.Company, who helped develop the tubes.

, office.'Eighteen Years of Amateur Radio291y1N AN attempt to create a precedentit is earnestly hopedwhichwill be followed aslong as the Radio Club of America exists,this paper is presented as the first of aseries of papers by the Chief Executive,describing the activities of the organizationand its members during the last twelvemonths. As this is the first of the series,however, it may be well to review the achievementsof the Club from the time of its inception,and even the work of its members beforethe idea of organization had materialized.In this way it is possible to gain a good idea ofthe beginnings of amateur radio as well as theearly strivingsof the art in general,since theClub numbers among its members many ofthe radio pioneers.It is the earnest hope of the writer that theaforementioned precedent will be followedclosely and that each succeeding President ofthe Club will prepare and read a paper coveringits accomplishments during his period ofThus, an accurate record of RadioProgress can be maintained and should proveof considerable interest and value both to thepresent and future radio generations.The early days of radio were indeed days ofdarkness and pioneering days when traffichad to be handled with a coherer and a straightgap spark transmitter. This meant that thepersonnel was really the most importantfactor, and operators were developed whocould copy coherent messages under conditionswhen the average mortal could distinguishnothing but crashes and noises. These men,who learned their lessons in a very hardschool, learned them well and are in manycases the prime factors in radio to-day.At the same time that the commercialcompanies were making their initial stand, thefascination of sending messages through spacewithout wires began to take hold of the youngergeneration, and we have the beginning of amateurradio, about 1905. Of course, there hadbeen private experimenters prior to this, butthe real radio amateur had his beginning in theend of 1904 to 1905. Small boys began to inveigletheir parents into giving them moneywith which to buy wire and other material tobuild their own sets in imitation of those usedby the commercial companies. Their effortswere gallant indeed, for there were no booksBACK IN 1910, WHEN THE WRITER WAS AN ARDENT FANGeorge Burghard operating one of his first transmitters, located at i East 93rd Street, New York City

RadioBroadcastTHE RECEIVERAT 2 PMNot the time of day butthe call letters of the stationowned by JohnGrinan and Adolph Faraon.Amplifiers were almostunknown when thisstation, in New York,heard the "Coast," andthe two tubes were bothused as detectors, withindividual controlsto guide them. But the results proved successfulin some cases, where the frequency of the transmitterhappened by chance to be within the range ofthe receiver, or someone had gained expert knowledgefrom the operators at Manhattan Beach or theWaldorf Astoria where the main commercial landstations were located. With the crude apparatusand the embryo knowledge available, it was reallyremarkable that those boys could communicate atall, but almost any night one could hear messagesbeing exchanged between stations in New York Citycovering distances of approximately a mile or two.At that time there were perhaps a handful of theseamateurs in New York City, but they grew rapidly innumbers and by 1909 they had already organized intothe "Junior Wireless Club Limited." This organization,which was really the first of its kind, held regularmonthly meetings at the Hotel Ansonia where thePresident, W. E. D. Stokes, Jr., was living at thattime. The original membership consisted of elevenmen who, it may be said, were the founders andcharter members of the Radio Club of America:W. E. D. Stokes, Jr., George Eltz, Jr., FaitouteMunn, Ernest Amy, Frank King, Graham Lowe,Frank Whitehouse, Lyman Butler, and George E.Burghard. These young boys were the leaders ofamateur radio at that time and soon drew all thelive operators into their organization.2 PM S TRANSMITTERThis was the first amateur stationto transmit across the continentIn 1910, under the auspices of the RadioClub, the father of all radio call-books wasborn. It consisted of a single mimeographedsheet with some thirty-odd names.Later this was increased to two sheets,then four blue printed sheets, and so on untilthe task became too ponderous and hadto be undertaken by real publishers.

EighteenYears of Amateur Radio293The following list iscopied from the originaltypewritten sheet. (The question marks indicatenames or addresses that could not bemade out):BB Max Bamberger, 16 W. yoth St.GX Harlow Hardinge, 331 W. mist St.9 Melly, 328 W. 9 6th St.HB Doctor Besser, SE Cor. Bdwy \- i44thDRSt.Dr. W. G. Hudson, 312 W. iogth St.VD Randolph Runyon, Yonkers, N. Y.C George Cannon, Mount VernonSK G. Skinner, Mount VernonGE George Eltz, r W. 47th St.WR W. Russell, 242 W. iO4th St.VN Irving Vermilya, Mount VernonBB Louis Schulman, ? W. io6th St.Kc> Francis C. Knochel, ? W. ijgthYN St.G. Popper, 763 Beck St., BronxPC Percy Corwing, 5 West iO7th St.DG Harry Johnson, Patterson, N. J.IY Fred Tracy, 4 W. 1291*1 St.BF Brace Filler, ? W. \2glh St.RG Alfred Roebling, Far RockawayUH Ernest Hubner, 1657 First Ave.WL Walter Lemon, 94th St. & Bdwy.GW G. Bartlett, 8 W. io8th St.EA Ernest Amy, 48 W. 7oth St.DX Elmer Ayers, 235 W. io3rd St.SGVincent Lamarche, 70 W. 46th St.John Myers. 315 W. 4Oth St.Doctor Goldhorn, Mount VernonGHKH K. Harries (2)QW C. D. Winslow, 1985 Amsterdam Ave.P. H. Boucheron, 303 E. 48th St.JB Louis Bahr, 1929 Amsterdam Ave.JFJohn Farrington, 467 W. 159th St.George Post, 292 Riverside DriveTRCP Clarence PfeirTer, Ridgewood, N. J.AH Arthur Herbert, 138 W. i23rd St.CS Charles Schaffer, 459 E. i47thYP St.Fred Parsons, 764 Beck St., BronxBO Massey Wireless Co., i7oth St. & Jerome Ave.FK Frank King, 326 West iO7th St.In 1911 the membership had increasedconsiderably, and the name was changed toThe Radio Club of America, which is thename it bears to-day. By this time books andother literature on various radio topics beganto appear, so that the knowledge of the Clubmembers was greatly increased and paperswere delivered at their monthly meetings,which were held at the home of Frank King,who was elected first President of the neworganization. The first papers consisted ofshort talks describing the various stationsoperated by the members, and various theywere indeed. It is almost useless to attemptdescriptions, but perhaps the accompanyingphotographs will serve to give an idea of thetypes of apparatus used and the great handicapunder which communication was maintainedin those days when it was considered a greatevent to work Yonkers from New York Citydirect. But still, even this was a great advanceover the old coherer days. Now there werecrystal detectors, microphone detectors, andeven electrolytic detectors. Boys were busilyengaged in breaking up chunks of rock in anattempt to find a good piece of carborundum,copper pyrites, or zincite, or groveling onhands and knees diligently searching the floorfor the missing piece of Wollaston wire whichwas always diminutive and hard to find.These new detectors together with the advanceinknowledge enabled the amateur operator toestablish quite reliable communication withinthe city limits and occasionally a superhumanfeat such as working Yonkers, a distance ofabout fifteen miles was accomplished, but forsome unknown reason it was impossible to getany signal across to Brooklyn.And yet the strivings of this handful ofboys led to great things and great things werediscussed at the meetings. No one thought ofthe far-reaching possibilities of the Hudsoncoated filament at the time when Dr. Hudsondelivered his paper describing this very usefulinvention over the pool table at Frank King'shouse in 1913, nor were the stupendous resultsof the regenerative circuit in any way apparentat the time E. H. Armstrong told us all aboutit at one of the meetings in 1915. Who couldhave dreamed of the extent to which radiotelephony would grow when, in 1911, GeorgeEltz and Frank King constructed and operatedan arc telephone transmitter at loythStreet and actually played music for the benefitof the fleet in the Hudson River when thealcohol didn't explode in the arc chamberand cause a violent break-down withoutany time for an apologetic "one moment,please." This may be said to constitute thefirst real broadcasting station ever operatedwith any degree of success.By this time the three-electrode vacuumtube had appeared on the scene. Audionsthey were called, and cost $5.00 a piece, butevery amateur had to have one. So down tothe Metropolitan Tower he would go, up tothe DeForest Radio Company's laboratory,leave his five and go home with his most preciouspossession. Of course the number ofidentical new circuits and inventions developedby these boys was great, but neverthelesscommunication was greatly benefited and messagescould be sent and received over distancesof approximately 50 miles, quite regularly.This marked a great advance in amateur radio.During these early days, the activities ofthese amateur experimenters aroused con-

294 Radio Broadcastsiderable interest, and it was not long before theGovernment began wondering what it co'ulddo to control these newcomers. The idea ofrestricting the free air had never occurred toany one before. The result was a bill introducedby Senator Depew in 1910, prohibitingamateur radio communication. The thenmembers of the Junior Wireless Club quicklyrallied, and a committee was sent to Washington'to plead the cause of the amateur beforeCongress. The plan was successful and thebill was lost. In 1912 the Alexander WirelessBill was introduced, which purportedto do all that the Depew Bill hadfailed to accomplish and even more.The Club also took action on thisbill, killed it in Committee, andlater, through the concerted actionof its members in the service afterthe Armistice, definitely settled thematter.In 1912, one of the most illustrious membersof the Radio Club, E. H. Armstrong, developedthe feed-back circuit which has made possiblethe ;broadcasting of to-day. This, of course, didwonders for the amateur. All kinds of tuningcoils and couplers were put into use, and setswere operated to the Nth degree of regenerationuntil finally real communication with theWestern amateur stations was established andamateur radio came into its own.This also opened another field to the amateur,namely transatlantic reception. Perhaps thefirst attempts at hearing the stations of Europewere made by Paul Godley, Harry Sadenwater,and Louis Pacent, who in 1914 strung anantenna from the Palisades on the HudsonRiver and with a specially constructed receiverlistened patiently for what they had neverheard before. Little did Godley think at thattime that some years later he would be listeningjust as attentively, under different conditions,in a tent in Scotland, for the signals of hisbrother amateurs in America.In those days, of course, there were no licensesand no regulations for amateurs. Everyoneused whatever wavelength he happened tohit upon, and the great difficulty of getting awave meter left that unknown in most cases.The only way to find out whether the set was intune was by inserting a carbon filament lampin series with the antenna and adjusting thehelix [antenna tuning inductance] for maximumbrilliancy. Some stations had aerialsof as many as eight or ten wires, one to twohundred feet long, and sparks gaps directlycoupled. This, of course, could not continue,so the Radio Club welcomed the new licenseregulations and did a great deal towardassisting Radio Inspector Marriott "and laterHarry Sadenwater in clearing up the mess. Infact, the relationship of the Club with theDepartment of Commerce has always beenmost friendly. On one occasion the twoorganizations combined to track down anamateur station in Brooklyn with a loopmounted on an automobile. The boy had forno apparent reason been sending outdistress calls, and after a whole night'ssearching the station was finally locatedand the culprit called to account.This was going a long way towardthe right system of cooperation, especiallyin those days when the notionof free air stillprevailed andit was actually necessary for the operatorsof one commercial station to invite certainamateurs to go swimming at Coney Island sothat the relief operators could handle theirtraffic without interference!The Club soon outgrew its quarters atFrank King's home in loyth Street and it wasnot long before the attendance at meetingsgrew so large that it became necessary to usethe large lecture halls of Columbia Universityfor the monthly gatherings. As the art grewand radio knowledge was more readily obtainable,the character of the papers alsochanged. The small body of amate.ur operatorsgradually changed to a large scientificorganization of recognized standing, beforewhich the leading lights in the radio worldwere glad to deliver papers on their newestdiscoveries. But in spite of these changes theclub idea and spirit of comradeship was neverlost, and even to-day the Radio Club of Americais as proud of its congenial club spiritof itsas it isscientific standing.In 1915 the Club installed and operated atransmitting and receiving station in theHotel Ansonia where Admiral Fletcher hadmade his headquarters. The station operatedby the Club members handled all of theAdmiral's traffic with the fleet in the HudsonRiver. Several hundred messages were handled,and President Wilson himself sent a messagefrom the Mayflower commending the goodwork. The Navy League also presented the Clubwith a banner in recognition of its services.

Eighteen Years of Amateur Radio 295PROFESSOR PUPIN AND THE DELEGATION THAT VISITED I BCG AT GREENWICH, CONN.The trip was made with a view to using this station for transatlantic work on short waves. Professor Pupin isseated in the centre of the group, with George Burghard at his right, and E. H.Armstrong at Burghard's rightA year later, amateur station 2PM which hasproposition for this paper. It suffices to saygone down in history as one of the most famous that practically all were officers in radio capacitiesand in charge of important operations,of all amateur stations, owned and operatedby John Grinan and Adolph Faraon, succeeded such as radio aircraft, radio schools, laboratories,field service, etc. Notably, E. H.in breaking all records by sending the firsttranscontinental relay message from New York Armstrong, with the armies in France, inventedto California. This affair was not prearranged the super-heterodyne receiver which aidedbut was accomplished during the ordinary greatly in establishing successful radio communicationat the front.transmission periods and the answer wasreceived back in New York in one hour and After the Armistice was signed and thingsforty minutes from the time of transmission. began to assume a normal appearance, ClubSeveral weeks later the same station and the activities were resumed and the first event wassame operators succeeded in getting signals to a get-together dinner, held at the Hotel Ansonia,California, a distance of some 2, 500 miles overland,a feat which had heretofore been deemed from France. Many prominent men werein honor of E. H. Armstrong upon his returnimpossible with an input of one kilowatt on among those present and due homage wasamateur wavelengths.paid him for his great work with the ExpeditionaryForces.Activities had to be suspended for the nextfew years, due to the fact that all the members In 1919, a successful flight was made byof age enlisted in one branch of the service or the Navy Department from Halifax to theanother. The war records, which have been Azores,, in which radio played an importantpart. Three planes were used chronicled elsewhere, make too lengthy a and

296 Radio Broadcastof course radio was a very important part of California. These feats aroused such interestthe equipment and the operators had to be of in view of the low power and short wavelengthsterling worth. Lieutenant Harry Sadenwater,a Radio Club member, was chosen to prominent men as Professor M. I.used (i.ie., K. W., 215 meters), that suchPupinoperate the set on the NC ofi.Unfortunately, Columbia University and David Sarnoff,this ship was forced to the water within twenty General Manager of the Radio Corporation,miles of the Azores and it was due to the went to Greenwich to visit the station.valiant efforts of Lieutenant Sadenwater that By this time the number of amateur stationsthe storm-tossed crew were finally rescued by a had increased to a tremendous extent, anddestroyer which responded to his calls after with broadcasting just about beginning, communicationwas becoming almost impossible.some fifteen hours of gruelling work.When, in 1921, the American Radio Relay The Radio Club investigated the situationLeague instituted its amateur transatlantic and found that most of the interference wastests, the Radio Club of America built a caused by spark and interrupted continuousspecial continuous-wave transmitting station wave transmitters. It therefore undertook aat Greenwich, Conn, and succeeded in winning vigorous campaign of advice and suggestion,the prize offered by Mr. Burnham, of England, through papers presented before the membership,to educate the amateur in the whys andnot only succeeded in transmitting audible wherefores of pure continuous-wave transmis-for the best station in the test. This stationsignals to Paul Godley, also a member of this sion and its many advantages over the olderclub, in Scotland, but was heard in Germany, forms. The campaign proved successful and isItaly, and France. It also broke all records bystill in progress.sending a complete 2-word message to Scotland1 It was at one of these meetings in 1922 thatand later sent three complete messages direct E. H. Armstrong startled the radio fraternityto Avalon, Catalina Islands, off the coast of by producing a sufficient volume of musicTHIS IS FRANK KING S STATION, FK, NOW NOTHING BUT A MEMORY OF PAST GLORYOld-timers will recognize several antiques, including a variable condenser, loose coupler,crystal and electrolytic detectors, and that king of QRM the m-inch spark coil

Eighteen Years of Amateur Radio 2973 STAGES INTERMEDIATE5 STAGES R.F FREQUENCYOSCILLATOR2 STAGE A F PUSH PULLSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE LOUD SPEAKER SYSTEM USED AT GRAND CENTRAL PALACEto fill the large lecture hall, using his newlyinvented super-regenerative circuit, a loopaerial and only one Western Electric J Tube.This performance, of course, had never beenequalled, and when it is considered that thesignals were coming from station WJZ, atNewark, N. J., and that the receiving set waslocated in a steel building with a copper roofat Columbia University,it was certainly anepoch-making event.In December 1922, The Radio ExpositionCompany held a large Radio Show at theGrand Central Palace, New York. As everyoneknows, if all the exhibitors at a RadioShow are permitted to receive broadcastprograms at the same time, chaos wouldresult due to heterodyning between the receiversthemselves. In order to avoid thisdifficulty, the exposition directors decidedto permit only one concern to do all the receiving.This, of course, was an unhappythought since there was no way of decidingwhich company this*should be, without causingvigorous protest from the other exhibitors.Finally it was decided to choose a non-commercialorganization. The lot fell to theRadio Club of America. A special committeeshowwas appointed and the work begun. Testswere made a week prior to the opening of thewith various types of antennas and finallyit was found that even a loop would pick up toomuch of the noises resulting from commutatorsparking, circuit breakers, and electric locomotiveshoes, from the power houses in the vicinityand the New York Central tracks directlybeneath, so that a single wire about fifteen feetin length had to be used. The problemproved to be twofold and a great deal moreponderous than was at first anticipated. Firstthere was the matter of doing away withextraneous noises so as to deliver pure radiosignals to the power amplifiers and secondly aphysical problem of placing the loud-speakinghorns so that there would be no re-echoes ordead spots. The first was solved after muchexperimentation by the small antenna, a6oo-meter frequency trap, and a super-heterodynereceiver. The acoustic problem, however,offered stubborn resistance. Six loudspeaker units with four-foot straight hornswere obtained, and the question was how toplace them so that the sound would fill theentire Grand Central Palace exhibition hall.At first, they were hung radially in a clusterfrom the ceiling in the centre of the floor space.This proved unsuccessful since many re-echoeswere produced from the side walls and deadspots resulted from large columns. Finally,

298 Radio Broadcastafter trying several other positions,it wasdecided to place the horns on the balconydirectly in front of the specially constructedbooth which housed the receiving and amplifyingapparatus.It is interesting to note thatall the horns had to be placed together becauseany separation by placing horns at variouspoints about the hall produced out of phaserelationship and distortion. As it was, onlyfive horns could be used, since the sixth faced awall and produced a decided re-echo whichinterfered with the speech to amarked degree.The receiving and amplifying apparatusused, consisted of the smallantenna described before, a frequencytrap consisting of a coil and variablecondenser, a tuned circuit, three stagesof radio-frequency amplification, asuper-heterodyne receiver with one initialstage of radio-frequency amplification, andthree stages of intermediate-frequency amplification,and the usual oscillator and twodetector tubes; one stage of audio-frequencyamplification and then six two-stage audiofrequencyamplifiers of the push-pull type,connected in series parallel, each amplifierfeeding one horn, the sixth horn being in thebooth and acting as a pilot for the operators.Some twenty-nine tubes were used in all andeach horn may be said to have had fourteentubes connected to it. Of course, the drainon the batteries was great, but four 25O-amperehour6-volt storage batteries supplied thefilaments without much trouble, while 95.dry cells connected in series successfullyhandled the plate supply. The diagram onpage 297 gives an idea of the general layout andcircuits.This system proved very successful and inspite of many sceptical opinions at the outset,sufficient volume was produced to fill the hallamply, and on the last night, the signalsWEAF fromwere reproduced with such intensitythat several of the audience on the main floorwere seen to hold their hats in humorous indicationof their approval.In 1922, when Secretary Hoover found itnecessary to call a meeting of the radio interestsbefore a special committee of hischoosing, the Radio Club was represented onthe Committee by E. H. Armstrong. Thusthe Club again as of old took an active part inthe regulation of radio by Congress. Thisspecial committee reported direct to Congresson its findings, and did much to help frame thepresent regulations.This brings the tale of the activities of theRadio Club up to the present day. It ishoped that they may continue along the samelines for many years to come and that thosepolicies which have been followed in the pastand the ideals for which the Club stands willnever be forgotten. The Radio Club of Americawas organized to propagate the art of radio telegraphyand telephony in all its branches, andtrue to this ideal it has always lentits aid to the best of its ability to allphases of the art. It originated as anamateur organization with a scientificpurpose. It fought for the continuedexistence of the amateur andhelped to educate him. It lent ahelping hand to commercial radio, byresearch and cooperation wherever it could.It gave all it had to the Government when itwas in dire need of radio personnel, and, finally,when that new element in radio cropped upthe broadcast listener itgave him muchneeded assistance. This organization belongsto no one branch of the radio art but to allbranches and therefore its duty at present mustnecessarily be one of education. Through themedium of its papers and discussions as wellas the individual efforts of its members, it mustendeavor to terminate the disastrous conflictwhich has sprung up between the original radioamateur or traffic amateur and the broadcastlistener. Both classes must be trained and assistedto become mutually beneficial to one another.The traffic man must be shown how toconstruct his transmitter so as to create minimuminterference, and the broadcast listenerhow to operate his receiver at the point ofmaximum selectivity. Neither one nor theother can or should be permitted to die out,for each has his own particular value. Thebroadcast listener class is composed of thegeneral public whose pleasure and comfort mustnot be interfered with at any cost, while thesplendid services of the traffic amateurs in theWorld War will never be forgotten and surelyentitle them to an everlasting right of existence.But, unless these two warring factions, can beeducated to cooperate and aid one another, oneof the two is doomed; and this task of educationfor the good of the radio art must now be theimportant work of the Radio Club of Americaas well as all other radio clubs throughout theUnited States.

BROADCASTING A NIGHT SESSION OF A KANSAS CITY COURTA part of one of Mayor Cromwell's "civic radio nights."Judge MichaelJ. Kilroy of the North Side Court is at the right of the microphone"Selling" the Public on Better CityGovernmentHow Mayor Cromwell's CivicRadio Night Programs Bring Sessionsof the Municipal Court Into the Homes of Kansas City ResidentsBy J. L. SIMPSONthe average business or professionalman of Kansas City, or out a full day's work, with each and everychief executive of such city may fail to turnany other full-grown city in the twenty-fourUnitedCOULDhours. ,States, if suddenly called Frank H. Cromwell, who was overwhelminglyelected to preside over the " Heart of Ameri-upon, take over the job of mayorof the city? Even the business man who regardshis job as tedious or difficult might be found himself in this precise predicament, andca" at the last municipal election, recentlypardoned for regarding such a step as jumping didn't exactly enjoy this sensation. He hadfrom the frying pan into the fire, especially specialized in the butter and egg business untilwith the horde of voters who "put him over" his election about one year ago, and discoveredsitting back in an attitude of critical observation,waiting for the first sign that the new very shortly that he knew much more aboutthe intricacies of dealing in those commodities

30ORadio Broadcastthan he might reasonably expect to knowabout his new job for some time to come.Commenting upon this startling discovery, hesaid:"1 wasn't Mayor long when I found out I'dhave to learn a lot of things about the machineryof city government I'd never dreamed of.I was up against the proposition of learninga new business for the operation of a citygovernment is a business of the most intricatesort."The first morning Mayor Cromwell sat in hisnew office, he made the discovery that he wasboss of twenty-threedepartments,cityeach separate and distinctfrom the others,just as in any greatcorporation.Each department,he found, had a certainduty to performin giving service tothe public, and mustgive satisfactory serviceto its "customers"very much in thesame manner as astreet car company, a water and light company,or the grocer or baker around thecorner. And at the head of each of these departmentshe found a board, or an individual, incontrol.To this successful butter and egg merchantthe new mayor of a city of 350,000 people thejob of rightly comprehending, to say nothing ofintelligently directing this great municipal corporation,looked like a mighty big task. True,he was very familiar with the process of turningbutter and eggs into dollars and cents butthis was different! However, like a truebusiness man, he set about to learn this newexecutive job city government. He madeup his mind to discover "what made theand especially towatch tick "'in the city hall,ascertain the source of the "wherewithal,"and the close connection between the taxpayers'"outs" and Kansas City's "ins."Then followed tedious hours, days, and weeks,while the Mayor, surrounded by instructors,departmental heads and the like, bent over widetables and delved into great books amazingarrays of tabulated reports and totals strivingto gather something beyond a mere superficialknowledge of how and where the citySaid Mayor Frank H. Cromwell: "A year asMayor of Kansas City has revealed to me thatan astoundingly large number of our citizensare ignorant of the functions of the variouscity departments. Only a few persons find timeto attend public meetings.I believe that radiooffers a medium through which citizens of amunicipality who have little or no opportunityto learn the details of municipal government,can inform themselves of the work of thevarious departments."obtained the funds which are the lubricant oilcity government, and, more important, how toldirect the distribution of these millions of!dollars.After weeks of study along this line,]bringing gradual enlightenment, he came tolrealize that his own ignorance of the function-Jing of the municipal government was as nothing)compared with what the average voter knewof the conduct of his city's business.Here was a real problem and one of universalapplication. The merchant, to exist, reasonedthe mayor, must sell his wares, and to sellj'his wares he must advertise.The city, witha great stock of waresto sell, also shouldadvertise. The voterthe ultimate consumerat the city storemust know what ison the counters andshelves. He must beinformed of the " service"offered by hiscity.The mayor ponderedover this problem.How was he to " take the city governmentto the voter?" How was the voter "tobe sold" on the proposition of operating hiscity government?After compressing the problem into thisunderstandable form, Mayor Cromwell compileda list of prospective advertising mediums,jotting them down on a slip of paper." Printed publicity isgood, " he said " providingthat a sufficient number of people willread it." Public meetings will draw only a negligibleper cent, of the population. We might writeletters, but that would entail great expense,and perhaps only a few persons would pay anyattention to them."On Mayor Cromwell's desk, as he thus ponderedthis question, lay a magazine. The coverdesign caught his attention. It was of a womansinging before a microphone, her voicebeing broadcasted by radio to thousands oflisteners-in.Suddenly Mayor Cromwell saw a "greatlight." "That's it!" he shouted. " I'll broadcastmy lessons in city government to thevoter. We'll sayit with ether waves."Mayor Cromwell likes to make his dreams

"Selling" the Public on Better City Government 301come true. Perhaps that is one reason whyhe made a success in the butter and egg business;or why he managed to win the race formayor of Kansas City, while every newspaperin town was plugging for his opponent.There followed immediately a conferencewith Emory J. Sweeney, president of theSweeney Automotive and Electrical school,and owner of one of the most up-to-datebroadcasting stations in theUnited States."We could broadcast civicradio night programs from yourstation, "explained Mayor Cromwellto Mr. Sweeney, "and ourbig difficulty that of finding amedium of maximum expressionwould be solved."Mr. Sweeney was interested inthe mayor's plan. So a date wasset for the first civic radio night.It was announced as "Hospitaland Health Board Night," withDr. E. H. Bullock, Kansas Cityhealth director, as principalCromwell asspeaker, and Mayormaster of ceremonies.Thousands of radio set owners,not only residents of KansasCity, but of surrounding communities,were surprised andpleased by the new type of program.Letters of commendationand telephone calls poured intothe mayor's office, calling for"more along the same lines."The feature of the secondcivic radio night was an addressby John Pew, City Counselor.His address was aimed directlyat voters and taxpayers, andhe explained to them exactly"where the money goes" in keeping the wheelsof the city government revolving at the necessaryspeed.The third city official whose voice wasbroadcasted from station WHB was CharlesTucker, President of the Board of PublicWelfare; he explained the operation of men'sand women's reformatories, the municipalfarm, and the scores of similar activities connectedwith his department.Fred E. Turner, President of the Fire andWater Board, was the next speaker. Hedescribed the romance and service renderedby the fire department,MAYOR FRANK CROMWELLWho is letting Kansas City listenersinknow how their city is runto each home in thecity, and the courage and loyalty of the grizzledfiremen, on a par with that of the soldier uponthe battlefield.Chas. S. Foreman, Assistant Engineer forthe Water Department, told citizens andvoters of the work in connection with furnishinga constant supply of fresh water for thecity, while Ernest Tucker, Secretary of theCity Plan Commission, outlinedsome of the commission's plansfor the future betterment andgrowth of Kansas City.But the big sensation and dramaticcoup of Mayor Cromwell'scivic radio night programs wasentirely different from any ofthese, and one which almosttook away the breath of a publicaccustomed to thrills of manykinds."We'll introduce somethinglively now," said the mayor tohis assistants. "Why not permitthe voters to listen-in on asession of one of our municipalcourts allow them to learn ofthe functioning of this departmentof our city government?"Thus it happened, one night inMarch, radio fans in Kansas Cityand the Middle West were startledby this announcement:"This is station WHB, broadcastinga session of the North SideCourt, Michael J. Kilroy, presidingjudge, as one of MayorCromwell's civic radio nightprograms. Just"a minute,please.A whirring drone followed aminute of suspense, then" The next " case, said the voice of the bailiff,"John Strong vs. the City; charged withdrunkenness."The arresting officer was called. John Strongcould be heard walking up to the bench."John Strong, you are charged with drunkenness,"came the voice of Judge Kilroy overthe air. "Guilty or not guilty?""Guilty, your honor," replied the prisoner." I'm always drunk when can I get it!'"One hundred dollars!" came the judge'sreply.And down through a regular docket of the

3O2 Radio Broadcastcourt was broadcasted a slice of the comedyand tragedy found daily in the courts ofKansas City, yet beyond the imagination ofmany of the old-time residents of the town. Itwas a civic program with an appeal whichwas new to thousands of people wearing headsetsthat night in March.Mayor Cromwell, to date, had played histrump card in educating the voter along thelines of better city government; had, in fact,taken the mysteries and practical workings ofthe various departments, and, more startlingstill, the courts themselves, right into the homesof tax-payers and voters, and had shown themthe cost of operation and the results.But what has been done is just a beginning.The mayoris convinced that this innovationisproving a valuable medicine in curing someof the city's chronic ills."We plan to broadcast a program eachmonth," declared Mayor Cromwell, "and, tothe best of my knowledge, this stunt is thefirst of its kind in the United States. 1 believeit is educational and will go a long way towardbringing the city government closer tothe people who pay to maintain it, and 1 believefurther, judging from the interest and favorablecomment, that the programs are appreciated."Let those who doubt the tangible resultsachieved read some of the letters receivedrelative to the civic radio night programs.Here is an excerpt from a letter written by oneof the city's most successful insurance men:I had the good fortune to listen in on the civicprogram broadcast by the Sweeney radio stationlast night and feel impelled to write and say that Iappreciated it. It is of the greatest importance thatour citizens, who are all stockholders in this, ourgreat Kansas City corporation, should be informedfully as to all our civic affairs. The . . . programyou have outlined will accomplish this mostsatisfactorily, in my opinion.One could spend a whole day reading lettersof this sort sufficient proof that Americanpeople are willing to devote their time to astudy of municipal government, especiallywhen it isbrought to them in as novel andappealing a manner as that conceived and executedby Mayor Cromwell.BILLIE ORR, OF YOAKUM, TEXAS, REACHES OUT MORE THAN 1OOO MILES WITH THIS SETHe saved up for a few simple parts, wound his inductance on a salt-box, salvaged some old telegraph wire for an aerial,used his dad's auto storage battery as the "A Batt.", and pulled in Detroit, Denver, and Atlanta. He has left plentyof room for the stage or so of amplification which he hopes to add

Adventures inRadioPerhaps no other branch of science enjoys the romance and the spirit of adventure ever present in radio.It matters not whether it is the radio telegraph or the radio telephone; both have equal advantages in thisrespect. Of course, radio telegraphy is the older of the two, and its exploits are more numerous; up to now,it has covered a wider field of endeavor, both on land and on sea.Aside from its everyday uses, radio figures in a great many strange happenings which few devotees ofbroadcasting know about. Many of these are unique, not always possible or practicable to duplicate; someare accidents, others mere incidents, still others great adventures adventures never to be forgotten andwhich stand out as red-letter days for the individuals concerned.By adventures in radio we mean that which deviates radically from the commonplace. Radio has beenresponsible for many innovations. Some of them stand out as monuments of scientific achievement; othersare ignominious exploits to which this high art has been subjected. All, nevertheless, are intensely interesting,breathing the very spirit of adventure and romance.It will be the purpose of this department to report, from time to time, such radio adventures as haveactually taken place, with real human beings as principals. The series will range over the entire world,including incidents in Sweden, Patagonia, and far-off Japan as well as in the United States.We shall be glad to receive accounts of radio adventures from readers of the magazine, eithertheir own experiences or authentic experiences of others. THE EDITOR.When Messina was Destroyedfollowing paragraphs are from aletter received by RADIO BROADCASTTHE from Mr. Stuart Lupton, now AmericanConsul at Chefoo, China:In the latter part of 1908 I was appointed ViceConsul at Messina, Italy, arriving at my post onDecember 22nd. At 5:20 A.M., December 28th, thecity was almost totally destroyed by a disastrousearthquake. Owing to my having changed mylodgings on the 26th, was fortunate I enough toescape injury. As soon as I could I made my wayto the Consulate, becoming more and more aware ofthe tremendous damage done as walked I along inrather a dazed condition. On my arrival, foundIthe place a heap of ruins which had 1great difficultyin Idistinguishing. realized that there was nochance of the Consul or his wife having escaped, andalso that matters looked black for me. I knew veryfew people in the city, was practically penniless as Ihad not drawn any money after my arrival, and myknowledge of Italian consisted of less than a dozenwords. I found all public services had stopped,cables were broken, land lines down and altogetherthings looked hopeless. That nightI was a refugeeon board a merchant vessel in the harbor. Seventyeightpeople were packed in a small saloon, two orthree cabins, and connecting passageways, with therain coming down in sheets. The next morning weall had to go ashore again, as the steamer was to sailfor Constantinople. Shortly afterward the Britishcruiser Suite j came into port, stopped for about fourhours, and left again with 1,100 wounded on board.As the last boat was leaving for the ship,I had aninspiration. Seeing a piece of brown paper lyingon the ground picked up the cleanest Iportion andscribbled a message to the Captain of the Sutlej,asking if he would wireless a message to our Consulat Malta, to be relayed to the Department of State.A sailor said he would giveit to the Captain, butdid not know whether it could be sent or not.On the Ifollowing Saturday, found that the messagehad been sent, and that it was the first authenticnews of the disaster received in the UnitedStates.About this time I went on board the British CruiserMuierva to call on the Captain, and while onboard was told the following story. Captain Cagni,one of the best known and bravest officers of theItalian Navy at the time, had arrived in Messinain command of the battleship Napoli. On arrival,he paid several visits of ceremony, one of them beingto Captain Wake, of the Muierva. He told CaptainWake that he had started from Naples toGibraltar a day or two before the earthquake, andwhen nearing the latter port his wireless operatorhad intercepted a fragment of a message. All thatwas received was, "Messina destroyed." At thattime there was a great deal of friction between Italyand Austria, so Cagni jumped to the conclusion thatwar had been declared and that an Austrian squadronhad bombarded the city. Hence he turned andwent full steam for Messina with the full intentionof engaging any Austrian man of war he might meet.Fortunately, none was encountered, or the WorldWar would have started ahead of time.

THE PRIZE-WINNING CONTRIBUTIONS ARE IN THIS LITTLE PILEPhoto taken after the five-day blizzard which effectively tied up traffic on the Editor's deskPorto Rico Fan Wins "How Far?"ContestRichard Bartholomew of Garrochales, P. R., Captures First Prize a De ForestD-7 Reflex Loop Receiver with Home-Made Three-Circuit Regenerative Receiverof Unique Design. Hears Many West Coast Stations Regularly. His StoryBefore Mr. Bartholomew tells you about his very remarkable reception and his more remarkable receiver,there are a few words we want to say about our "How Far?" Contest.As you may remember, our first contest "How Far Have You Heard on a Single Tube?" was a greatsuccess, so great, in fact, that we felt sure that one allowing any number of tubes and any kind of a receiverwould be of even more interest to you. Accordingly, we announced the second contest, figuring that itwould be successful from the firing of the first gun.After three months of waiting for a publishable article for this contest, we decided that one of twothings had occurred: either the interest in DX work had taken a sudden and universal slump or you wereall sitting tight, figuring on coming up strong on the last lap and crossing the finish line a winner. If youcould see our desk for an instant you would appreciate that the first of our suspicions was groundless.We are snowed under. To be frank about it, we were entirely unprepared to handle the reams of materialthat arrived in time to be included in the contest. For the next week or so we are going to be up to ourears and no mistake, but it isgoing to be great fun, and we are sure that many of the articles will be suitablefor publication.And the articles themselves are not all that we have; one of the fellows went as far as making dictaphonerecords of the stations he heard. Unfortunately these records failed to stand the trip and arrived in a moreor less pulverized condition. But with photos and diagrams and broadcasting maps and lists of stationsand distances heard and descriptions of receivers and two or three sample home-made coils (all "worldbeaters"),as well as a tremendous amount of "dope" on many "best" circuits we have something to do.As you may remember, in the rules for our contest the following paragraph appeared:"In judging contributions, the quality and interest of photographs, text, and drawings, and the originalityand general effectiveness of the apparatus described will have greater weight than the list of stationsheard, although a long list of distant stations will distinctly help."The contestant whose material measured up best has been chosen; but the short time remaining beforewe go to press, and the fact there are several contestants well toward the lead whose work is so nearlyequal that a hasty decision might be an unjust one, make itimpossible for us to announce the remainingthree prize winners. They will therefore be announced in the next issue and several other articles deservinghonorable mention will also be published ifspace permits. THE EDITOR.

A Neighbor at Three Thousand MilesBy RICHARD BARTHOLOMEWit has been of muchinterest to me to sit here in PortoRico and listen to all parts of theUnited States,* and up into Canada,and over to Cuba; but whatNATURALLYappealed to me still more was to sit here in myshirt sleeves, with all doors and windows open,and listen to reports of five, six, or seven inchesof snow and the thermometerranging from freezingdown to fifteen below zero.Then was when 1 could sitback and (if mean enough)give you the laugh; but if Ilistened in long enough 1would again get back to awarm climate Californiaalthough there the timewas four hours later thanin Garrochales.My set is of the regenerativetype, but due to thehook-up use and a Ispecialmethod of shielding, there(FIRST PRIZE)Angeles, and without changing the dials I heardabout 20 different selections.This was on theirIopening night. have heard them many timessince.The adjusting of this set is more than simple,for often I have tuned in eight stations only byturning the grid dial. At one time I had tobe away from home a while, and so showed myis absolutely no body capacitynoticed, even while workingon stations 3,525 miles THE DETECTING AND AMPLIFYING UNIT SHOWING SHIELDED TUBESaway. In one instance, Iadjusted the receiver to bring in KFI, Los wife how to connect the batteries, as she wanted'to try the set.IUpon returning, found that*Mr. Bartholomew sent with his manuscript and photosshe had had musica whole sheaf of letters which he had received from farawaybroadcasting stations, verifying his records and night received eighteen selections, with names ofevery night, and the firstcommenting on his remarkable work. Here are excerptspieces and from artists, from WG Y, ,600 miles away.ithree of these letters:Now we"might as well roll up our sleeves and1 wonder ifyou have received a notification that youare the winner of the Western Electric ear phones awarded get right to trie principal business of the day,to the person who heard the concert on October 28th, the which is, how you can make a receiver such asfarthest distance from Minneapolis? The announcement mine and howcreated a tremendous amount of interest in this city. Onyou can use it to best advantage.that evening we were heard by forty-six states in the Union,four provinces in Canada, MATERIALS NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTIONin addition to you.Program Director, \\ LAG."I 5 binding posts"We received your card reporting hearing our Radiophoneand wish to thank you very much for same. \Ve 3 switch levers18 switch pointsbelieve this reception to be a record for a jo-watt transmitter.WKY RADIO SHOP,single-circuit jack2 two-circuit jacksOklahoma City, Okla."Bradleystat2 wire-bound rheostats (or BradleyStats)"You are our neighbor. . .you are certainly doing potentiometersome good reception. HALE BROS., INC.,Radiophone Broadcasting Station KPO,grid leak (i megohm)grid condenser (.00025 rnfd.)San Francisco."(i double mounting if Radio Corp. materials are use '.)This last station is 3,500 miles from Porto Rico! 3 tube sockets

306 Radio Broadcast2 transformers audio. (Amertran or UV-7I2)i .001 mica phone condenseripanel, 7" x 18" for receiver (bakelite)ipanel, 7" x 12" for detector and amplifier (bakelite)1piece of bakelite, rubber or wood, 7 x 1 1, for mountingtransformers and sockets in detector unit2 vernier controls for variometers, friction type12 pieces of buss wire or No. 18 wire with spaghetti2 variometers having 66 turns on the rotor and 60 on thestator. Those wound with large wire and not usingshafts for contacts are preferredivariocoupler, same type as variometers, but with 30turns on the rotor and about 48 on the stator, tappedso that it can be adjusted to every, or every other, turnIpiece of tubing of non-conductive material, dia. 4",length i"| Ib. of No. 20 D. C. C. wire3 dials. One for each variometer and one for coupleri4-volt flashlight batteryipiece of copper foil. 7" x 18" (shield)A few odd screws, brads and stove boltsEnough \" lumber to make the two cabinets, one 7'' x 8"x 1 8" and the other 7" x 8" x 12". Stain for sameSmall bottle of shellac for painting loading coil4 brass hinges (small) with screwsRegular equipment:1 6-volt A Battery (storage)2 225 or 24 volt B battery either dry or storageipair of good phones1 detector tube, UV-2OO2 amplifying tubes, UV-2OI or UV-2OI-AAntenna and ground equipment.CONSTRUCTION OF THE RECEIVERON the piece of tubing listed just above,make two small holes \ in. from the edgeand \ in. apart. Through these two holesfasten the end of the No. 20 wire and makethirty turns, using the system of bank windingillustrated in Fig.i. Make the first turn f in.from the edge and wind the wire in the samedirection as the windings of the stator of theplate variometer. At thirty turns take off aREAR VIEW OF THE RECEIVING UNITFIG.Showing how the turns are made in bank-windingtap, then wind thirty more and fasten the endas before. This makes a coil of 60 turns witha tap at 30. Now fasten this coil on the lefthand side of the plate variometer, as shown inFig. 2. (The coil is shown at the right of thevariometer in Fig. 2, but this is because theview is from the rear). The writer did thiswith shellac, but any method will do. Placethe taps so that they will be toward the panel.Paste over the face of the panel a piece ofwhite paper and on this draw out to size thedials, binding posts, switches, switch points,and verniers, always leaving enough space forthe sides of the cabinet. Put on this drawingall holes to be made, to size, their centres, andwhether to be counter-sunk or not.Now try placing all the parts on the panelas indicated by the drawing you have made,including variometers and coupler, and seethat they do not interfere one with the other.(The writer found that he could best place thevariometers 13 inches apart, centre to centre,with the shaft 3^ inches from the top of thepanel. The coupler shaft went half way betweenthose of the variometers and i inchabove them.) But as all variometers, etc.,are different, you will have to experiment abit to determine how to place and fasten themon the panel.Using a centre punch,punch each hole and boreIfoil toit. Glue the copperthe back of the panel andcut away around the holesfor the shafts, all switches,switch points, and all bindingposts except the groundand filament posts. Be surethat the foil is not closerthan TV inch to any of theparts other than the twobinding posts mentioned.Solder the shield to thesetwo posts.Now you are ready tomount all the parts. Do soand wire them according to

the diagrams (Figs. 3, 4, and5). Solder all contacts andrun wires in straight linesmakingturnsat right angles.Neat, painstaking work atthis point will amply repayyou for the longer time ittakes.CONSTRUCTION OF THE DE-TECTOR AND AMPLIFIERA Neighbor at Three Thousand Miles 307THE panel of the amplifierunit is laid out andhandled in the same way asthat of the receiver, exceptthat there is no need of ashield. Keep in mind thatthe binding posts have tocorrespond with those in thereceiver, so should be placedat the same distances fromthe top of the panel.The base supporting thesockets, transformers, etc.rests upon the jacks and isbolted to them. This meansthat one small hole hasto be made in the detector and second-stagejacks, through which the base is made fastwith two small bolts'.The Bradleystat isplaced on the left handside of the panel. Then comes the two wirewoundrheostats and last the potentiometer.These are evenly spaced across the panel andare on the middle or central line.The jacksare placed halfway between these about i\ in.from the bottom of the panel. The five holesPlat,FIG. 2variometer and coil, rear viewmade for each light are placed directly abovethe jacks; the top hole is inch from the topiof the panel.The parts are now mounted on the panel andthe base (of bakelite or wood) is put in placeafter cutting out a section to allow for the potentiometerand B battery leads. Now setthe sockets, G battery, transformers, and grid(leak and condenser) mounting in the bestpossible positions.Try to keep the grid leadsFIG. 3Schematic wiring diagram of the receiver unit, rear view

308 Radio Broadcastas short as possible, the cores of the transformersat right angles to one another, and the C is use for the loading coil.the coarse taps or switch B (Fig. 3). Switchlights directly back of the holes in the panels. The taps at A are taken every turn.When well placed, mark the position of each The taps at B are taken every six turns.piece on the base, also mark holes for runningthe wires to the primaries of the WIR.ING THE DETECTOR AND AMPLIFIERtransformers,switch and end of coil are connected as in the connect up the B battery. It may save blow-circuit diagram (Fig. 5). The aerial goes toplates of the tubes, and condenser shuntedacross from the plate to the filament (phone MAKE all the- leads as short as possible,especially the grid leads; also be carefulcondenser, .001). Remove the base, bore all that the grid and plate leads do not run parallelholes, mount the parts, and replace for wiring. for any great distance.Don't overlook the negative binding post The binding post for the negative of the Bfor the B battery, as this isplaced on the back battery is placed on the base supportingside of this base. A hole is made through the sockets, etc., and a hole is made in the cabinetrear of the cabinet to admit the lead.WIRING THE RECEIVERback to admit the lead.All tubes are wound with No. 20 wire. Thiscan be done in any way as long as the wireMAKE all leads as short as you can, running makes a perfect shield as high up on the tubethem horizontally or vertically, with the as possible, leaving the end of the tube uncoveredturns forming sharp right angles.(see photo showing tubes wound withturns Solder all connections possible, and be sure wire). The writer fastened the wire in placethat all unions are good and clean.with small pieces of tape. Both ends of theThe diagram, Fig. 3, is that of the rear wire are fastened together and grounded to theview of the receiver. Note posts "Fil-"and negative of the filament, or negative of the"Ground" ; they are the ones that should be solderedto the shield. The ground wire goes Solder all connections, and when everythingA battery.to the fine taps at switch marked A, and the isready try lighting the tubes before youing out a tube.TRANSF.FIG. 4Schematic wiring diagram of detector and amplifier unit, rear view

A Neighbor atThree Thousand Miles30CJWV\M 10FIG. 5.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MR. BARTHOLOMEW S COMPLETE RECEIVERI Antenna; 2 Ground; 3 Switch for fine taps.on coupler; 4 Switch for coarse (six turns) taps on coupler; 5 Variocoupler;6 Grid variometer; 7 Switch for loading coil; 8 6o-turn coil on 4" tube; 9 Grid condenser, .00025; IO Gridleak, megohm; 11 Plate variometer; 12 Two-circuit jack; i 13 UV-2OO tube; 14 Bradleystat; 15 Bradleystats orother rheostats; 16 UV-2OI or UV-2OI-A; 17 Audio transformers; 18 Potentiometer, 200 ohms; 19 Single-circuitjack; 20 Phone condenser, .001; 21 This line represents, the copper shielding; 22 No. 20 wire is wound around thetubes as shields, connected to the negative of the A battery or filament (connection not shown here); A 6-volt storagebattery; B Two 24-volt storage batteries for plate circuit (dry-cell B batteries will do); C 4-volt flashlight batteryGETTING THE MACHINE READY TO USEVERY careful that all leads to and fromBEeach piece of apparatus are correct.Put the machine in a place or on a tablewide enough so that you can rest your armswhile making adjustments. This is necessarypicking up DX stations as the slighest turnmay make the difference between failure andsuccess.Place the batteries as close to the machine aspossible (see to it that they are well chargedand kept so, for although you may be able topick up a close station on weak batteries, youwill never hear a distant one).Keep a piece of emery paper near the machineifyou are using sockets whose contactsare of the spring type that only touch the tipof the tube. It will be necessary to clean thesetips every few days.TUNINGSET the grid and plate variometer dials sothat the rotors are at right angles to thewindings of the stators.Set the coupler dial so that the windings ofstator and rotor are nearly parallel.Leave itin this position until the last when a slightchange may increase the signals.Set the coupler taps switch so that therewill be about 24 turns used. This applies toa single-wire aerial about 160 feet long fromthe receiver to the furthermost point. Forshorter aerials you will need more turns.Set the loading coil switch so that the loadingcoil is cut out of the circuit. Do not botherwith this coil until you have learned to operatethe machine without it.the first-stage jackPlace the phone plug inand turn on the amplifying tube, slightly for aUV-20I-A and almost full for a UV-2OI . Nowlight the detector tube which is controlled withthe Bradleystat. This should be turned onuntil you hear a hissing in the phones. Thenturn it back a slight fraction of a turn.The potentiometeris turned to approximatelythe middle point if using about 18 voltson the plate of the detector.Now rotate the grid variometer toward theleft, slowly, and listen for the whistling thatindicates a broadcasting station. If you haveto move it a great distance then a slight adjustmentof the plate variometer may be necessaryto keep the tube near the hiss.When a signal is heard, readjust the filamentsof the amplifier and detector tubes untilthe signal is strongest, using the least currentnecessary. Now readjust the variometersusing the verniers and always keeping thestation within hearing. Usually this willmean turningfirst one and then the otherdial toward the left. At some point youwill

3io Radio Broadcastfind that the station will drop in clearly ordrop out. If it comes in clearly, O.K., but ifit drops out, you have turned too far, eitherwith one or both variometers. Take itslowlyat first.If you get the station, but the signalsare not clear, try adjusting the Bradleystatand potentiometer. These last two adjustmentsare very necessary on distant stations.Itmight be well to add here that if anycapacity effect is noticed on either variometer,try reversing the two leads and see if that doesnot do away with it.If, after trying all this, you do not pick upany signals, change your switch on the couplerprimary and try again. The longer the aerial,the fewer turns you need on the primary. Theshorter the aerial and longer the wavelengthof the station, the more turns you need.Now, ifyou don't hear anything, check over thewiring again.The loading coil in the secondary can beused for all broadcasting stations, but it ismost helpful on the class B stations or thosehaving a wavelength of 400 meters and over.In this case use the middle tap (30 turns) andfor 500 to 600 meters use the full coil (or 60turns). It will be found with this coil in thecircuit that more attention has to be paid tothe adjustment of the plate variometer, and thewriter believes that it makes his machine muchmore selective. For, while using this coil, hecan separate stations that could not be separatedwithout it. It will also be found thatwhere a station comes in clearly with the gridvariometer the set at 10 1(on a 180 dial), andthe plate variometer at 90 (without the coil),you will now have to turn the grid variometerto about 1 00 and the plate variometer willhave to be set around 1 10. But with practicethis coil will prove very efficient. The writerhas heard three stations in California six nightsin succession, a distance of more than 3,350miles, and they always came in at the samesetting of the dials.Mr. Bartholomew's station list is so remarkable,especially when it is appreciated that heis located about 500 miles south and 900 mileseast of the lower end of Florida, that we areprintingit in full.* You will note that all thestations heard are more than 1,000 miles fromGarrochales, and that six are more than 3,300miles away.CALLLETTERSKDKAKFIKHJKOBKOPKPOKSDKUOExaminerand HeraldKYWWAAKWAAMWAAPWAAWWBAKWBAPWBAVWBLWBTWBZWCALWCXWDAEWDAFWDAJWDALWDARWEAFWEAOWEAYWFAAWFAT\VQAMWFIWGIWGMWGRWGYWHAWHAFWHAMWHAOWHASWHAZWHBWIPWJANWJAXWKYWJZWLKWLWWLAGWLALWLAKWLATWMABWDAPWMAQWNACWMAFWMAJEast Pittsburg, Penn. 1,650Los Angeles, Calif. 3, 3 50Los Angeles, Calif. 3, 3 50State College, N. Mex 2,675Detroit, Mich. 1,850San Francisco, Calif. 3,525St. Louis, Mo. 1,950San Francisco, Calif. 3,525Los Angeles, Calif. 3,35Chicago, III. 2,000Milwaukee, Wis. 2,050Newark, N. J. 1,5 50Wichita, Kan. 2,250Omaha, Neb. 2,300Harrisburg, Penn. 1,575Fort Worth, Texas 2,150Columbus, Ohio 1,725Anthony, Kansas 2,275Charlotte, N. C. ,400Springfield, Mass. ,600Northfield, Minn. 2,300Detroit, Mich. ,850Tampa, Fla. ,225Kansas City, Mo. 2,150College Park, Ga. ,400Jacksonville, Fla. ,250Philadelphia, Penn. ,500New York, N. Y. ,500Columbus, Ohio ,725Houston, Tex. 2,000Dallas, Tex. 2,100Sioux Falls, S. D. 2,400Miami, Fla. 1,050Philadelphia, Penn. 1,500Medford Hills, Mass. 1,600Atlanta, Ga. 1,500Buffalo, N. Y. 1,775Schenectady, N. Y. 1,675Madison, Wis. 2,100Pittsburg, Penn. 1,650Rochester, N. Y. 1,775Savannah, Ga. 1,250Louisville, Ky. 1,725Troy, N. Y. 1,675Kansas City, Mo. 2,150Philadelphia, Penn. 1,500Peoria, 111. 2,000Cleveland, OhioOklahoma City, Okla.i,752,200.Newark, N. J.'.55OIndianapolis, Ind. 1,825Cincinnati, Ohio 1,725Minneapolis, Minn. 2,325Tulsa, Okla. 2,125Bellow Falls, Vt. 1,700Burlington, Iowa 2,100Oklahoma City, Okla. 2,200Chicago,111. 2,000Chicago, 111. 2,000Boston, Mass. 1,600Round Hills, Mass. 1,600Kansas City, Mo. 2,150*Regarding this list, Mr. Bartholomew writes:" Have also picked up many other stations includingDenver, Colo., and parts of telephone conversations betweenAvalon, Calif, and Catalina Island; but have notincluded them in this list as I have not heard call lettersand location together."All of the above stations were heard on one step of amplificationonly. On two stepsI use a home-made loud speaker(Baldwin unit and horn), and with it I have heard California30 feet from the horn."

Unloading the Mail from the Transatlantic LinersCALL LETTERS LOCATION MILEACWMAK Lockport, N. Y.1,775WMAT Deluth, Minn. 2^350WMAZ Macon, Ga. 1,400VVMC Memphis, Tenn. 1,800WOAI San Antonio, Texas 2,175WOAN Lawrenceburg, Tenn. 1,700WOAW Omaha, Neb. 2,300WOC Davenport, Iowa 2,100WOI Ames, Iowa 2,225WOO Philadelphia, Penn. i500WOR Newark, N. J. 1,550WOS Jefferson City, Mo. 2,050\\T.\ Forth Worth, Texas 2,150WPAC Okmulgee, Okla. 2,100WPAL Columbus, Ohio ,725WQAO Parksburg, Penn. ,525WRP Camden, N. J. ,550WSB Atlanta, Ga. ,500WSY Birmingham, Ala. ,600CALL LETTERSWW1WWJLOCATIONDearborn, Mich.Detroit, Mich.CANADACHYCCFACCUBAPWXF. H. JonesMontreal, Quebec, Can.Calgary, Alberta, Can.Habana, CubaTuinucu, CubaAMATEURS AND EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS2EL (on phone) Freeport, N. Y.iXAE (on phone) Springfield, Mass.2X1 (on phone) Schenectady, N. Y.TOTAL MILEAGE, AIR LINE .BROADCAST STATIONS HEARD .AVERAGE MILEAGE .MR. BARTHOLOMEW S OUTFIT COMPLETEMILEAGE1,8501,8501,8503,500I.OOO9001,5001,6001.675172,075901,911Unloading the Mail from the TransatlanticLinersBy M. G.CARTERACCORDANCE with certain existinglaws, the contracts with the various steamshipcompanies provide that all foreignINmail brought in on their ships shall be deliveredto the receiving Post Office at theexpense of the steamship companies. TheNew York Harbor Mailboat Service is maintainedto facilitate the rapid handling of incomingforeign mail by utilizing the time spentby the ships in passing public health inspectionat quarantine.There are times when the mail-carrying shipsfrom South America, the West Indies andabroad arrive too late to pass the doctorat quarantine which sometimes means a delayof twelve hours. However the mail is notdelayed, but is taken aboard the mailboatsand brought to Pier 72, North River, NewYork, and -thence by trucks or train to the distributingPost Offices. This relieves the steamshipcompanies of the considerable expense oftrucking the mail to the Post Office, and minimizescongestion on the piers after the shipshave docked.The Harbor Mailboat S.S. President (radiocall letters, NURL) is the flagship of a fleetwhich includes two and sometimes three steamlighters each capable of carrying from two tothree thousand bags of mail, while the Presidenthas a capacity of approximately five thousandsacks.A twenty-four hour watch is maintainedevery day of the year in all kinds of weather,by three crews both on the dock and on themailboat. This is necessary because the shipsarrive at all times of the day and night. It isthe radio operator's job to receive notificationof the approach of mail-carrying vessels as farin advance of their arrival in quarantine as ispossible; to ascertain the amount of mail onboard, where it is stored, whether separatedor not, and the approximate time of the vessel'sarrival in quarantine, so that those in charge canprepare various organizations to handle the mail.

312 Radio BroadcastFROM SAILOR TO 'PRESIDENT IN FIVE SECONDSThe Harbor Mailboat President is shown in action alongside the Maurdania. Fifty sailors on each side of the liner dropthe mail down the chutes as fast as possible. The day this picture was taken, 7,500 bags approximately 60 carloads ofmail were transferred to the mail boats in an hour and twenty-eight minutesBy the receipt of such information the extramen are not ordered on duty until necessary.This saves the Post Office Department moneyon each ship met, amounting to a considerablesum at the end of the year. Some of the shipscarry from four thousand to twelve thousandbags of mail, and for these, special schedules aremade for boats, trains and auto trucks, andextra men must be secured to perform theservice expeditiously.It is interesting to note that during the pastyear 1470 ships were met and approximately750,000 bags of foreign mail handled. Decemberwas the heaviest month, with a record of95,801 bags taken from the ships at quarantine.The Post Office Department publishes a listof mail-carrying ships and their expected timeof arrival in New York. The radio operatorskeep close watch on these ships for any irregularitiesin their time of arrival and amount ofmail carried. For example, let us say that theMaurdania or the Majestic or the French LinerParis is listed to arrive on a certain day withten thousand sacks of mail. The radio operatorswatch for her and when within range senda message to the commander of the vessel,somewhat as follows: Commander, Majestic.Please advise number sacks mail how much ondeck whether separated and time you expectreach quarantine. The reply soon comes back:Mailboat President 5165 bags New York Citystarboard 4061 bags Railroad port 803 bagsParcel Post hold number three expect reachquarantine 315 P.M. Commander, Majestic.From such information the clerks in chargeare enabled to procure enough men and toto handledispatch such boats as are necessarythat particular situation.On the other hand, suppose that a thick fogprevents the boat from coming up the channelto quarantine and she anchors off AmbroseChannel Light-vessel. It becomes necessaryto keep posted by radio as to the exact movementsof the vessel so that no mailboats willbe dispatched aimlessly. If conditions permit,the mailboat often goes to Gravesend Bay, oreven to Ambrose in fog, gets the mail, andreturns to her pier; and the mail is deliveredin Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Boston before

Unloading the Mail from the Transatlantic Liners 313the ship docks! Then again, suppose that aship approaches that ordinarily carries mail,but this particular trip has none. It is by radiothat such information is obtained, and a tripto quarantine is made unnecessary. As anotherexample, a boat may be listed as carryingfive hundred sacks of mail, but stops at anotherport en route to New York and picks up perhapsfifteen hundred sacks. If it were not for theradio reports, a small crew would be dispatchedwhich could not handle such an amount of mailwhile in quarantine.The radio equipment on the MailboatPresident comprises a U. S. Navy i-KW 500-cycle spark transmitter which has a daylightrange of two hundred miles. The receiverconsists of a U. S. Navy short-wave receiverwith detector and a U. S. Army low-frequencyamplifier type SCR-y2. With this receiver,ships are picked up two thousand miles east ofNew York. All communications between theboat and the pier are made through the NewYork Navy Radio Station, NAH.The important fact regarding the radio serviceis that the operators who maintain thewatches are men of experience. Four menmake up the radio personnel: J. Maresca,H. L. Swart, O. N. Johnson and M. G. CarterCHIEF OPERATOR M. G. CARTER AT THE KEYIn the radio room of the Harbor Mailboat President(operator in charge). All of these men havehad at least ten years', and some fifteen years',experience in such organizations as the RadioCorporation of America, International RadioTelegraph Company, Signal Corps, Navy, andthe Air Mail Radio Service. Consequently,the work is handled with uniform efficiency,in spite of the fact that in the vicinity of NewYork the radio traffic isvery heavy.MAIL FROM THE OLD COUNTRY AND POINTS EASTNew York Harbor, the sacks are brought up on deck ready to be tumbled down theBefore the Manchuria arrives inchutes when the mailboats come alongside. Boat No. 28 is shown receiving the mail, with No. 14 and No. 6, near by,about to steam off to take mail from the Mauretania

The Grimes Circuit with OutdoorAntenna and CounterpoiseAn Adapted "Inverse Duplex" that has Brought in California from Boston, Massachusettsapparatususingbuilt in accordance withBy HERBERT E.column of the daily press.I am not missinganything. Having completed this Grimescircuit to my entire satisfaction,I havegladdened the hearts of a score of amateurs inmy community by turning them loose withoutrestriction upon my junk-pile of coils, con-DILLseveral published descriptionsof the David Grimes1AM " Inverse Duplex" threetubeset, with an outdoorantenna and a counterpoise,tuning by means of a standardRemler variocoupler and43-plate and 23-plate condensers.To enumerate the stationslistened to each night andfrequently well into the morning,would be literally to FHE INVERSE DUPLEX SET MADE BY THE AUTHORcopy the lists of prominentbroadcasting stations one finds in the radio densers, variometers, tuners and the like withwhich my den and attic and cellar have beenA NEAT JOBAfter he had successfully made and operated this set, Mr. Dill gaveaway all the radio "junk" he had accumulated in the past two yearslittered for two years. It is such a pleasure tohave just one outfit in the corner of my den andto feel satisfied with the results it gives me.My circuit diagram is like the one publishedin RADIO BROADCAST for April, exceptthat the loop is replaced bythe apparatus indicated in(Fig. i). Cunningham tubes,type 300 and 301 are used;Acme R2 and R3 and Chelseatransformers; General Radiovariable condensers and potentiometer;Micadon fixedcondensers; andEvereadylarge size block B batteries.The storage batteryis of 100-ampere-hour capacity, keptwell charged by means of aTungar rectifier.Difficulty has been experiencedin selecting rheostatsfor this circuit because verycareful adjustment of filamentsseems necessary. Excellentresults were obtainedexperimentally with separate

The Grimes Circuit with Outdoor Antenna and Counterpoise 315FIG.IThe secondary terminals replacethe terminals of the loop (Fig. 2)controls improvised of resistance wire withsliding contacts, but these are hardly suitablefor neat panel mounting.MR. DILL AT HIS "JUST ONE OUTFIT"A Remler variocoupler isemployed to permitexperiments with various types of antennaground and counterpoise, but by removing thestrapping connecting two pairs of binding postson the front panel, the Remler tuner is disconnectedand any type of loop may be wireddirectly to the set.The specifications of the original Grimes setthat appeared in the April issue of RADIOBROADCAST have been carefully followed, withthe exception of the addition of this vario-couplerfor tuning, and the installation of theseparate filament controls. Extraordinarysuccess with this Grimes circuit is due principallyto my excellent location, the use of anoutdoor antenna, and a counterpoise calculatedto work perfectly with the set.

Radio Angling and Fisherman's LuckThe Thrill that You Get When the Game Takes the Fly, and the Way that You Feel WhenIt Doesn't. The Inspiration and Power for Good of Broadcasting, as Seen by One ClergymanBy REV. H. F. HUSEIn an editorial published in a previous issue, we expressed the belief that radio would prove a valuableasset to the preacher in the small town, in broadening his vision and educating him in a manner otherwiseimpossible. The Rev. H. F. Huse, Pastor of the United Baptist Church in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine says, intelling of the single-tube receiving set built by his fifteen-year-old son:"One night, just before starting for a church service I heard a beautiful voice at WSB, Atlanta, Georgia,singing 'The Heart that was Broken for Me.' It tuned my soul at once for the service I was to lead." Andagain, " I shall never forget Miss Bennett's voice and the words as they went out from WOR, Newark, N. J.in the transoceanic broadcasting concert of February 24th. . . her wonderful voice came with a clearnessthat was startling. It made one think of the shepherds long ago, startled, as they were, in their midnightvigils by voices out of the air. listened with I rapt interest to the greetings she spoke at the end of the concert:'I wish to express the great privilegeI feel has been mine in singing to the people, not only of my owncountry, but also to the people of France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and other countries of Europe.Isend my most cordial greetings to all. . . .' Such, I thought, is the spirit of America, the spirit ofChristianity, the spirit of good will the world needs. Moreover, broadcasting is glorified as it scatters thiscordial good feeling to the ends of the earth."THEpleasures of radio are many andvaried. There is first of all the satisfactionwhich comes in acquiring theinformation that accompanies allthis new knowledge, the energies, thesubtleties, the mysteries of radio. There isthe wonder of this new thing, this agency thatmakes itphysically possible for us to hearinstantaneouslyfrom the ends of the earth.There is the joy of a new andwholesome interest in life.There is the delight in thefriendship and fellowshipout of the air the voice of manofthose whose voices we hearover the air, and whose wonderfultalent we so much enjoy.There is the delight ofthe family circle gatheredabout the radio set in thehome. And not least amongthe pleasures of radio is theangling for stations !More than once this winteras I have sat at the receivingset, and twisted the dials firstone way and then another, intrying to pick up a station, Ihave thought of the similaritiesand the contrasts betweencasting upon the radio I TAUGHT HIM TO FISHwaves for a station strike, and whipping thesurfaces of pond and stream for the suddenflash of yellow and gold, the strike that meansthe battle royal with the red-spots, and at lastthe pleasure of leading Mr. Trout by the noseor walking him upon his tail into a fish basketfor my lady's dinner the next day.Itaught my boy to fish before he was in histeens. Now that he is in his teens he has comeback and taught me radio.And what a time we have hadtogether, with phone on ear,angling for the stations, andwhat a thrill as we havelanded them, the little onesand the big ones, all the wayfrom Dover-Foxcroft, in theheart of Maine, to Tuinucu,Cuba in the South, and toKansas City, the home ofthe Night Hawks, in theWest.In angling for stations as inangling for trout, sometimesthe game takes hold andsometimes it doesn't. Whenthe stations do bite, itgivesyou a thrill of pleasure; andwhen they don't, it sometimestries your patience;but a true sport in radio, as

Radio Angling and Fisherman's Luck317in fishing, takes things as they come withouttoo many complaints.I once took a friend fishing to a fine brookwhere I had always had good success. 1wished very much for this friend to see some ofthe beauties that 1knew were in its sequesteredpools and swift currents. But that day theyjust would not bite. And this friend of minestood on the bank and "joshed" me for fair:" Trout ! This brook neversaw a trout! Let's go upin the woods and fish, wewill get just as many as weget here, and then we won'tget our feet wet!" Well,I've talked the wonders ofradio to friends. I havetold them the fine speechesand splendid music wehear, and how at times thebox just bursts with sound !And then I have invitedthem in for an evening.1have seated them at myside and adjusted thetwist of the dial 1picked up WBZ, Springfieldand heard a fineaddress by the pastorMethodist Church of that city!of theItaught my boy fishing and he has taughtme radio. When the fifteen-year-old camehome and said:" Dad, we are behind the times.We have got to have a radio set," then itwas time for the boy's best chum to sit up andtake notice. I made the agreement that if hewould find out how to construct a set, andconvince me that he could do it, I would digjlown and see if I could find the wherewithalto pay the bill."Say, Dad, you're the realarticle! The set is ours. I have the parts weneed all down on paper, their prices, and thehook-up." The eighth wonder of the world isthe way a boy in his teens learns these newthings and so quickly! We looked over thelist of parts and prices. The total cost was.92.In.due season, the box was made, the partsthat we sent for came, andthe set was constructed.The antenna was hungfrom the parsonage to thechurch vestry, and I wasthankful indeed when thisjob was ended, withoutbroken legs or pneumoniafrom climbing and scramblingover snow - coveredroofs with the wind blowinga gale and the mercurydown below zero.In radio as in fly fishingthe "hook-ups" are asvaried as the fifty-sevenphones and then begunorders of pickles. Speakingof flies, Henry VanIangling. have angledand angled. But it hasDyke says: "The blasebeen an off night. Nothingdoing. A few ripplesnew, something modern.trout demands somethingin the radio waves, butIt is for this reason that annothing worth while comingin. I have felt thatHE TAUGHT ME un-RADIOheard of, startling, willtheir thought of radio wasoften do great execution inaltogether original fly,like that of the friend on the bank when the an over-fished pool." So it is with radio setstrout would not come to the hook.and hook-ups. Every now and then it's theLast night1 invited in a friend. It was new hook-up that seems to gather in the stations.Sunday night and I wished very much to pickup a THE HOOK-UPgood church service. Like children whomAND THE CABINETwe wish to speak their pieces before company,and sometimes fail us, so at times it is with WATCH the fisherman," says Henry VanDyke again. "When he comes homeradio. Nothing took hold very well until after with a full basket of trout on his shoulder, or athis friend had gone and then with anotherquartet of silver salmon covered with greenbranches in the bottom of the canoe. Hisface is broader than it was when he went out,and there is a spark of triumph in his eye."Who is there who has not seen the radio smileon the face of another, or felt the thrill in hisown soul the morning after a successful catch?What fisherman returning home at night froman all-day outing to brook or pond has not beengreeted with the question: "What luck?"Our radio record began Sunday night, February1 1, 1923. Up to the date of this writingour parsonage radio creel has to its credit the

3 i8 Radio BroadcastSOMETHING DOING INTHE AIRfollowing stations a thousand or more miles distant:KSD, PWX, WDAF, WDAJ, WFAW,WLAG, WMC, WOAW, WOC, WOS, WSB,SKW (Tuinucu, Cuba), and WKAQ. Consideringour location in the heart of Maineand upon the outer circle of the area -thatincludes the broadcasting stations, our catchis "not too bad."Reflecting upon what has come out of the airto the listeners, one cannot fail to be impressedby the wonderful talent that everywhere inAmerica seems to be the same talent of speechand song, orchestra and band, solo and chorus.Parenthetically, as a preacher, may I say thatthe way in which the broadcasting stationshave so generously lent themselves to theservice of the churches is one of the finest instancesof religious cooperation in a big waythat the Christian world has ever seen.Would that there were time and space to tellsomething about certain speeches and sermonsand music that I have heard. It is said thatDaniel Webster put together his famous replyto Haynes as he fished along the waters of aNew England trout stream. Be this as it may,the radio listener finds not only mental changeand rest in what comes to him out of the air, buthe finds inspiration to better th : ngs and noblereffort.There have been such fine things from allthe stations that it does not seem fair tomention one without mentioning all. But the"bigfish" that I have missed someone elsecatches! There stands out in my memorythe "New York City Symphony" from WEAF,the "Albany Chorus" from WGY, the exquisitemusic from the "Waldorf Astoria" throughWJZ, and the selections by the Little SymphonyOrchestra via KDKA. One night justbefore starting for a church service I heard abeautiful voice at WSB, Atlanta, Georgia,singing "The Heart That Was Broken forMe." It tuned my soul at once for the serviceI was to lead.I shall never forget Miss Bennett's voice andwords as they went out from WOR, Newark,N. J. in the transoceanic broadcasting concertof February 24th. It was midnight. Thetransmission conditions were perfect, and herwonderful voice came in with a clearness thatwas startling. It made one think of the shepherdslong ago, startled, as they were, in theirmidnight vigil by voices out of the air. Ilistened with rapt interest to the greetings shespoke at the end of the concert. "I wish toexpress the great privilege I feel has been minein singing to the people not only of my owncountry but also to the people of France, Italy,Belgium, Switzerland, and the other countriesof Europe.I send my most cordial greetingsto all, and, to the people of Concord, N. H.,my love."Such, I thought, is the spirit of America,the spirit of Christianity, the spirit and goodwillthe world needs. Moreover, broadcastingis glorified as it scatters this cordial good feelingto the ends of the earth.THE RADIO ANGLER'S ROD AND REEL

Crystal Receivers are Well WorthWhileSome Types that are Simple to Put Together, Cheap,and of Value Both to Beginner and Confirmed EnthusiastBy ZEH BOTJCKAre you: interested in radio but without any experience in it; eager to enjoy the programs that fill theair, and to have the fun of building or operating your own receiver; broke or at least unwilling to pay"beaucoup francs" for apparatus which you think you cannot operate, to hear programs which you thinkyou may not care for? If so, get yourself a crystal set and have a taste of radio reception before tacklingvacuum-tube apparatus.Or, if already of the radio fraternity, are you building and rebuilding, soldering and unsoldering apparatusthat passes in a single week through the throes of super-regeneration and inverse duplex? If so, buildyourself a crystal receiver as a standby to tide you over whenever your tube set is bors de combat, so to speak.THE EDITOR.^^^""^^ H E advent of the dry-cell tube, and through its property of passing electricity inthe general drop in the price of only one direction, half the alternating currentvacuum-tube apparatus has by no issuppressed, leaving only that part travelingme* means sounded the knell of crystal in one direction (a direct current), whichreceivers. The advancement in bulb passes quite readily through the receivers.apparatus has been accompanied by similar There are several ways in which the radiostrides in crystal equipment, notably in the developmentof synthetic crystals which make the sound from an unamplified crystal set iswave may be delivered to the crystal, but aspossible fairly consistent reception over moderatelylong distances. Experienced operators the received wave, which is necessarily weak,actually furnished directly by the power ofstill recommend the purchase or construction only two methods, those making the most ofof crystal receivers by beginners, as the least the weak radio impulses, will be considered.expensive way of mastering the fundamentals The fact of direct power transformation, fromof tuning, and by the possessors of bulb apparatusas a standby when tubes burn out and frequency, should be constantly borne in mindenergy of radio frequency to energy of audiobatteries run down. When bulbs have suddenlyceased to function, many an interesting the necessity of painstaking construction tend-when building crystal apparatus, to emphasizeprogram has been "saved" by requisitioninga discarded crystal set. Also, a familiarity lessly made tube set may work, its imingto eliminate all possible losses. A care-with the theoretical and practical aspects of perfections probably being manifest in^ unps OET.crystal reception is of value in the operationand design of many reflex sets, in which acrystal is used as the detector.The crystal provides the simplest means ofdetecting radio signals, and isreception effectedby imposing the incoming radio-frequencyenergy on the circuit containing the^-detector, where it is "rectified." The radiocurrent, as the reader is probably aware, is analternating current and of so high a frequencythat, due to a phenomenon known as reactance,it cannot pass through the windingsFIG. 1of the telephone receivers. However, by means The preferred crystal circuit, which, with the additionof the indicated condensers, makes an excellent of rectification, which the crystal accomplishes set

circuit,32ORadio Broadcastwound with 72 turns on a three-inch tube,tapping every twelfth turn.If the fan already possesses a short-wavevariocoupler, but does not care to rewind andtap the secondary, a variometer may beadded to the circuit at point A, figure i, andFIG. 2An efficient and simpler circuitdesirable sounds and lack of selectivity; buta poorly constructed crystal receiver, incapableof compensating for inefficiencies by localbatteries, will function far below its ability.The most efficient system of crystal receptionemploys a loose- or variocoupler inthe tuning circuit. Fig.i indicates the mannerin which it is connected to the detectorand phones. The coupler, P S may be of thetype designated commercially as the "universal"or "all-wave" coupler, or itmay bea standard short-wave variocoupler with thesecondary coil rewound (if necessary) withsmaller wire. Good variocouplers can be hadfrom reliable dealers for from $2.75 to $6; forthe person who does not care to make his ownapparatus and yet would be glad to save moneyby assembling bought parts himself, the purchaseof a variocoupleris recommended .Manycomplete crystal receivers, of course, are alsoon the market. They cost comparatively littleto buy, and nothing at all to operate, since theyrequire no bulbs or batteries. However, ahome-made coupleris well within the abilityof many experimenters, and the primary coilshould be wound with 6oturns of any convenientwire on a three-and-a-half-inch tube, tappedevery sixth turn. The secondary may betuning accomplished by means of it.The loose-coupler circuits are very selective,and close tuning is possible through variationof the coupling.A single coil of wire combining the functionsof both primary and secondary, is,perhaps, the more usual form of inductancefor crystal reception, but while quite efficient,itnecessarily lacks the advantages gained byvariable coupling. This.Fig. 2, istheoretically identical with that just discussed,the turns of wire between X and Z actingas the primary, and those between Y and Zas the secondary coil. ( It might be well to notehere that the functioning of many electricalcircuits, particularly those associated withwireless, depends upon one coil acting in thecapacity of two or more.)The inductance coil in Fig. 2 may be woundwith 1 20 turns of No. 20 to No. 28 magnetwire, and tapped every tenth turn. Fig. 3shows the method of doubling up on the taps,permitting the two switch levers to cut in individualamounts of wire from the same taps.The fixed condenser, shown across the telephonereceivers, should be of about .0015 microfaradcapacity.FIG. 3

Crystal Receivers are Well Worth While 321glass-enclosed instruments. The majority ofcrystal detectors are of the cat-whisker typein which contact with the crystal is effectedTOP OF CUPFIG. 4A simple form of crystal detector for home constructionThe crystal sets just described are welladapted to the refinements associated withaudion equipment, and the addition of variablecondensers in the primary and secondary circuitswill add to the selectivity, and to the easewith which the apparatus may be tuned.Such condensers are indicated by dotted linesin Fig. i and are preferably of the 43-plate(.001 mfd.) size, though the 23-plate condenserswill be found useful. Ifonly onecondenser is available, it can probably be usedto greater advantage across the secondary coil,in the loose-coupler circuit, and in the groundleadwhen the tuning coil is used. Whether ornot condensers are employed, apparatus constructedin conformity with the directionsgiven, will respond to all the broadcast wavelengths.The detector itself may be any one ofthe popular types on the market, from thesimple moving-bar design to the more elaborateTO GROUNDLEADtmuwwiBUZZERFIG. 5Test buzzer connectionsBATT.by means of a fine,springy wire such as phosphor-bronze.Such a detector is easily builtby the experimenter. A simple design is shownin Fig. 4. The support is a "U" shaped stripof brass or other convenient metal. The balland the brass rod which ispassed through itmay be made from the end of aafter drilling,curtain rod. The cat-whisker (a short, singlestrand from a flexible lighting cord, willdo for this) is soldered to one end of the rod,while an insulating handle is attached to theother. The crystal may be purchased mountedin a revolving cup.Another popular detector design which isparticularly adapted to mounting on a verticalTO GROUNDgjLEADFIG. 6Showing how a piece ofcardboard may be insertedbetween the armatureand spring contactto improve the tone ofthe buzzerCARDBOARDpanel is that of the rotating type made in theform of a hard-rubber wheel. It contains asensitive crystal with which contact of the requireddelicacy is obtained through gold orother metallic dust. Adjustmentis effectedby turning and tapping the wheel.The crystal itself may be galena, a naturalcrystal, or a synthetic product, which is sometimesmore sensitive than the average naturalmineral. Galena is a double sulphide of leadand silver along with many unrectifying impuritiesall in varying proportions. It isnot difficult to imitate the natural process ofgalena crystallization, and the majority of manufacturedcrystals are merely an artificial galenabuilt up in the most efficient proportions(from a rectifying standpoint) with the uselessand perhaps undesirable impurities eliminated.A crystal set is most easily adjusted for the

322 Radio Broadcasthighest sensitivity by means of artificial signalsfrom a test buzzer. The buzzer, though preferablyof the high-frequency type, may be ofthe ordinary door-bell design, the note of whichcan often be improved by inserting a pasteboardslip between the armature and the spring contact(Fig. 6). The sole connection between thebuzzer and receiver (and no connection at allisrequired when the detector iscorrectly adjusted)is a single wire running from the stationarycontact to the ground-lead (Fig. 4).The detector should be adjusted while the keyor push-button is down, and the note of thebuzzer will be plainly audible in the receiverswhen a sensitive adjustmentis secured.The apparatus is preferably mounted ona panel after the fashion of bulb sets, withthe detector placed on the front in such amanner as to permit easy adjustment. A pushbuttonmay be set flush in the panel for operatingthe buzzer test, but many enthusiastsprefer a telegraph key on the operating table,making the buzzer additionally useful for codepractice. Care should be taken in the constructionand mounting of the instruments,in order that the crystal receiver may be giventhe finish and appearance which it merits.ADDING AN AUDION TO THE CRYSTAL RECEIVERTHEcrystal sets which have been describedemploy a tuning system that is readilyadaptable to bulb reception, it being merelynecessary to build up the bulb equipment asan auxiliary unit. The additional parts whichwill be required are: the bulb, A and B batteries,socket, rheostat, grid condenser andgrid leak, and the plate variometer. Theextra equipment should be connected as shownin Fig. 7, and is hooked up to the crystal receiverby connecting wires A' and B' to wires Aand B respectively in Figs,i or 2 after eliminatingthe detector and receivers (the phones ofcourse being transferred to the bulb circuit).FIG. 7The bulb unit for connection to iFigure and 2. Thiswill make the crystal set into a regenerative receiverFIG. 8A combination audion-crystal set, permittinginstant change to either form of detectionThe result will be an efficient regenerative receiver,which, if desired, may as easily bechanged back to a crystal set.Fig. 8 shows a combination crystal-tube setin which either form of detection is immediatelyavailable. When tube receptionis desiredand the tube is lighted, it is merely necessaryto remove the cat-whisker from its positionon the crystal. When crystal receptionis preferred, the current that lights the bulb isturned off and the cat-whisker is adjusted torest lightly on the crystal. No switches arerequired unless it is desired to keep the detectorpermanently adjusted, in which case asingle-pole single-throw switch may be placedbetween the crystal detector and the phones,thus obviating the necessity of removing thecat-whisker. The principle is quite clearlyindicated in Fig. 8, and it may be applied withequal simplicity to almost any crystal or bulbcircuit which you may at present possess.The crystal receiver iscapable of remarkableresults when constructed and operated withsome degree of "finesse" which, alas, is oftenas totally lacking in radio as in bridge. Theclose of the war found crystal receivers Coveringfifty to a hundred miles, on amateur power andwavelengths; and until much more recentlythey were used almost exclusively for commercialwork (due to patent complications onbulb apparatus), traffic being handled in manyinstances over distances of a thousand miles!Of course, you cannot expect to hear broadcastingstations a thousand miles away witha crystal set, and even fifty-mile reception maybe considered exceptional; but ifyou live withinabout twenty-five miles of a broadcasting station,you should be able to hear it consistentlyand plainly; and the music will come in withoutthe distortion so common with sets employingvacuum tubes.

Powel Crosley, Jr.ofTHE"The Henry FordRadio"By ALVIN RICHARD PLOUGHother day I visited two largeradio plants where several hundredpeople are daily engaged in turningout radio apparatus to meet thetremendous demand for such products.When I was ushered into the office ofthe president of this enterprise,found that heIwas a much youngerman than I had expected;in fact he confessedto being thirty-six. Hisyouth impressed meand I marveled at hisability to grasp bigproblems and makequick decisions. Whatability he has along thisline, he says, has beendeveloped through themany and varied thingshe has done during hisbusiness career.Those who knewPowel Crosle'y, Jr.,President of the CrosleyMfg. Co., as a veryyoung man, refer to himas a "rolling stone"type of boy; but nowthey are glad to " handit to him" as a soundbusiness man. Such hasbeen the change in sen-comparatively inexpensive radio apparatus.Mr. Crosley told me that it was in 1921 thathe first became interested in the radio business.He considers that he owes a great deal to histhat his companyyoung son for the positionholds in the radio industry. It was on Washington'sBirthday, just two years ago, that hisboy, who was then nine years old, wanted aradio set. He took the boy to the factory ofthe Precision Equipment Company, which wasmanufacturing receiving sets and is one of theoriginal licensees under the Armstrong patent.It was Mr. Crosley's intention to buy an inexpensiveset as a toy for Powel, 3rd, but hefound that the least expensiveone cost about$130, which appearedto him to be too much ofan investment for asmall boy's toy. Theinsistence of the boywas followed by thepurchase of parts toassemble a set andnotwithstanding thelimited amount ofbroadcasting two yearsago, Mr. Crosley andhis son became ardentradio enthusiasts.Less than two yearsafter his first visit toThe Precision EquipmentCompany's factory,he purchased acontrolling interest inthat corporation, whichis now being operated asa separate organization,so that he is now at thehead of two radio man-HE FIRST BECAME INTERESTED IN RADIO TWOAND A HALF YEARS AGOufacturing companies!timent about the man NowThehe is head of two radio manufacturing companiesearly career ofwho operates the radioPowel Crosley is veryplants I visited in Cincinnati, and who has been interesting. Before going to work, his academicreferred to as "the Henry Ford of radio," becausehe builds such large quantities of good andeducation consisted of public school and militarypreparatory school, one year of engineeringwork in college and two years at law school.His first job was rebuilding some old telephonesduring a summer vacation while in thepublic schools. This was followed by work invarious phases of the automobile business duringsummer vacations from college. Duringhis last year in law school he was employed bya large bill-posting company to acquire leases

324 Radio BroadcastMR. CROSLEY BROADCASTING AT WLW, CINCINNATIon locations for their signs. Before completing several disappointments and now started overother people's money. He had experienced low prices.his course in the law school, he decided that again, with the intention of making advertisingthere were opportunities for quicker financialhis life work. He associated himselfreturns than in law, so he did not complete his with an advertising agency on a drawing accountcourse but obtained a position with a Cincinnatiof only $20 a week in 1914, and laterconcern selling municipal bonds. This changed his connection to another agency.was followed by the organization of a small By 1916 he had built up a fairly large and profitableclientele. Through the service renderedcompany, of which he was president, to manufacturea low-priced, six-cylinder car. This to one of his clients, he was induced to becomewas in the days when there were not more thantwo or three six-cylinder cars on the market.interested in the organization of a company tosell one and later several automobile specialties.Although the first car was built and operated This company he purchased outright in thsuccessfully, others were never put into productionspring of 1917, and it has grown to be one obecause of a lack of sufficient capital. the largest concerns of its kind in this country.A few years later, he took up advertising From all this it will be seen that Mr. Crosleyand sales work, which was followed by the organizationof another automobile manufactur-But it was his realization of the difficulty ofhas exceptional.ability in business organization.ing company to build a very light six-cylinder obtaining an efficient and inexpensive receivingcar, and later, another company to build a light set in 1921 and due also to the fact that hefour-cylinder car. Neither of these companies wanted something to manufacture which wouldwent into production due to the lack of sufficientcapital.that he plunged into the radio business andkeep his wood-working plant in full operationIt was then, Mr. Crosley says, that he determinedturned out simplified apparatus which could benever again to attempt to operate on manufactured in large quantities and soldat

Reception de LuxeBy A. R. BOSCOW^ m LIp receiving set described in thisarticle is of a type created to satisfythe ideals of the most lavish experimenterand amateur who wants ameiJL u;,,ihighly sensitive instrument, responsiveto the 100-600 meter wave band, embodyingas simple a system of control as is consistentwith efficient operation. While there are noradical departures from standard radio circuits,the auxiliary circuits possess some novel features.Before the final assembly of this set, practicallyevery known receiving circuit had beentried during the previous twelve years that thewriter had been experimenting with radio.This set, then, expresses what he believes to bethe ultimate in receivers at the present time onthe lower band of wavelengths and for actualperformance and ease of control exceeds theseven-tube super-heterodyne operated at thisstation lastyear.Practically all the stations heard have comein clearly on the loud speaker, which consistsof a Vocarola attachment on a large horn, andmost of the stations were heard with considerablevolume on one step of audio amplificationand quite a number on the detector alone.While the above remarks refer particularly tobroadcast reception, it must not be inferredthat this is the set's only feature, for amateurCW stations have been copied in every district.The set employs six tubes three radiofrequencystages, a detector, and two audiofrequencystages. The tuning circuits arearranged for either loop or antenna reception.When used with an antenna, the tuning elementsconsist of a primary condenser, a variocouplerand secondary condensers. When usedwith a loop, plugging in on the loop jack disconnectsthe primary circuit and variocoupler,leaving the secondary condensers in parallelwith the loop for tuning. The primaryTHE COMFORTABLE RETREAT WHICH MR. BOSCOW BUILT IN THE BASEMENT OF HIS HOUSEThe fireplace is electric and thermostatically controlled no gettingup from the set to put logs or coal on during the winter evening!

326 Radio Broadcastinductance is variable by means of a tapswitch mounted on the back panel, whilethe secondary circuit is tuned by three condensers(two variable and one fixed). Theshaft of the variocoupler was lengthened toinclude the shaft of the three-plate verniercondenser which is thus made to rotate withthe coupling coil in such a manner that as thecoupling is increased, the vernier condensercapacity is decreased, thus tending to stabilizethe resonant point of the primary and secondarycircuits and helping to prevent detuningwhen the couplingischanged. In parallelwith this condenser is the main secondary condenserof thirteen plates which is in turnshunted by two .00015 mfd. condensers inseries. When the main secondary condenser isat full scale.set at o, the secondary wavelength is approximately80 meters and increases to 420 meters1If now one of the small mica condensersis cut out by the switch provided, thesecondary wavelength becomes 400 meters ato and increases to about 600 meters at fullscale. This arrangement givesa full verniereffect with a small variable condenser and stillprovides a large range of wavelengths.In case it is desired to use the tuning elementswithout the radio-frequency bank, ajack has been provided which enables a crystalor other detector to be plugged in. The tuningisaccomplished in the usual manner.In addition to the usual jack arrangementwhich enables the signals to be received oneither the detector or the first or second audioamplifiers, an additional jack has been providedso that an external detector can beplugged in on the audio-frequency bank. Thisjack in connection with the one associated withthe loop jack enables crystal reception, utilizingthe tuning elements with or without audiofrequencyamplification and makes an idealarrangement for local reception.A rather extensive system of voltage controlhas been provided and has proved to be anabsolute necessity. A o-io D. C. voltmeteris connected through a two-pole, triple-throw,cam-key switch to three separate circuits, oneof which follows along on a buss under the filamentrheostats, to which is connected six doublepolesingle-throw push-button switches whichare in turn connected, one to each of the tubesocket terminals. With the key in the properposition, pressing any one of the push-buttonswitches shows the voltage on the terminalsof its associated tube. A second circuit fromthe key switch goes to the A battery terminalsRfDIAGRAM OF THE RADIO- AND-

ReceptionDe Luxe327IT IS A PLEASURE TO SEE A HOME-MADE SET AS NEATLY BUILT AS THISso that the condition of the storage batterymay be determined at will. The third circuitgoes through a high resistance to the B batteryterminals and enables a reading of the platevoltage. The amount of this resistance varieswith different makes of voltmeters but shouldbe of such a value that a scale multiplier of 10may be used. That is to say that when thekey switch is thrown to the B battery positionit isonly necessary to make a mental calculationto get B battery-voltage by multiplyingthe scale reading by ib. "Such an arrangementpermits readings up to 100 volts on a lo-voltmeter.Because of the amount of equipment in theset, it was not possible to have the tubes solocated that their filaments could be observedthrough windows or holes, and an auxiliaryindicating system was provided. Above eachrheostat control knob has been placed a smallbullseye, similar to those used in the older typesof telephone switchboards. Behind each bullseyea 2-volt -candle-power i light has beenplaced and connected through a suitable re-AUDIO-FREQUENCYCIRCUITS

328 Radio Broadcast^^V'VYVNA/VN/Y^^THISDIAGRAM SHOWS THE VOLTAGE-CONTROL AND INDICATING-LIGHTsistance, wound on flat bakelite strips, to thetube side of the filament rheostat. As thefilament of each tube is turned on the indicatinglamp also lights, giving an attractive as wellas an effective indication of the tubes in use.The common returns from these indicatinglamps are connected to a second key switchwhich is in series with the main filament leadsfrom the A battery which provides threeswitching combinations:i . All A battery current off.2. A battery on tube filament buss.3. A battery on tube filament buss and indicatinglamp circuits.These combinations make itpossible to operatethe set with or without the indicatinglamps being lighted.Binding posts are provided for the followingterminals; antenna, ground, A battery leads,B battery leads and audio amplifier grid bias,the first two being located at the left end ofthe panel, while the others are at the right end.The panel is of bakelite i3/' x 8" x 38" and isscrewed to the wooden base along the bottomDE LUXE IS THE WORD FOR ITNote the small pilot lights above the six rheostats, indicating whether the vacuum tubes are lit or not

ReceptionDe LuxeIRCUITS AS USED BY MR. BOSCOW IN HIS ELABORATE RECEIVERof the panel and is maintained in an uprightposition by cast aluminum brackets. Thispanel and base are arranged so that they willslide in and out of the mahogany case. Rubberrimmedvernier controls make for easy manipulation.With the exception of some of the voltmeterleads the set is wired throughout with No. 14copper wire covered with "spaghetti". Redcolored covering is used for the primary circuits,green for the secondary circuits (thesame as the wire covering on the variocoupler),and yellow for the balance of the radio andaudio frequency wires. Black covering isused for the battery and other circuits.The following standard parts were used inthe construction of the set:Binding PostsDialsRheostatsJacksVariable CondensersFixed CondensersVario-CouplerR. F. TransformersA. F. TransformersTubesSocketsPotentiometerGrid leak and CondenserVoltmeterVernier knobs

330 Radio Broadcasthappens that its filament isoperated above or heard by the writer in Portland, Oregon include:below normal temperature. This adjustmentcan only be determined by experiment and STATIONLOCATIONAIR LINEvaries from time to time. As both the radioMILESand audio amplifier banks are connected to one KLZDenver, Colo.1035KSD St. Louis, Mo.1810plate voltage buss, their plate potentialisKFAFDenver, Colo.1035the same and appears to be best at about WDAP75 volts. The Chicago, i860detector plate voltage is a WCX 111.Detroit, Mich.2100WOCDavenport, I7IOvariable factor, but gives best results at about WSBla.Atlanta, Ga.227024 volts, when amplifier tubes are used throughout.A grid bias of from i| to 3 volts onWBAPFort Worth, Tex.|680WDAFKansastheCity Star1575WHAZaudio-frequency tubes Rensselaer, Troy, N. Y.2550prevents distortion at CHCFWinnipegI3'5that point as do also the i-megohm grid leaksUSING A LOOPconnected across the output of the audioamplifyingtransformers. As it is essential for IT is desired to use a loop, the tuning opera-consists simply of varying the secondarybest telephone reception to operate the receiver IFtionwithout local oscillation, the stabilizer is adjusteduntil this condition is obtained. The the signal is at a maximum, always keepingcondenser and the direction of the loop untiltuning now becomes nothing more than a the stabilizer down just below the oscillating.rough adjustment of the antenna circuit by Frequent voltage tests of both the A and B batteries,as well as of the filament potentials, arein conjunction with the primary condenser, essential to consistent and successful operation.means of the primary inductance tap switcha variation of coupling until a signal is heard, The " De Luxe" part of this radio receptionthen an adjustment of the secondary condenser would not be possible in auntil maximum signal is obtained. A cold garage orreductionof coupling is then advisable and slight for instance, so I have given my set an at-among a crowd of visitors in the living room,readjustments of the condensers until you have tractive and comfortable place to live in bythe signal as you want it. With a minimum of building a small room in the basement with acoupling, the receiver is most selective, and by painted linoleum floor and paneled walls androtating the secondary condenser it is possible ceilings of plaster board. Comfort is assuredto go rapidly from one station to another withoutinterference between them although they trolled) in one corner of the room, from theby an electric fireplace (thermostatically con-may be on only slightly different wavelengths. top of which appears the horn of the loudIn this respect the set is so selective that it is speaker. Reception of a sort is possible withpossible to tune out a local 5OO-watt station almost any kind of apparatus, but not the leaston 492 meters and bring in a 360 meter station enjoyable feature of it consists in being able toi ,100 miles away. Due to the radio-frequencysit in your own cozy room, listening to St.amplification there is but little loss in signal Louis, Los Angeles, or Calgary, as the notionstrength when used with a minimum of coup-happens to strike you, and knowing that youling-will not be troubled with interference ofSome of the distant broadcasting stations kind.

Teaching School from a BroadcastingStationA Successful Test by WJZ and the New York Board of EducationTBEdistinction, and itthe class in accountingHigh School, in New York City.the first group of studentsinstructed by radio is something of aseems to belong toBy LLOYD JACQUETof the HaarenAt a recent meeting of educators, attendedby officials of the Board of Education andmembers of the faculty, it was decided that theexperiment should first be carried out at theHaaren High School under the direction of Mr.R. Wesley Burnham, the principal, and Mr.Fred Siegel of the faculty. This was to be thefirstexperiment made to determine the feasibilityof conducting a course of instruction byradio in an educational institution in New Yorkor elsewhere.Accordingly, WJZ, the Westinghouse broadcastingstation, was chosen as the stationthrough which to conduct the experiment,sensitive receiving sets were installed in theschool room and at headquarters in the Boardof Education Building, through the courtesyof the Radio Corporation.Voice amplifiers were attached to the receiv-A CLASS IN ACCOUNTING AT THE HAAREN HIGH SCHOOL CONDUCTED BY RADIO

332 Radio Broadcastin the classroom. "4832.60;ing sets, so that a large audience could hearsaid Mr. Leyenberger, whose voice was per- be at hand.the broadcast simultaneously.fectly registered5392.75; 3570.00 Answer!"Promptly at 1:15 p. M. on a particular afternoon,the announcer's voice came through loud going full speed. One question followed an-In the classroom, the adding machines wereand clear. At the Haaren High School,1 1 other at a brief interval, until theHubert Street, New problems,York, the buzz of conversationinvolving addition, percentage, cost plus, di-stopped abruptly.vision, pro rata, etc., were all given.Dr. Gustave Straubenmuller, Associate SuperintendentA few minutes after the lecture was com-of the Board of Education, was pleted, the correct answers to the problems werethe first speaker.sent out and received at the Board of Education"Thirty pupils of the Haaren High Schoolheadquarters, where they were checkedup against the results arrived at by the students.The overwhelming correctness of the pupils'work testifies to the faultless manner in whichradio waves carried the many details of thecomplicated problems, every one of which hadto be received perfectly to permit of a correctsolution.tion.Principals of more than twenty-five city highAll the speeches were taken down in shorthandschools were interested listeners-in at head-by students in the class room.quarters. Far away classes in business schoolsA few seconds later, Mr. H. W. Leyenburger, were interested audiences also.head of the Business Practice Department, addressedHaaren High School was not the only one tohis class in accounting, and began the receive this instruction. Other high schools,lesson.equipped and operated by the pupils, also"I am glad to greet my class in Machine listened-in, and the telephone brought to wait-Calculation in this way," said Mr. Leyenburger." In the classroom about thirty girls are assembledfor regular work in Machine Accounting.To-day the class room isequipped with a loudspeaker. Miss Ella Hastings, the class teacher,is in immediate charge of the work."The problems that will be given involve contact.the four fundamental processes: Addition,Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division.Now, ifyou are ready, I will give the first cation, and are already discussing methods forproblemthe immediate broadening of the service."Question No. i. Find Trial balance," The advent of the "University of the Air"sitting in a classroom in their school buildingwill be instructed by their teacher from theWJZ studio. This is the first time that pupilsare being instructed this way."He was followed by Mr. Burnham, Principalof the High School. He told, briefly, ofthe part-time and cooperative plan of educa-ing officials reports of successful reception fromschools scattered all over the city. This wasproof conclusive that hundreds, even thousandsof pupils in many widely separated locationscan listen to leading instructors and educatorswith whom they otherwise would never come inOfficials of the Board of Education we re warmin their praise of radio as a factor in school edu-mayA Tablet Dedicated to the RadioCongregationABRONZE memorial tablet, donatedby and dedicated to the invisibleradio congregation of Calvary EpiscopalChurch, Pittsburgh, Pa., wasrecently unveiled during the churchservices of that congregation. The Rev.Edwin- J. van Etten, pastor of the church andthe first minister to have his services broadcasted;Bishop Alexander Mann, of the PittsburghEpiscopal diocese; H. P. Davis, representingStation KDKA, which station firstbroadcasted the church services; and otherprominent Pittsburghers took part in the ceremony;More than 4,700 people, representing 40States of the Union, five provinces of Canada,

A Tablet Dedicated to the Radio Congregation 333>uba, Bermuda, London,nd ships sailing the AtanticOcean contributedo the purchase of theablet. The contributionsame in every form of2gal tender silver dimes,tamps, nickles, pennies,nd checks. There was aurprising number of Candiandimes. A workern a Southern cotton millent Dr. van Etten twootton socks with aickel in each toe. Aailor sent 120 pennies head won playing pennynte.These contributionsame as a result of Dr.an Etten's idea that theadio congregation torhich he had been preachngsince January 2, 1921,night like to contribute toome sort of memorial.Accordingly, during theeading of his regularhurch announcements,r. van Etten told his un-:en hearers of a plan to who installs the Westinghouse Company'save small contributionsdirect telephone connections for broadcastingoutside eventsrom such of them as mightke to participate, the sum obtained to be used which will undoubtedly be read with greator a memorial.interest in the years to come: "January 2,Response to this idea was almost instananeous.An hour after the announcement wasroadcasted contributions were received frompeople living in Pittsburgh. People in theicinity even walked to the minister's home aew minutes after they had heard his voice byadio and left their contributions.The first announcement was sent out intoie ether one Sunday last February, and conributionshave been coming into CalvaryIhurch ever since. The amount obtained, allf it in small contributions, has been used tourchase a beautiful bronze memorial tablet.The tablet is30 x 26 inches in size. On it isbas reliefmap of the territory where Calary'schurch services have been heard. Thenap is crossed with jagged lines, indicative ofadio waves emanating from the radio stationEast Pittsburgh.tOn the tablet is the following inscriptionTHE DEDICATIONOF THE RADIO TABLETMr. H. P. Davis, Vice-President of the Westinghouse Electric & ManufacturingCompany, is standing nearest the tablet. On his right is the Rev. Edwin J. vanEtten, pastor of the church, and believed to be the first minister in the world tobroadcast a sermon. In front of Dr. van Etten is Bishop Alexander Mann, of theEpiscopal Diocfcse of Pittsburgh, and at Bishop Mann's left is Mr. John Frazier1921, from Calvary Church for the first time inhistory a church service was broadcasted byradio wireless by the Westinghouse& ElectricManufacturing Company. This tablet wasplaced (1923) by the Unseen Congregation."The words of H. P. Davis, Vice-President ofthe Westinghouse Company, made a deepimpression on the visible audience, as no doubtthey did on the unseen listeners miles away."Other cities have memorials, but Pittsburghis proud to be the first to broadcast byradio to the world her own religious worship,"declared Mr. Davis, "Pittsburghis furtherproud to have as a citizen Rev. E. J. van Etten,rector of Calvary, the first minister in the worldto catch the vision of sending his message outinto the highways and byways by radio." It isimpossible for me to express in wordsthe great good he has done for thousands ofpeople by recognizing and using radio for such

334 Radio Broadcastaudience which in numbers, in denominationand in location never before has been compnhended." This testimonial of appreciation has conback to Calvary from the unseen congregatioiThe bronze tablet, for which contributions havcome from more than 40 different states, froifive Canadian provinces, from ships at se;from England, Mexico, Honduras, and Cub;isplaced to commemorate in a prominent arpermanent way the pioneering done by Cavary Church of Pittsburgh and Station KDKlin the broadcasting of church services."Mr. Davis's talk and the singing of one verslof "America" by the surpliced choir and thj. TABLET AT CALVARY CHURCH, PITTSBURGHaudience, and Dr. van Etten's brief benedictioMore than 4,700 people, scattered all over North America,contributed small amounts toward this memorialthe microphone whicall were broadcasted viastood on a tripod near the speakers. Evea noble purpose. It has enabled him to reach the noise of the passing street cars and whirrinand to console the sick and the shut-ins all auto engines could be heard by the radiover this continent, without detracting one listeners hundreds of miles away.iota from the excellent work he isdoing in his Dr. van Etten, who has preached nearlown parish. Mr. van Etten has reached sufferingpeople who have been cut off from his first sermon in 1921, declares the radievery Sunday to his radio congregation sinechurch services for years and who never expectedto hear church services again. His boundless.possibilities for the clergy to do good work aiinitiative has made possible this "splendid memorialgift from which I have just lifted the have the best religious services," he saicMission churches without a parson ma"American flag, which Calvary always will Hospital wards have Ibeen equipped. Onpoint to with pride.parish"is doing organized work by wirelesiI see in the future constant pilgrimages We have several receiving sets. The churcmaking way to this spot where we stand to home hears our services through one of thview this tablet and to read these words. You sets. The invalids of the parish are enjoyinwho gather about this church to-night are the the use of two others. Outside our own parisfirst to make that pilgrimage.family, groups" all over the country gather aPittsburghisproud to be the home of CalvaryChurch, the first church in the world to worship. Thousands can have services whthe library table for a wireless Sunday nighextend by radio its services beyond its own never had the chance before. 1 feel radioparish, into every corner in the country, to an a wonderful boon to the church."

All Boy Scouts, Attention!RADIO BROADCAST is holding a contest, ending July 31, 1923, to determine WHAT BOYSCOUT TROOP HAS DONE OR IS DOING THE MOST WITH RADIO.Prizes for Winning ArticlesFIRST PRIZE:CROSLE Y MODEL X 4-TUBE RECEIVER.This receiver, which may be used with dry-cell tubes if desired, consists of detector, one stage oftuned radio-frequency and two stages of audio-frequency amplification. (Advertised in RADIOBROADCAST).SECOND PRIZE:MUSIC MASTER LOUD SPEAKER.7 his is the new loud speaker made by the General Radio Corporation. (A picture and descriptionuf it appear in the advertising pages of RADIO BROADCAST).THIRD PRIZE: THREEWD-11 VACUUM TUBES./|\The WD-11 is the well-known dry-// I 1\ cell tube manufactured forAthe RadioCorporation.' (Filament voltage 1.5, ^^^^^y^r^\ plate voltage 22^2 45). The winnerof the third pri^e may have UV-igg's 'Kw^Cw||j3^^ or UV-2Oi-A's if he prefers.A YEAR'S SUBSCRIPTION TOf3|3fcftgiven as prices for the ten next best ^^Oft^O!*^These prices will be awarded toi&ipS^owltroops,"RADIO BROADCAST" will hecontributions in this contest.troop may delegate one of its members to a prepare the story.not to individuals, although anyRules ofthe Contest/. Articles must be true accounts of radio with relation to your particular troop: what you have done, or aredoing,or both.2. Every article must be written by a Scoitt or by more than one Scout belonging to one troop.3. Articles should be between 500 and 1000 words long.4. Good photographs to illustrate the article will count 50% in judging contributions.5. Typewritten manuscript, double-spaced, is desired, though not required.6. Address contributions to Scout Contest, Radio Broadcast, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, N. Y.Scouts have done splendid work in maintaining communication by radio in time of floods and disaster, incopying and spreading the market reports transmitted by tht government Farm Bureaus, in training themselvesalong mechanical and electrical lines, and, in short, in using radio as a part of scout work in a way consistentwith the best traditions of scouting. Wloai have you to tell of your troop's past or present activities? Get yourscribes and photographers under way with that story which will put in a strong bid for first pri{e. How woulda receiver with three stages of amplification go in your troop?The winners will be announced in the September number, and at least one of the three best articles will appearin that issue.

Sets for the Great OutdoorsBy A.HENRYThis article, prepared for RADIO BROADCAST by a radio man of wide experience should be interesting anchelpful to all of you who are contemplating trips into the country this summer or autumn. Mr. Henry ha:used radio receivers in automobiles and small boats for several years, and his remarks on various types obought receiving sets and their use may assist you in choosing a good outfit for yourself. A receiver oyour vacation will be a source of great pleasure if it is kept in working-order, but it will only be an extrpackage to lug around if it"goes bad."The author has just returned from a thousand-mile automobile trip and some of the difficulties encountered are still fresh in his mind. He has prepared what we think is a very practical and helpful article.THE EDITOR.YOURvacation this year, and yourshorter trips into the country, maybe made much more enjoyableifyou arrange to take a good receivingset with you. Receivers forany kind of use and suited to almost anypocket-book are now available, so that there isno reason why even though you be in thewoods of Maine or the mountains of Californiathe World Series baseball scores, music, andother entertainment should not come to youin the evening.With most of us, the cost of a radio receiveris a rather important item, and for this reason itmay be well to consider several types, ranging inprice from a few dollars to two hundred or more.A PORTABLE RECEIVERThat includes everything from the antennato a spare tube. It was developed by Lyonand Healy, the Chicago music companyA PLACE FOR EVERYTHINGIs found in this neat carrying case.Interior view of the set shown aboveThe single-tube receivers that have furnishedso much enjoyment in your homes during thelast few months will serve equally well on acamping or boat trip, provided, of course, thereis room enough to erect a single-wire antenna.Where a single tube is used there are only twocircuits that will prove satisfactory over anydistance. They are the single- or double-circuitregenerative outfits and the single-tube reflexwith a. crystal detector. There is little need indwelling upon the use of the home-made receiver,for any one who is ingenious enough tohave made and operated one, will have littledifficulty in shifting it from the house to theautomobile or boat.Realizing the great demand there would befor portable receivers this summer, some of thecommercial companies have developed compact

Sets for the Great Outdoors 337machines that will work very satisfactorily over ment provided with shackles and ropes whichcomparatively long distances. One receiver of makethis nature is the " it possible to erect the antenna in a jiffv.Aeriola Sr.," which is made All the equipment is placed in a well madeup with a tube that operates from a single dry containing case. This outfit sells for thecell and one small "B" battery. This receiver, reasonable price of $100.along with a complete antenna equipment, tube, Where the antenna and ground connectionsand batteries may be had for $75. It isquite would be inconvenient, it is possible to usesmall and may be tucked away almost any some form of loop receiver. We have securedplace in the camping outfit and may be set up in some very satisfactory resultsa few minutes. A in operating asingle-wire aerial stretched three-tube He Forest reflex outfit,from a tree to your automobile from using telephonereceivers. This outfit may be had com-50 to 75feet and a few feet above the ground should plete with U V- 199 tubes, the necessary adapters,receive at night over distances of five hundred "A" and "B" batteries, and a pair of telephones,miles.for approximately $162. Where a loud speakerAnother and equally satisfactory portable receiveris the new outfit made by the Colin B. outfit with an antenna from 25 to 50 feet long.is desired, it is possible to use this De ForestKennedy Company. Where this outfit is used No ground connection isnecessary. In thiswith dry-cell tubes, it is entirelyself-contained withtheexception of the antenna.It comes in a cabinet 15" x1\" x l" ar|d weighs seventeenpounds. 1 sells for $751with tube, dry batteries,phones, and carrying case.Another very compactportable receiver designedfor use with two tubes, havingthe A and B batteriesright in the carrying case, isknown as the Radiola II. Itis manufactured by theGeneral Electric Companyand sells without antennaequipment for $97. 50. Withthis outfit, it is necessary toput up the antenna andmake some sort of a groundconnection. The necessaryequipment for this may beprocured for a dollar or so.All the other wiring hasbeen taken care of by themanufacturers.A fourth outfit, and onewhich we believe will befound popular during thesummer, has been made upby the firm of Lyon & Healyin Chicago.It incorporatesa single tube regenerativereceiver with the necessarybatteries for ON TOP OF THE WORLD IN THE CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINSoperating it, aLouis G. Pacent, the radio manufacturer, C. F. Goudy,spare vacuum tube, and aInstructorof Mechanical Engineering, Pratt Institute, and the author entertaineda few Shriners on their \vay to the Washington complete antenna equip- gathering

338 Radio BroadcastTHE COLIN B. KENNEDY PORTABIcase, however, instead of using \JV-\gg tubes,the 2Oi-A's are found more satisfactory andmay be operated from the automobile or boatstorage battery as described a little farther on.The De Forest four-tube receiver, called theD-io, may be used to operate a loud speakerwith UV-I99 tubes over comparatively longdistances without an antenna, and inasmuch asthe A and B batteries may be carried in thelower part of the receiver cabinet, this outfit isvery practical for .traveling. The necessaryequipment, including the loud speaker, a goodpair of telephones, and a carrying strap maybe had for approximately $225.Where it is desired to operate without antenna,ground, or loop, the new four-tubeGrebe receiver may be used. In this case, asingle wire some twenty feet long, thrown overthe top of the car or across the roof of the deckhouseon a boat, will work very satisfactorilyand collect energy enough for the operation ofa loud speaker over comparatively long distances.Where the auto or boat batteryisused, it is already grounded to some part of themotor and the single wire is all that is necessary.It may be run around an auto top or up themast on a boat.ENTERTAINING A CROWDTOUD speaker operation, as we have con-L/ sidered it so far, is not of the characterthat will entertain a whole community or supplymusic with volume enough for dancing inthe open. This may be accomplished, however,if any good power amplifieris used. TheWestern Electric or Magnavox three-tubeamplifier, for example, used with UV-2OI-Atubes opera-ted from a storage battery and oneio5-volt B battery and a 22^voltB battery in series will beenough to supply music for theentertainment of rather largeaudiences.It isquite likely that mostvacationists will find that receiversoperated from dry cellswill suit their purpose best andthere is little use in discussingreceivers of this character, forthose of standard make are suppliedwith complete instructions.But where the automobile orboat storage batteryis to beused to light the filaments, acertain amount of care must beexercised to prevent the filaments being burnedout, especially while you are in some placewere new vacuum tubes cannot be obtained.In an automobile, plugging in on the storagebattery is a simple matter. Most machinesare provided with a dash light and the wiringsystem is made to accommodate either singleordouble-contact bayonet-based lamps. Bytaking the lamp out of your dash socket you can'determine the character of wiring in your machine.Having found this out, it is but necessaryfor you to call upon an automobile accessorystore and procure an attachment plug fromwhich a pair of wires may be led to supply thecurrent for operating your filaments. In connectingthese attachment plugs, care should betaken to have all the contacts firm. A loosecontact will cause a great deal of noise. Beforeplacing the wire in the attachment plug,it is a good plan to solder the end of eachwire so as to make it a solid mass ratherthan a number of strands. By so doing thecontact screw in the attachment plug will notcut through the thin wires and there is verymuch less possibility of a short circuit. Themost suitable wire for work of this sort is calledSINGLE OR DOUBLE CONTACTThat's the question when you wish to use yourauto storage battery to light your filaments.With one of these little adaptors plugged inyour dash socket you can get "juice" in a jiffy

[batterySets for the Great Outdoors 339[double-conductor Rome super-service cord.Number 16 will be found satisfactory. Thewire in this case is entirely rubber-covered anditwill stand a great deal of abuse and twistingwithout breaking. For its entire lengththroughout the cord, one wire is covered with acotton material of a different color from theother, making it an easy matter to connect thepositive side of the battery where it should beconnected.Another method of using the automobilealthough not quite so convenient asthe plug cord attachment is using two largeclips fastened to the end of the battery leads,which in turn are snapped on to the terminalsof the battery. This arrangement, however,makes it necessary to lift the floor boards everytime a connection is desired and on the roadfrequently results in the dirtying of clothes andthe possibility of ruining them with the aciddeposit found on an automobile battery.Great care should be taken to prevent anypossible short circuits. The free ends of theleads from the storage battery should be keptwell separated while the attachment plug is inthe socket, unless they are connected to bindingposts on the receiver.In the event that ordinary lamp cord is usedinstead of this cord, the matter of determiningthe polarity of the storage batteryis a com-IT IS WELL TO SOLDER THE ENDSWhen flexible cable is used, to prevent the bindingscrews in the plug from cutting the individual strandsparatively simple matter. It is but necessaryto stick the leads into a raw potato and it willbe found that a greenish deposit will swn appeararound the positive lead.ASAFEDON'T BURN OUT YOUR TUBESmethod of preserving the filaments isto connect an ordinary 25-watt no-voltlamp in series with them. Where this is doneand the B battery leads happen to touch theA battery terminals, the filaments will not beburned out. This precaution is especially recommendedwhere an attemptis made tooperate the receiver from the automobile orwhile in motion. As a matter ofboat batteryfact, the use of the set under these circumstancesis not recommended.Some of the little stunts that will be foundinvaluable on the camping trip are shown inthe accompanyingillustration. Others willsuggest themselves to you as you prepare foryour trip.There is one word of caution thatI would have you remember, for 1 believe itwill offset the possibility of carrying a receiverthat will be out of business when you wantmost to use it: be sure that the receiver is packedwell. Do not leave it out until the last minuteand then stick it wherever it will go, becausethe vibration is hard on soldered connectionsand they are likely to part. The safest placeto carry vacuum tubes is in their sockets, butwhere the receiver is of the cabinet varietysome soft paper or cloth should be put in ontop of them. This should be removed whenthe set is in operation.If you are not the owner of a set at present, indeciding upon the receiver to take with you itis well to remember that when your vacationis over you will want a good receiver in yourhome and it is well to consider, in purchasingthe receiver, the amount of home use you arelikely to require from it.Another thing that will add to the pleasure ofyour trip is a camera. Photographs of yourparty entertaining people where radio waspreviously unknown, for instance, will be asource of pleasure to you, not only now but inthe years to come.A CALL BOOK FOR THE AMATEURAll the active amateur and broadcasting stations in the U. S. and Canada arecontained in the fourth edition of the Amateur Radio Call Book, publishedby the Radio Directory & Publishing Co., 45 Vesey St., New York. A largetwo-color map, suitable for mounting on cardboard, is an added feature.

R\DIOA PracticalSuper-Heterodynewith 199'sBy WALTER VAN B.Princetonfans all over the country areconstantly experimenting with"new hook-ups," and the papersand magazines are full of circuitdiagrams. One might think thatthere were a vast number of really differentmethods of radio reception. Actually how-signals:1 i ) Regeneration(2) Super-regeneration(3) Radio frequency j (a) untunedamplification ( (b) tuned(4) Super-heterodyneWithout discussing these methods at length,their limitations and drawbacks may be pointedout briefly:UniversityROBERTS(1) Regenerative circuits, when allowed tooscillate, annoy the neighbors, and the sensitivityobtainable without loss of quality is notgreat enough for the satisfactory use of a loopantenna.(2) Super-regenerative circuits are not veryselective, and are noisyif the signals are weak.ever, there are only a few fundamentally different(3) Untuned radio-frequency amplificationschemes in use,with the present typeand all circuits areof tubes is notTHE ULTIMATE RECEIVERentirelybased on these. Forsatisfactory (in theexample, out of theIn this comprehensive article, Mr. Roberts writer's opinion) duefundamental idea of discloses the advantages of the super-heterodyneprincipally to una-regeneration, therein which the intermediate-frequency voidable transformercircuithave sprung hundredsmay be either of the untuned- or tunedtransformervariety and in which neutrodyn-Tuned radio-fre-losses.of apparently differenting and reflexing mayregenerativeemployed to advantage.receivingquency amplification,circuits. These maywithThis is not the receiver Jfor the novice toregeneration preventedby the "neu-differ in ease of adjustment,but, with theattempt building, because a certain amount offamiliarity with radio-frequency circuits is trodyne" principle,same tube and antenna,seemsnecessary.very satisfactory,any type of regenerative During our recent visit to Princeton University,except that forreceiver, if properlywe inspected and operated, with Mr. great sensitivity tun-built, will be exactly as Roberts, the completed receiver. To say ing becomes difficultsensitive as any other that it tunes sharply would be putting it on account of the largetype. Hence, if mildly,youoperationis remarkable.There is anumber of circuits thathave a growing respectgood regenerativereceiver and aresuperheterodyne,and we shall welcome informa-have to be tuned.tion from those who experiment with the(4) The superheterodynemethodnot satisfied with itssensitivity, there is no intermediate-frequency transformers alongthe lines outlined in this article. THE EDITOR. seems to have no inherentdrawbacks oruse wasting time andmoney trying otherlimitations. To justifyregenerative circuits. Rather, improve the one this rather sweeping statement, let us consideryou have.Nearly all circuits in use at present are basedbriefly the three most important features in anyreceiving set.upon the following fundamentally different First, sensitivity: here nature, in the form ofschemes for increasing the strength of the "static," spark sets and other interfering radiotransmitters, imposes a limit to the usefulsensitivity of any receiving set. For if thestatic and other interference coming in on thesame wavelengths as the signal are strongerthan the signal itself, then no amount of sensitivitywill be of any use, for the undesirednoises will always be louder than the signals.Thus, there is no sense in possessing a radioreceiver that isany more sensitive than enough

A PracticalSuper-Heterodyne with341FRONT VIEW OF SUCCESSFUL SIX-TUBE SUPER-HETERODYNE BUILT BY MR. ROBERTSThe set uses two stages of intermediate-frequency amplification coupled by R. C. A. long-wave transformers, and onestage of A. F. amplification. The rheostat in upper left-hand corner of panel controls the volume, the left-hand condensertunes the loop, and the right-hand condenser tunes the heterodyneto bring in static and other noises with annoying desirable for working with a loop antenna. Theloudness on the days when the interference is selectivity can easily be made sufficiently closeminimum. Any further increase in range will to the ideal, and by using what are called " bandhave to be obtained by the use of more power pass filters" 1 it could be made ideal; but thison the part of the transmitting station*refinement hardly seems worth while. TheSecond, selectivity: here we have a very controls are simple one knob to controlmuch more definite limit. To transmit music volume and two condensers to tune with.of high quality requires not a single frequency Here again, the ideal could be attained (ifor wavelength, but a band of frequencies about thought worth the trouble) by gearing or10,000 cycles wide. Thus, a station that advertisesa concert "on 600 meters" will really turning a single knob would operate bothshafting the two condensers together so thatbe usingall the wavelengths between about condensers, the plates being cut to such shape594 and 606 metres, while a station transmitting that the relative values of the capacities wouldon 300 metres will use allwavelengths between always be exactly correct. Or, almost as good,298^ and 30 1 \. Hence the receiving set must a single knob could turn tyvo ordinary condensersso that they are approximately correct,receive these bands of wavelengths.If it is soselective as to receive only a narrower band, and a small vernier condenser in parallel withthe quality of the received music suffers. On one of them could be used to make the tuningthe other hand, if it is too "unselective" to exact after the station ispicked up.eliminate signals on wavelengths outside of the Having pointed out that the super-heterodynemethod meets the most important re-necessary band, then there is just so muchmore opportunity for interference to get in. quirements of a radio set better than any otherThe ideal selectivity would be realized, ofcourse, only when all wavelengths lying in the 'A band-pass filter is an arrangement of capacities andinductances that allows almostnecessary band are received equally well anduniformly free passage of allfrequencies lyingwavelengths outside the band in a specified band, but almost completelyare not received prevents the passage of currents of any frequency lyingat outside this band. Bandall.pass filters can be made successfullyThird, ease of operation: only two controlsto pass a band of medium frequencies, but cannot bemade to pass a narrow band of very high frequencies suchshould be necessary, one to select the station as used in broadcasting. Hence they could not be employeddirectly regulatein an ordinary receiving set, but if the super-it is desired to hear, and the other toheterodyne method is used, the intermediate-frequencythe volume.amplification can be made to take place at a frequencyThe super-heterodyne system can be made sufficiently low so that a band pass filter could be constructedthat would make the amplifier satisfy approximatelythe condition previously mentioned for ideal selec-to meet all these requirements. There is verylittle trouble in getting all the sensitivity that istivity.

342 Radio BroadcastDL 35

A PracticalSuper-Heterodyne withwhich is a frequency of 100 kilocycles. Now be used, and coupled, in any fashion. One convenientarrangement is the use of a three-coilsuppose a signal is coming in at a wavelengthof 400 metres, which is a frequency of 750 honeycomb mounting which allows trying differentcoils and a great range of wavelengths tokilocycles. If we adjust the heterodyne tubeto oscillate at a frequency of 850 kilocycles, be received. These three coils are connectedthen the difference between the heterodyne as shown in the circuitfrequency and diagram, Fig.i. Thethe signal frequencyis 100 D. L. 35 and the tickler coils should be thekilocycles, and this is just right to be fed to movable ones.the long-wave amplifier. On the other hand, As the only two adjustments in tuning areif the heterodyne oscillated at 650 cycles, the the two variable condensers here shown, it isdifference would again be 100 kilocycles. well worth while to get the very best condensersfor the purpose. The receiver tunesThus there are always two possible settings forthe condenser that adjusts the frequency of the very sharply, and a list of stations with theheterodyne oscillator, either of which will bring exact settings of the condensers cannot be keptin the same station. Sometimes it will be unless the construction is so rigid that a certainfound better to use one than the other, but setting always gives the same capacity. Forusually it makes no difference.this reason it is inconvenient to use condensersIn building a frequency-changing unit, the with separate verniers. The General Radiochief points are: use as high a "B" battery voltage condenser, with a small knob turning the condenserthrough a reduction gear, is completelyas available on both the frequency changingtube and the heterodyne; in the grid circuit of satisfactory.the heterodyne oscillator put a grid condenser There should be no difficulty in building aand leak that will allow the tube to oscillate good frequency-changing unit, and once made,most strongly (say .002 mfd. or more and 5000-it can be used without change in connectionohm leak) in the; grid circuit of the frequencychangingtubeputanamountof "C" long-wave amplifierwith any new or improvedbattery that that may later be put on the market or described.The scheme, mentioned earlier in thiscan best be determined by experiment (if 90voltsof "B" battery are used, loor i2voltsof"C" article, of gearing the two condensers togetherbattery will be about right); and, finally, adjust so as to have only one knob to turn, is not recommendedto the average constructor. Na-the coupling between the heterodyne oscillatorand the frequency-changing tube so as to get ture has given us two hands, and after a littleplenty of the heterodyne frequency supplied practiceit is not difficult to turn the two condenserssimultaneously, keeping their relativeto the frequency-changing tube. Up to a certainpoint, the more the better, because the values about right.output of the frequency-changer tube is proportionalto the product of the signal and the build, the long-wave amplifier. Before takingWe now come to the more difficult unit toheterodyne voltages.up the question of the best type, a very easyAny sort of heterodyne oscillator circuit can type to make will be described. The reason it343FIG. 2The intermediate-frequency amplifier is coupled to the frequency changer by two DL 75 o coils shunted by .001 variablecondensers. The amplifier itself is made with UV-.i7i6 transformers and each stageisthoroughly shielded as shown bythe dotted lines

etween344 Radio BroadcastREAR VIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SUPER-HETERODYNE SETThe covers that complete the shielding are removed. At the extreme left is the inductance coil for the tuned shuntthat by-passes the intermediate-frequency current around the phones. This set runs on four new dry cells and 60 voltsB battery, and operates a lo-D loud speaker very nicely for powerful stations up to about fifty miles awayiseasy is because the transformers used are theRadio Corporation long-wave transformers anddo not require tuning. The only precautionisto put some shielding between stages, preferablyhaving each stage in a metal compartment(which however needs no top on it). In thecircuit diagram, Fig. 2, the metal is indicatedbythe dotted lines and it will be noticed thatthe grid lead to each tube is as short as possible.The loose .coupling the D. L. 750coils gives the selectivity. Once the besttuning and coupling are found, this is neverchanged. The variable condenser and inductancein the compartment with the detectortube play a very important part in preventingthe amplifier from howling. In most receivingsets there is a "by-pass" condenser to shuntthe radio-frequency currents around thephones, but unless this capacity is very large,only a portion of the current is shunted. Inthe case of an amplifier working on a fixed frequency,however, this shunt circuit can betuned so as to by-pass all the radio frequency,so that none of it gets outside the metal compartmentand thus cannot get back to the inputof the amplifier and cause howling. This deviceisespecially necessary if any reflexing is tobe done. An .001 "Variadon" condenser anda D. L. 750 coil will obviously tune to the rightfrequency, for this is the combination used totune the input to the amplifier, but it would bebetter t use the smallest coil that can be tunedby the .001 condenser to the frequency used.If the amplifier still howls in spite of thistuned shunt, try reversing the connections tothe primary of one of the radio-frequencytransformers. Also try tuning the "Variodons"in the input to various frequencies. A settingcan usually be found where the oscillations ofthe amplifier will stop. If not, something iswrong with the wiring, or a bad "B" battery isbeing used, or the leads to the "B" battery aretoo long.RESULTS WITH 2OI-A'sUSING a frequency changer and long-wavereceiver having the constants shown, andone stage of audio amplification with 6 voltsof "C" battery on the grid of the audio amplifiertube and 90 on the plate, all six tubes beingUV-2Oi-A's, very good loud speaker resultswere obtained. Stations up to 100 miles awaywere received loudly enough in day. time to beheard all over a fair-sized room, using a WesternElectric lo-D loud speaker. At night the sensitivitywas good enough to allow stations as farwest as KHJ and KFI in California to be heardon the loud speaker (from Princeton, N. J.),andothers not so far but of lower power and henceeven more difficult to pick up. As a result of thework with this it amplifier,was concluded thatwith UV-2OI-A tuoes, if everythingis made towork its best, two stages of intermediate-frequencyamplification is all there is any practicaluse for. Another stage could, of course, havebeen put in and the amplification cut down tobethe desired amount by a device such as willdescribed later.

A Practical Super-Heterodyne with i

346 Radio Broadcastcompletely. The amplifieris very stable,whether one islistening in on the detector orwith the stage of audio amplification, and the8o-ohm rheostat controls the volume perfectly.However, the sensitivity can probably be muchimproved by perfecting the design of the R. F.transformers. The ones in use at presenthave a secondary consisting of a 250 D. L.coil tuned by an .0004 Variadon. The primaryis about 70 turns of 32 D. C. C. wire woundon a cardboard mailing tube of such size thatthe primary fits snugly inside the D. L. 250 coil.The connections are such that current enteringthe primary from the plate circulates in adirection opposite to that of current enteringthe secondary from the grid. This isnecessaryto "neutrodyne." This design was the onlyone tried, and probably can be considerablyimproved. In putting the set in operation, thesteps are as follows: start with all the neutrodyningcapacities obviously too great using,say, pennies about ^ inch apart. Set all thesecondary condensers to the same values.Listen in on the detector and pick up someloud local station. Then leaving the twocondensers in the frequency changer, alone,go over all the condensers in the intermediatefrequencyamplifier and get the best settingfor each. Then reduce the neutrodyningcapacities to a point just above regeneration(with 199 tubes no neutrodyne capacity a1all isabsolutely necessary for the lowerfrequencies). Finally, plug into the audioamplifieroutput and adjust the tuning of theshunt between the detector plate and filamentso that there is no tendency for the set tooscillate. The set should now be workingsatisfactorily. After usingit a few days so asto know about how sensitive it is, try using adifferent intermediate frequency by changingall the condensers across the transformersecondaries in that Circuit and going throughthe same process. In this fashion the beslfrequency to work at will be found. There wilprobably not be a great deal of difference.The foregoing hints have been given in arather sketchy fashion because it is assumedthat any one competent to improve upon thetransformers will not require a more detaileddescription. After further experiments whichhe intends make, if the writer hits iupon totransformer design that completely satisfieshim, an exact description of it will be given; scthat any one with good mechanical ability willbe able to build himself this six-tube dry-cellreceiver that has all the advantages of the superheterodynecontrol, the neutrodyne type amplifier,and the "reflex" system, rolled into one.A New Regenerative RadioFrequency CombinationBy ROGER A. WEAVERWHILEexperimenting withregenerative receivers foroperation on ground circuits,a broadcast fan developed acircuit with remarkablepossibilities. One of the original models ofthe apparatus was made in the office of theeditor of RADIO BROADCAST, and in initial tests,signals were received from Calgary, Alberta,without any antenna and using a steam pipeground system for intercepting the ether waves.During the remainder of the summer, Mr.Wagner and Mr. Lynch carried on extensive experimentalwork, constructing various modelsof receivers. In the fall of 1922, Mr. A. H.Grebe became interested in these experimentsand shortly after that time Mr. Wagner joinedthe engineering staff of A. H. Grebe & Co.,Inc., for the purpose of developing the nev/receiver.Aftersome months of experimenting, a receiverwas built fulfilling every requirementfor long range, adaptability, and simplicityof operation.As may be seen from the accompanying illustrations, the receiver is entirely selfcontained, except for the loud speaker, and ;20-ft length of silk-covered wire which is usetfor the aerial. This wire may be concealecbeneath the carpet or run along the pictun-molding. There are separate rheostat controlfor each tube, and switches are provided fot

RADIO BROADCAST ADVERTISERHALFWhen you build your ownthe fun of radio is inbuilding your own set, asevery amateur who has made oneknows. And when you buy a panel,of course you want the best. Youcan construct a neat, attractive setthat looks like a professional jobwhen you use Celoron Radio Panels.Celoron panels are handsomelyfinished, are easy to machine, andwill engrave evenly without feathering.The high dielectric strength,uniformity, and superior insulatingqualities of Celoron make it theideal material for radio panels.Buy them ready-cutCeloron Radio Panels come readycutin standard sizes. Each panel iswrapped separately in glassine paper.Ask your radio dealer for one ofthe following standard sizes:1 6x 7x 4. 7x18 x 2. 7x 9x 5. 9x14 x3. 7xl2x& 6. 7x21 x7. 12 x 14 xAAIf your dealer -has not yet stockedthese panels, get him to order foryou; or write direct to us, designatingby number the size you want.Celoron is also made in full-sizesheets, and we can furnish panels inany sizes desired.This booklet freeOur booklet, "Tuning in on a New World,"contains a list of the leading broadcastingstations in the United States and Canada,several efficient hook-ups, and an explanationof the symbols used in radio diagrams.This booklet will be sent free on request.Just drop us a line.Diamond State Fibre CompanyBRIDGEPORT (near Philadelphia) PENNSYLVANIAOffices in Principal CitiesIn Canada: Diamond State Fibre Co. of Canada, Limited, 245 Carlaw Ave., Toronto1 O TCICIH) Celoron Radio Panels cut in standard sizes offer an exceptional opportunity for quick salesan

348 Radio Broadcastchanging the rheostat range from either 0-5 or0-50 ohms. This permits the use of any desiredcombination of tubes, from UV-igg, which consumesbut 60 milliamperes to the 2Oi's whichmay draw as high as one ampere. Of course,it is expected that the receiver' will be used withdry-battery tubes, and compartments havebeen provided for both filament and platebatteries.An operating switch located on the lowerright corner of the panel controls the filamentand output circuits in such a manner that whenthis switch is pulled all the way out, all fourtubes are lighted, and when the switch is pulledbut half way out only three tubes are lighted.With the switch in the latter condition, thetantset may be used with head telephones for dis-reception, or with a loud speaker for localreception. An "Aerial Switch," located at theextreme left of the panel, controls a set of smallmica condensers which are necessary to providefor the variation in wavelength range incidentto the use of the set in various locations. Underall circumstances, it is possible by means ofthis switch to tune in the complete wavelengthrange of 200 to 600 meters. For the directcontrol of wavelength, two dials with the usualGrebe tangent wheel verniers are used. Oneof these, the "Secondary Wavelength Dial,"is calibrated directly in wavelengths, thusfacilitating speed and accuracy in tuning todistant stations of known wavelength but lowaudibility. Tuning of the primary circuit is accomplishedwith a similar dial, while the .controlof regeneration is effected throughthe movement of the small tangentwheel centrally located betweenthe wavelengthA dials.feature well worthy of mentionis the manner in which twoor more of these receivers operatein close proximity of oneanother. Three of these receiverswere installed in one room,and operated simultaneouslywithout any material effect ofneradiation being noticeable.For example,it was possible totune in one set to WEAF, andthen proceed to tune the secondand third sets to the same wavelengthwithout causing a disturbance.

RADIO BROADCAST ADVERTISERANY GOODRECEIVING SET8-RJLHHE man who purchases a Magnavox for its clearness of repro-duction, finds additional advantages in its use which contributegreatly to his enjoyment of Radio.For instance, due to its extreme sensitivity, the Magnavox canreproduce distant signals which to ordinary reproducers would beindistinguishable. Ask your dealer for a demonstration.Magnavox R2 Reproducer and 2 stagePower Amplifier (as illustrated) $115.00R2 Magnavox Reproducer with 18-inchhorn: the utmost in amplifying power;requires only .6 of an ampere for thefield . . $60.00R3 Magnavox Reproducer with 14-inchcurvex horn: ideal for homes, offices,etc $35.00Model C Magnavox Power Amplifierinsures getting the largest possible powerinput for your Magnavox Reproducer2 stage $55.003 stage 75.00Magnavox Products can be had from gooddealers everywhere. Write for new booklet.THE MAGNAVOX COMPANYOakland, CaliforniaNew York Office: 370 Seventh AvenueMAGNAVOX PRODUCTSNo Radio Receiving Set is complete without them

The GridQUESTIONS AND ANSWERSThe Grid is a Question and Answer Department maintained especially for the radio amateurs. Fulllanswers will be given wherever possible. In answering questions , those of a like nature will be grouped!together and answered by one article. Every effort will be made to keep the answers simple and direct,yet fully self-explanatory. Questions should be addressed to Editor, " The Grid," RADIO BROADCASTGarden City, N. Y.SUMMER RECEIVING CONDITIONS AND THE IDEAL SETnection of the antenna, proving that it is due to "X's'j"strays" which the radio world for twenty years hajfsought to eliminate.Unless the enthusiast is willing to alter his apparatso as to conform with the requirements of summer rection, he must bow to these conditions as inevitable. Heever, the addition of radio-frequency amplification toparatus operating from an open antenna will bring bacthe distance reception which was possible on fewer tutduring the winter. Two stages, or at the most, three,transformer-coupled R.F., or sometimes a single stage ofcorrectly installed and operated tuned-plate amplifier, wfnot been changed in over eight months, excepting batteries, and, suffice to accomplish this. Radio-frequency amplificatiorthinking that the fault might he in the antenna, I recently will also, to an extent, reduce the effect of static, and in merected a new one without improving matters.case will the static be appreciably amplified. This is due t'My set has also developed a crackling which even the mostcareful investigation of connections and batteries has been unablethe limiting effect of R. F., as well as to its discriminatkragainst all frequencies other than that to which the ampli-to eliminate in the slightest degree.fier is tuned. Static disturbances, incidentally, are muchCan you give me any idea as to what is wrong with my more noticeable and prevalent on the higher waves.apparatus?Static can be practically eliminated by receiving on loopR. L. S,, NUTLEY, N. J. using the requisite R. F. amplification, reception often beingpossible in the midst of a thunder storm. Ambitiou!the thousands who have become broadcast experimentersTHAT arrange an R. F. set that maj]enthusiasts during the past winter have yet to learn be thrown from open aerial to loop antenna, thus insurin]the radio significance of summer, is evident from many fairly consistent reception throughout the summer, regardlessletters similar to the above which have recently been addressedof atmospheric conditions. Such a circuit, willto this department. The plaint of our correspondentthe suggested switching arrangement, is shown in Fig. Iis as old as the wireless game itself, and itemphasizes afield of radio endeavor that has yet to capitulate to science.The construction of a suitable loop antenna was describe:in the June, 1923, GRID.Reception drops off, to a very appreciable extent, in thewarm months, and it is often less than fifty per cent, as INTERFERENCE AND FADING CAUSED BY A NEAR-BY SEIefficient as during the cold, clear winter nights. The cracklingnoise of which the writer speaksisThe"static," withoutDuring the last two months my receiving set has becomecomparatively inoperative. During the winter I was ableto hear stations as far west as Davenport, Iowa. I alsoheard Havana on several occasions, many stations in thesouthern states, to say nothing of several Canadian broadcasters.Now I am able to receive nothing farther away than fivehundred miles, and most of my evenings are spent listeningto WGY, WEAF, WOR, KDKA and WJZ, all comparativelynear, and who (especially WGY and KDKA) do notcome in with anything like their former loudness. My set has/ have a two-stage regenerative set which is the same 4owned by my next door neighbors. W'ben I am tuned in on.FIG.I

RADIO BROADCAST ADVERTISERy~v i /* >'"^v'Out of Door's with aPortable Radiola *RADIOLA IIto the moun-Take it along uptains out to the beach. Onevery auto trip and every campingtrip.Throw an insulated wire over atree. That's all the antennayou need. Attach a groundwire to a bit of pipe in theearth, or a house pipe indoors.That's all the installation youneed.Wnen it's home, the portableRadiola is a fine piece of furniture,of rich mahoganyWhen finish.it's out-o'-doors, it's aneasy-to-carry set, with a handleto carry it by, and all its batteriestucked away inside it.Two tubes give it power to hearover long distances or to operateon a loud speaker over shortdistances.RADIOLAThis symbol of quality is your protectionIIwith two RadiotronsUV-199,all batteries andpair of headphones: $97.50.ftU6 Theres a Radioloy&r every purse"At the nearest Radio or Electrical StoreRadio Corporation of America*Sales Department233 Broadway, New YorkDistrict Sales Offices10 So. LaSalle St., Chicago, 111.433 California St.,San Francisco, Cal.RadiolaREG. U. S. PAT. OFF.II|IRadio Corporation of AmericaDcpt. 2066 (address nearest office listed)Please send me your free Radio Booklet describinKsets from $25 to $350.NameStreet Address_City.R.F.D..State_Tested and approved by RADIO BROADCAST

RadioBroadcast