<strong>WINNER</strong> <strong>D2.5</strong> <strong>v1.0</strong>2.5.4 Pure TDDTDD based equipment does not need any duplex filters and users are separated in the time domain, seeFigure 2-10. Furthermore, from a link perspective, there is a possibility to change the allocation of ULand DL resources flexibly by changing the location of the switching point within the frame. However, asobserved with reference to Figure 2-4, this might cause severe AP-AP or MT-MT interference if theneighboring cells or TDD systems in adjacent carriers have a different UL/DL configuration (see Section5).frequencyAPTRMT2MT3R T R TtimeFigure 2-10: Overview of TD<strong>D2.5</strong>.5 DL and UL oriented HybridIn this case, the base station may be seen as operating in FDD but capable to transmit/receive in theuplink/downlink channel as well to cope with traffic asymmetries. Obviously, the use of an uplinkchannel for downlink transmission and vice versa leads to the same interference situations as in a TDDsystem, see Figure 2-11.frequencyDL<strong>Duplex</strong>distanceULDLtimeFigure 2-11: Overview of a DL oriented Hybrid TDD/FDD system from a spectrum perspectiveWhereas the access points get more complex, the terminals need not be more complex than inconventional TDD or FDD systems. From the mobile terminal point of view, the following basicduplexing variants are applicable:a) Only (T+F)DDb) Only TDD + FDDc) Mixed (T+F)DD and TDD+FDD.Again Figure 2-12 shows a specific example for the mixed mode case. Here, MT1 communicates in FDDmode and MT3 in (T+F)DD mode. Since MT2 is only receiving data in this example, it could be either a(TDD+FDD) terminal or a (T+F)DD terminal.Page 26 (121)
RR<strong>WINNER</strong> <strong>D2.5</strong> <strong>v1.0</strong>frequencyAP MT1 MT2 MT3TRRTTRTtimeFigure 2-12: Overview of a DL oriented Hybrid system example from a device perspectiveAn example of Hybrid FDD/TDD scheme is given as well by a TDD system with an additional uplinkbandwidth used e.g. for continuous transmission of signaling information from the MT, e.g. feedback onchannel estimation, in order to avoid the typical feedback delay implied by TDD (cf. Section 2.4.1.1).The DL oriented Hybrid could be suitable in a system where for example downloads of large files areanticipated. Cases where the MT should operate in full duplex FDD should be avoided due to theincreases complexity.2.5.6 Dual band TDD Hybrid:Another possibility is to allocate TDD carriers of different bandwidths, each of which operating accordingto the pure TDD case. A dual bandwidth approach, consisting of wideband channels (WB, ~100 MHz)and complementing “narrowband” channels (NB, ~10 MHz) would offer both complete coverage, widerange of data rates and efficient use of spectrum, yet without considerable additional demands forspectrum allocation [RIN-04].Achieving peak data rates of the order of 1 Gbps requires channel bandwidths of the order of 100 MHzeven with spectral efficiency 10 bps/Hz. However, there are several problems related to such widebandradio link. Firstly, wideband operation implies problems with area coverage, especially in uplink. This isbecause receivers collect noise over the whole channel bandwidth. Hence, as compared to lowerbandwidth systems, to achieve the same service quality either more power needs to be transmitted, orhigher coding needs to be resorted to. However, in terminals the available transmit power is limited, andeven in AP’s there are regulatory limits to the output power. On the other hand, higher coding lowers thespectral efficiency, since wide frequency band is used to transmit at low data rate. The dual concept offersa natural solution to the coverage problem: users located far from the AP can use the narrow-bandchannel, without need for complicated adaptation techniques.The wideband radio link also has difficulties to support low data-rate services, such as voice service orsmall IP acknowledgment messages. Narrow-band channel provides a convenient means for providingsuch services. Also radio access and other system information can be flexibly arranged with narrowchannels.An issue of utmost importance to wideband systems is power consumption in terminals. Conventionally,power consumption has been dominated by the power amplifier in the transmitter. For systems withbandwidth of the order of 100 MHz, also the power consumption in the receiver, especially in analog-todigitalconverters, and in digital processing become important, since sampling rate is proportional to thebandwidth. The issue is but pronounced by the introduction of MIMO, multiplying the number oftransmitters and receivers in the terminal. The dual band system is very attractive in the sense thatwideband channels are used only when necessary, and the remaining communication is done with lowersampling rate and essentially lower power consumption using the narrowband channels.Unlike with FDD or half-duplex FDD, in dual band TDD it is possible to operate adaptively in differentmodes, like ad-hoc, relay, and cellular mode. However, the potential interference problems are similar tothose of the TDD mode: synchronization is a necessity and coordination might be required. The schemecan also be configured to operate also in FDD and hybrid FDD/TDD mode by adapting the switchingpoints respectively.Page 27 (121)