Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and ...

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A RTIKEL/ARTICLEdisability was acknowledged in the GTP only asa matter of social welfare and far less thanwhat they had hoped for, this document shouldbe considered as a notable move in the rightdirection. In July 2010, the government ofEthiopia ratified the UNCRPD, which is alsoanother cornerstone development, participantsadded.In parallel with the foregoing opportunitiesin and for the disability movement, challengesfacing the movement have also been patentlypointed out by participants. Capacity restraints,insufficient coordination and discourse amongstdisability stakeholders were highlighted as majorchallenges. But, most importantly, in a measurethat created some real concerns about thevery survival and functioning of DPOs in Ethiopia,the government has recently passed a legislationthat virtually impels a fundamental reformationof all non-governmental organisationsand civil society initiatives operating in thecountry. This law, called the Ethiopian Charitiesand Societies Proclamation No. 621/2009,declares that if a civil society organisation optsto work on issues akin to rights advocacy, andthis obviously includes disability advocacy, itshould generate 90 per cent of its budgetarydemands only locally, and not from an internationalfunding of any sort. The law goes on tosay that organisations which would prefer procuringmore than ten per cent of their budgetsfrom foreign sources can only work as what itdubs as Resident Charities or Societies focusingmerely on relief and development activities withoutany involvement in acts of advocacy (Proclamation621/2009).Knowing that most, if not all, DPOs in Ethiopiahave been operating by virtue of various internationalworking collaborations and thefinancial supports emanating thereof, the aforementionednew legal restrictions would withouta doubt curtail their overall work on advocatingfor the rights of PWDs in Ethiopia. Inthe course of this study, I discovered that thisimpact has already begun to be felt within theEthiopian disability movement in differentforms; a case in point being the split currentlyoccurring within the Federation of EthiopianNational Associations of Persons with Disabilities(FENAPD) – an umbrella organisation ofnational DPOs. As a direct consequence of thenew law, the Federation faced the challenge ofbeing divided into two, between its memberswanting to stick to their advocacy work, andthose considering their reformation as developmentNGOs since they cannot exist withoutsome external funding. FENAPD is now re-registeredas a Resident Charity deciding to becomemore of a relief and development entity thanone of advocacy; and its member associationsthat decided to follow this same path have continuedto remain within the Federation. Consequently,some of the bona fide founding membersof FENAPD that refused to abandon theirwork on advocacy for disability rights are leavingthe Federation, thereby notably reducingthe size and cogent influence of the latter.It goes without saying that advocating for therights of PWDs is considered to be an inherentingredient of the activities of DPOs in any givennation. In a country like Ethiopia, where therights, dignities and socio-economic participationof PWDs are still far from being well-recognised,there is no doubt that an increasinglylarger scale of disability advocacy is indispensable.The UNCRPD, to which Ethiopia is a party,also vehemently calls for an elevated momentumof advocacy for the rights of PWDs between,among and within the jurisdictions of eachState Party to the Convention. Thus, it can beconcluded, the said new legal restraint in Ethiopiashould be essentially revisited by the governmentin a manner that pre-empts the deteriorationof the country’s disability movement,which has only been burgeoning over the pastdecade or so.AcknowledgementsHeartiest thanks to all participants of the study,including the Federation of Ethiopian NationalAssociations of People with Disabilities (FENAPD) and its members for extending their unreservedcooperation to this project. Specialthanks goes to Dr. Margaret Wazakili (StellenboschUniversity) who provided critical reviewsand supervision in the course of this study, andto the Centre for Rehabilitation Studies (StellenboschUniversity) within the auspices of whichthis study was undertaken. I would also like tothank Ms. Mahlet Fantahun for her outstandingediting contributions.Notes1 The article presented herein is based on the author’sgraduate research conducted between January to December,2011 (and updated in August, 2012) withinthe auspices of Stellenbosch University, South Africa.The full and original version of the research can beretrieved at www.scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/.../wakene_role_2011.pdf.2 The term movement is generally described as “the organisationor gathering of people around a certain issueor set of issues; or around a set of shared concernsand common interest” (Campbell and Oliver,1996). As such, for purposes of this article, a disability20Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2012Disability and International Development
A RTIKEL/ARTICLEmovement, can be said to encompass all organisations,individuals and/or groups, the primary agendaof whom pertains to promoting the rights of personswith disabilities.3 The Right to Employment of Persons with Disability ProclamationNo. 568/2008.4 Respondents were selected from various DPOs, relevantgovernment ministries, disability activists, disability-focusedand other pertinent local and internationalNon Governmental Organisations (NGOs), CommunityBased Organisations (CBOs), professional associationsand other Civil Society Organisations(CSOs).5 A Proclamation to Provide for the Definition of Powersand Duties of the Executive Organs of the FederalDemocratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No.691/2010, Article 10(5)).6 The Ethiopian Building Proclamation No. 624/2009.7 The Right to Employment of Persons with Disability ProclamationNo. 568/2008.ReferencesCONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA (1995): Article 41(5). Addis Ababa.DUBE, A.K. (2005): Executive Summary. Participation ofDisabled People in the PRSP/PEAP Process in Uganda.Disability Knowledge and ResearchJAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY, JICA(2000): Ethiopia Country Profile on Disability. AddisAbabaPORTER, C. (2009): After 2015. Promoting Pro-Poor PolicyAfter the MDGs. Young Lives Think Piece. UnitedKingdomREED, B. (2005): Water and Sanitation for Disabled Peopleand other Vulnerable Group. Designing Servicesto Improve Accessibility. Waters, Engineering and DevelopmentCentre: Loughborough UniversityTHE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EX-LEPROSY PATIENTS, ENAELP (2004): Strategic Plan and Management2005-2009. ‘Socio-Economic Analyses’.Addis AbabaTHE FEDERATION OF ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, FENAPD(2010): Disability and the Situation of PWDs in Ethiopia.Addis AbabaTHE GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION PLAN, GTP(2010): Section 8. Social Welfare. Federal Ministry ofFinance and Economic Development: Addis Ababa.THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANISATION, ILO(2002): Disability and Poverty Reduction Strategies.Discussion Paper. Geneva, SwitzerlandTHE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTSOF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, UNCRPD (2006):Article 4(3). United Nations Head Quarters: New YorkTHE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, UNDP(2010): Launching of the 2010 Human DevelopmentReport. Addis AbabaUN COMMISSION FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (2008):Mainstreaming Disability in the Development Agenda,Follow-up to the World Summit for Social Developmentand the Twenty-Fourth Special session of theGeneral Assembly [Note by the Secretariat]. UnitedNations: New YorkUNDESA (2001): Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on Disability-SensitivePolicy and Program Monitoring and Evaluation.UNHQ: New YorkWAKENE, D. (2006): Employment Discriminations on theBasis of Disability. The Current Legal Regime in Ethiopiaand Its Implementation. Faculty of Law, AddisAbaba UniversityZELEKE, S. (2009): Disability and Development. The Needto Develop Disability-Inclusive PASDEP in Ethiopia.Addis Ababa UniversityZusammenfassung: Während eine Fülle von nationalenund internationalen Experten umfangreich über Äthiopiensanhaltenden ökonomischen Boom geschrieben hat und immernoch schreibt, ist wenig darüber gesagt worden, obund wie diese Entwicklung ein oftmals ausgeschlossenes,sektorübergreifendes sozio-ökonomisches Thema, nämlichder Behinderung, berücksichtigt. Dieser Artikel [1] vermittelteinen analytischen Einblick auf das Maß der Inklusion behinderterMenschen in der äthiopischen Entwicklungsagendaim Vergleich zur ihrer Rolle und deren Auswirkungen aufdie nationale Behindertenbewegung [2], mit dem Schwerpunktauf den Strategiepapieren zur Armutsbekämpfung(PRSPs). Dieser Artikel bietet Interessensvertretern von Menschenmit Behinderung in Äthiopien, als auch denen in anderenLänder mit ähnlichen sozio-ökonomischen Gegebenheiten,zeitgemäße Anhaltspunkte, die weitere Forschungsvorhabenfördern und relevante politische Interventionenprägen wollen.Résumé: Alors que d’innombrables experts du développementont écrit et continuent à écrire à satiété sur le booméconomique éthiopien, il n’a pratiquement pas été dit si etcomment cette très louée entreprise de développement entendprendre en compte un sujet socio-économique intersectorieltrop souvent ostracisé, en l’occurrence le Handicap.Cet article fournit un aperçu analytique sur l’ampleurde l’inclusion du handicap dans l’agenda de développementéthiopien, en particulier dans les stratégies de réductionde la pauvreté (PRSP), en regardant le rôle et l’impactdu mouvement des personnes handicapées. Cet article apporteaux acteurs du handicap en Ethiopie ou dans les payscomparables des éléments opportuns pour encourager àentreprendre des recherches futures et informer les politiquesactuelles.Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2012Disability and International Development21
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