Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

A RTIKEL/ARTICLEficate, scholarships and pensions etc. Oncemost of the members had received all the benefitsthey could receive, people’s interest inthe group went down.” When asked many ofthe members said, “Now I have a certificate Igot a BPL house [5] and I am getting a pension.These three were my demands and I have gotall of them, so why should I go to the groupnow?”Different DPOs react to this situation in differentways. The Annai Teresa Disabled DevelopmentTrust has been expanding its activities tonewer Gram Panchayats and forming freshgroups along with extending their own activitiesto more varied services like vocational trainingetc. Vasantham Federation has moved to lookingat mainstream policies and initiating advocacyto ensure disabled people are included inthese programmes, while extending supportservices to any new disabled people in the areawho approach them. Both these Federationsdream of becoming NGOs themselves, withstaff and funding to carry on their activities.One of the reasons for this is that the role modelthey follow is the NGO that mentored themand hence their aspiration is to be as structuredas them. Livingstone of Vasantham Federationwas clear about their objectives, “We will registeras an NGO and get funds for our activities.Our Executive Committee members should bepaid for the work they do and the time they devotefor this work.” On the other hand, PragatiFederation in Orissa was carefully steered bytheir NGO mentor towards looking not only atentitlements, but also towards solidarity, groupfeelings and cooperation. “We were asked todiscuss on how many issues like health, education,livelihood affect our lives including thoseof disabled people.”ConclusionThus, from the above discussion it is evidentthat the growth of Disabled Peoples’ Organisations(DPOs) in India is the consequence of exclusionand discriminatory practices towarddisabled people. Disabled people live isolatedlives in their own communities, with the barriersthey experience being not only attitudinal butalso structural and systemic. The physical andsocial exclusionary environments breed discriminationand exploitation. People with disabilitiesand their families are often apprehensive ofentering the social world for fear of ridicule,discriminatory and abusive behaviour and systemicrejection. The disability movement linksthe personal cultural realm to the political byraising issues that are often dismissed or ignored.Thus while the initial impetus was to encouragedisabled people “to solve their problemsthemselves and not have them solved forthem” there was also a further aim which was“to identify the needs of the membership as awhole and articulate them, both to statutoryagencies and political parties at both a localand a national level” (Oliver and Hasler 1987:116). Thus, disability politics in India has concentratedon changing government responses,changing relations at an interpersonal level andchanging identities at a personal level.It is quite evident from the DPOs that werepart of this study that DPO development in Indiahas been due to external stimulation of fundingagencies working through NGOs. DPOsare usually seen as social (human rights) movements,though this review of community-basedDPOs indicates that many of them are in factself-help groups (SHGs), trying to promoteusually some income generating activities fortheir members. Sometimes, SHGs may form federations,which can be observed in a numberof States in India. Such federations have astronger voice; they foster active citizenship andtogether or under a national umbrella organisationthey may be very successful in combatinginjustices in society. What could have been, asin the west, a source of personal support andencouragement has remained mired in self-interestand individual development.The second major reason for successfulDPOs is the location within a larger frameworkof people’s struggles. In the south where thedalit movement has been very strong, thegroups have found it easier to internalise andrally using an identity marker with which theyhad not identified previously as a group. InOrissa also, the association with the land rightsmovement and farmers’ struggles that have takenplace in the area has helped the disabledpeople’s organisations to benefit from their experienceand strategies in successfully lobbyingfor their rights. People in the area have a preexposureto struggles and negotiations, whichpeople in many other areas do not have andthis predisposes them to take initiative on theirown. On the other hand, in the north-east,disabled people are so isolated within their owncommunities because of the hilly terrain thatthey have not been able to capitalise on the experiencesof the militants groups operating inthe regions, especially Nagaland.In India, the grassroots level DPOs have utiliseda wide variety of strategies for advocacy tolay claim to their political rights, but most ofthese have been peaceful and placatory towardsthe people in positions of power. Thus,28Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2012Disability and International Development
A RTIKEL/ARTICLEthe struggles around disability issues stimulatedby these DPOs have never taken a radical formbut remained at the periphery, mainly becausethe disabled members themselves doubt theirown revolutionary potential. These groups andtheir disabled members, though united on thebasis of identity, have not been able to developa group pride in identity as in the west and inthe case of other marginalised group movements.Moreover most of these DPOs still remainat the periphery of all social activitieswithin the community, despite being lookedupon as resource for persons with disabilities.DPOs themselves have rarely broadened theirvision to move towards mainstreaming or inclusivesocieties.Notes1 Self Help Groups at the grassroots level in India havebeen the hub of small-scale economic activities. Thereare different government and non-government schemesand programmes that provide training for incomegeneration to SHGs, start-up loans and marketingsupport.2 The scheme promises food for work for rural peopleduring lean or non-agricultural season. The work,provided for 100 days every year to every household,is mainly infrastructural development like laying ofroads, digging of ponds, clearing of jungles etc.Usually disabled people are excluded from this work.However advocacy by the DPOs has ensured thatdisabled people are included in the allotment of workand also led to policy changes in some states.3 A block is a district sub-division in India.4 Panchayats are local self-governments at the villageor small town level in India.5 Houses for Below Poverty Line families provided bythe government.ReferencesOLIVER, M./HASLER, F. (1987): Disability and Self-help: ACase Study of the Spinal Injuries Association. In Disability& Society, Vol. 2, Number 2, pp. 113-125.Zusammenfassung: Während der letzten Jahre habensich in Indien Bündnisse von Menschen mit Behinderungen,bezeichnet als Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs), auflokalen Ebenen geformt, um ortsgebundene Bemühungenfür die Interessensvertretung behinderter Menschen zu initiieren,um eine spürbare Veränderung im Status behinderterMenschen zu bewirken. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Entwicklungund Entstehung solcher DPOs in verschiedenenTeilen Indiens und die Prozesse, wodurch diese Gruppensich für die Ziele einsetzen für die sie eingerichtet wurden.Der Artikel versucht, das Ausmaß einzuschätzen in dem esdiesen Gruppen möglich war, eine Bewegung für eine Veränderungsozialer Einstellungen an der Basis zu erreichenund die daraus resultierenden Effekte, die dies auf ihreIdentität hat, zu beleuchten.Résumé: Ces dernières années en Inde, des alliances depersonnes handicapés, appelées Organisations de PersonnesHandicapées (OPH) ont été créées au niveau local afind’initier des actions de plaidoyer localisées, dans le but defavoriser un changement perceptible du statut des personneshandicapées. Cet article scrute la formation et lagenèse de ces OPH en différents endroits de l’Inde et lesprocessus que ces groupes ont mis en marche pouratteindre les buts de leur création. Cet article tente d’évaluerà quel point ces organisations ont réussi à créer un mouvementpour le changement des attitudes sociales depuis labase et quel en est le résultat pour leur identité.Resumen: En los últimos años han sido creadas cada vezmás alianzas en India, formadas por personas con discapacidad,para iniciar actividades de la auto-representación enel ámbito local con el fin de mejorar significativamente suestatus social. Este artículo examina los orígenes y la génesisde tales organizaciones en diferentes partes de la Indiay los procesos con los cuales estos grupos persiguen susmetas. Se trata de valorizar si estos grupos han tenido éxitoen lograr un movimiento por el cambio en las actitudes socialesy si eso tuvo efecto positivo en relación a su identidad.Author: Dr. Nandini Ghosh is Assistant Professor atthe Institute of Development Studies Kolkata.Contact: Dr. Nandini Gosh, Assistant Professor, Instituteof Development Studies, DD 27/D Salt Lake SectorI, Kolkata 700064,E-Mail: nandinighosh@gmail.com.Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung 3/2012Disability and International Development29
Page 1: 23. JAHRGANG AUSGABE 3/201223ND YEA
Page 4 and 5: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEDisability Rights M
Page 6 and 7: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEout in the pre-1995
Page 8 and 9: A RTIKEL/ARTICLETHE HINDU (2001): R
Page 10 and 11: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEhave only one counc
Page 12 and 13: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEda (LAPD), was file
Page 14 and 15: A RTIKEL/ARTICLERésumé: Cet artic
Page 16 and 17: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEearliest officially
Page 18 and 19: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEpation and inclusio
Page 20 and 21: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEdisability was ackn
Page 22 and 23: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEResumen: Mientras u
Page 24 and 25: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEople’s Organisati
Page 26 and 27: A RTIKEL/ARTICLEpoverty and thus, t
Page 30 and 31: B ERICHTE/REPORTSMental Health Rema
Page 32 and 33: K URZMELDUNGEN/ANNOUNCEMENTSKurzmel
Page 34 and 35: K URZMELDUNGEN/ANNOUNCEMENTSAdults
Page 36 and 37: L ITERATUR /REVIEWSLiteratur/Review
Page 38 and 39: L ITERATUR /REVIEWSWorld Bank Socia
Page 40 and 41: 40Behinderung und internationale En
Page 42 and 43: 42Behinderung und internationale En
Page 44: Behinderung und inter

Behinderung und internationale Entwicklung Disability and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?