Importance of arthropod pests and their natural enemies - HGCA

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ContentsAbstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 41. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 62. Review of cereal pests ................................................................................................................................... 82.1 Bird cherry aphid and grain aphid as BYDV vectors .............................................................................. 92.2 Summer aphid problems.........................................................................................................................102.3 Leatherjackets (Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea) .................................................................................112.4 Orange wheat blossom midge.................................................................................................................122.5 Yellow wheat blossom midge.................................................................................................................122.6 Frit fly.....................................................................................................................................................122.7 Gout fly...................................................................................................................................................122.8 Yellow cereal fly ....................................................................................................................................132.9 Wheat bulb fly ........................................................................................................................................132.10 Cereal ground beetle.............................................................................................................................142.11 Wireworms (Agriotes spp.)...................................................................................................................142.12 ‘Wessex’ flea beetle (Psylliodes luteola) .............................................................................................152.13 Cereal stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus)....................................................................................................153. Review of oilseed pests ................................................................................................................................153.1 Cabbage aphid ........................................................................................................................................153.2 Peach-potato aphid .................................................................................................................................153.3 Brassica pod midge.................................................................................................................................163.4 Cabbage root fly .....................................................................................................................................163.5 Cabbage stem flea beetle ........................................................................................................................163.6 Rape winter stem weevil.........................................................................................................................173.7 Cabbage seed weevil ..............................................................................................................................173.8 Pollen beetle ...........................................................................................................................................173.9 Turnip sawfly..........................................................................................................................................184. Review of cereal pest natural enemies .........................................................................................................194.1 Pest natural enemy community composition..........................................................................................194.2 Natural enemy attributes and their potential to control pests .................................................................354.3 Long-term changes in pest natural enemy populations ..........................................................................404.3.1 Aphid-specific predators..................................................................................................................414.3.2 Polyphagous predators.....................................................................................................................414.3.3 Parasitica..........................................................................................................................................411
4.4 Manipulation of natural enemies ............................................................................................................414.5 Impact of habitat manipulation on pest natural enemies ........................................................................425. Review of Entry Level Stewardship (ELS) & Organic Entry Level Stewardship (OELS) options .............445.1 Hedgerow management (EB1-EB5; OB1-OB5; HB12).........................................................................445.2 Protection/creation of uncultivated ground flora (EB/OB1-10, EC/OC1, EC/OC4, ED/OD2, EE/OE1-6, EE/OE8, EF/OF1; HC6, HD7) .................................................................................................................475.3 Wild bird seed mixture (EF/OF2, EF/OF3; HF12).................................................................................535.4 Flower rich habitats (EF/OF4-5; HE10).................................................................................................545.5 Overwintered stubbles (EF/OF6; EG/OG4-5 HF15, HF19)...................................................................565.6 Beetle banks (EF/OF7) ...........................................................................................................................575.7 Skylark and fallow plots (EF/OF8; HF13, HF16, HF17, HF20) ............................................................575.8 Reduced or no herbicide inputs (EF9-10, EF11; HF14, HF15, HF18, HF19, HG7)..............................585.9 Undersown spring cereals (EG/OG1).....................................................................................................595.10 Uncropped, cultivated margins (EF11) ................................................................................................595.11 Minimum or non-inversion tillage (ED/OD3; HD6) ............................................................................605.12 Crop protection management plan (EM4) ............................................................................................616. Conclusions on potential of Environmental Stewardship to encourage biocontrol......................................626.1 Utilising Environmental stewardship for pest control ............................................................................626.2 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)........................................................................................................647. Future work ..................................................................................................................................................667.1 Habitat manipulation ..............................................................................................................................667.2 Natural enemies ......................................................................................................................................677.3 IPM.........................................................................................................................................................678. References ....................................................................................................................................................68Appendix 1. Annual reports of pest incidence - Crop agronomy ....................................................................81Winter cereals...............................................................................................................................................81Winter oilseed rape.......................................................................................................................................83Appendix 2. Pest highlights of current year to date..........................................................................................85Winter cereals...............................................................................................................................................85Oilseed rape..................................................................................................................................................86Appendix 3. Cereal pest incidence 1992-2007.................................................................................................87Wheat bulb fly ..............................................................................................................................................87Leatherjackets...............................................................................................................................................89Frit fly...........................................................................................................................................................90Aphids/BYDV................................................................................................................................................90Cereal aphids summer ..................................................................................................................................93Orange Wheat Blossom Midge.....................................................................................................................952
Page 1: Research Review No. 64June 2007Pric
Page 5 and 6: AbstractPressure to reduce insectic
Page 7 and 8: 1. IntroductionInsect pest of cerea
Page 10 and 11: higher in ‘new’ areas.Rape wint
Page 12 and 13: Potential damage can be caused by t
Page 14 and 15: loss than the winter generation whi
Page 16 and 17: 2.12 ‘Wessex’ flea beetle (Psyl
Page 18 and 19: Cabbage stem flea beetles hatch at
Page 20 and 21: 4. Review of cereal pest natural en
Page 23 and 24: midgeContarinia tritici Larva/Pupa
Page 25 and 26: Cereal ground beetle No infoZabrus
Page 27 and 28: Myzus persicae Coleoptera Cantharid
Page 29 and 30: Delia radicum Egg/Larva/Pupa Many C
Page 31 and 32: Diospilus oleraceus Hymenoptera Bra
Page 33 and 34: (Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Insect
Page 35 and 36: Dolichopodidae (La)Damp areas/Soil/
Page 37 and 38: 2002). Nevertheless, there have bee
Page 39 and 40: Therevidae (Stiletto flies) 2 1 2 2
Page 41 and 42: and further work to examine their d
Page 43 and 44: ate of repopulation depends on many
Page 45 and 46: Table 6. Resources provided for nat
Page 47 and 48: (Crateagus mongyna) supported 209 i
Page 49 and 50: densities varied enormously between
Page 51 and 52: in prep). Likewise other studies of
Page 53 and 54:
compared to other cereal crops (Hol
Page 55 and 56:
Wildbird cover can develop a rich u
Page 57 and 58:
females select species with appropr
Page 59 and 60:
Skylark plots were found to support
Page 61 and 62:
Carabid abundance was higher 8m int
Page 63 and 64:
6. Conclusions on potential of Envi
Page 65 and 66:
Where no noxious weeds or volunteer
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conducted in isolation because of t
Page 69 and 70:
8. ReferencesAdis, J. (1979) Proble
Page 71 and 72:
Chambers, R. J., Sunderland, K. D.,
Page 73 and 74:
Frampton, G. K., Cilgi, T., Fry, G.
Page 75 and 76:
Holland, J. M., Perry, J. N. & Wind
Page 77 and 78:
Meek, B., Loxton, D., Sparks, T., P
Page 79 and 80:
Sotherton, N. W. (1985) The distrib
Page 81 and 82:
oilseed rape across Europe. The BCP
Page 83 and 84:
2001 More late August drilled winte
Page 85 and 86:
1998 August drillings emerged rapid
Page 87 and 88:
Oilseed rapeHarvest Review - pest h
Page 89 and 90:
favoured rapid crop development and
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Harvest year 2005. Substantial reco
Page 93 and 94:
Harvest years 2004 and 2003. Limite
Page 95 and 96:
Harvest year 2005. Low numbers of o
Page 97 and 98:
Harvest year 2006. Moderate to high
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Harvest year 2007 (to date). Increa
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix 4. Current and recent comp
Page 103 and 104:
LINK funded projects - current25 Ma
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix 5. List of British researc
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