Importance of arthropod pests and their natural enemies - HGCA

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4. Review of cereal pest natural enemies4.1 Pest natural enemy community compositionA list of all the natural enemies of cereal and oilseed rape pests was compiled from the literature, internetsearches and project reports (Tables 2 & 3). Pest populations may also be regulated by other organismsincluding entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes and other microorganisms but these were not appraised here.For cereals the list of natural enemies of cereal aphids was the most comprehensive as these have been muchinvestigated, in part because aphid infestations can be artificially created, their remains are detectable in gutanalyses and molecular techniques have been developed to confirm feeding. The parasitoids of the mostcommon cereal aphid species are listed (Table 2) although others exist, especially for those aphids thatsometimes occur in the UK but have not yet become serious pests, e.g. green bug and Russian wheat aphid.These two species are the most important cereal aphid species in North America. Their biological controlusing plant resistance and habitat manipulation was reviewed recently (Brewer & Elliott, 2004). Lessdetailed information was found for the predators of dipteran pests, especially gout fly and for cerealleafhoppers. No predators were found for the cereal ground beetle. A comprehensive list of the predatorsand parasitoids of oilseed rape pests was compiled as part of the EU-funded Concerted Action BORIS.19
Table 2. Cereal pests and their natural enemies.Pest namePest stageattacked Natural enemiesSpecies Synonym Order FamilyPredatorsLeatherjackets Larvae Pterostichus melanarius Coleoptera CarabidaeCantharis spp. (larvae) Coleoptera CantharidaeLarvae Talpa europaea L. (moles) Mammalia TalpidaeLarvae Sorex spp., Crocidura spp. (Shrews) Mammalia SoricidaeLarvae Vanellus vanellus L. (Lapwing) Chordata CharadriidaeLarvae Sturnus vulgaris L.(Starling) Chordata SturnidaeLarvae Corvus frugilegus (Rook) Chordata CorvidaeAdults Many ChordataParasitoidsegg Anaphes sp. Hymenoptera Mymaridaelarvae Phaonia signata (Mg.) Diptera MuscidaePredatorsCereal aphids Adult/Nymph Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa prativaga Arachnida LycosidaeGrain aphid Arachnida OpilionesSitobion avenaeOedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra,Erigone dentipalpus Arachnida LinyphiidaeRose-grain aphid Many species Coleoptera CarabidaeMetopolophium dirhodum Tachyporus spp., Philonthus cognatus Coleoptera StaphylinidaeBird cherry-oat aphid Cantharis spp. (L) Coleoptera CantharidaeRhopalosiphum padiCoccinella septempunctata, Propyleaquattuordecimpunctata Coleoptera (Beetles) CoccinelidaeRussian wheat aphid Platypalpus spp., Hilara spp., Tachydromia spp. Diptera EmpididaeDiuraphis noxia Scathophaga stercoraria Diptera ScathophagidaeGreen bug e.g. Dolichopus spp. Diptera DolichopodidaeSchizaphis graminum e.g. Aphidoletes aphidimyza Diptera Cecidomyiidae20
Page 1 and 2: Research Review No. 64June 2007Pric
Page 3 and 4: 4.4 Manipulation of natural enemies
Page 5 and 6: AbstractPressure to reduce insectic
Page 7 and 8: 1. IntroductionInsect pest of cerea
Page 10 and 11: higher in ‘new’ areas.Rape wint
Page 12 and 13: Potential damage can be caused by t
Page 14 and 15: loss than the winter generation whi
Page 16 and 17: 2.12 ‘Wessex’ flea beetle (Psyl
Page 18 and 19: Cabbage stem flea beetles hatch at
Page 23 and 24: midgeContarinia tritici Larva/Pupa
Page 25 and 26: Cereal ground beetle No infoZabrus
Page 27 and 28: Myzus persicae Coleoptera Cantharid
Page 29 and 30: Delia radicum Egg/Larva/Pupa Many C
Page 31 and 32: Diospilus oleraceus Hymenoptera Bra
Page 33 and 34: (Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Insect
Page 35 and 36: Dolichopodidae (La)Damp areas/Soil/
Page 37 and 38: 2002). Nevertheless, there have bee
Page 39 and 40: Therevidae (Stiletto flies) 2 1 2 2
Page 41 and 42: and further work to examine their d
Page 43 and 44: ate of repopulation depends on many
Page 45 and 46: Table 6. Resources provided for nat
Page 47 and 48: (Crateagus mongyna) supported 209 i
Page 49 and 50: densities varied enormously between
Page 51 and 52: in prep). Likewise other studies of
Page 53 and 54: compared to other cereal crops (Hol
Page 55 and 56: Wildbird cover can develop a rich u
Page 57 and 58: females select species with appropr
Page 59 and 60: Skylark plots were found to support
Page 61 and 62: Carabid abundance was higher 8m int
Page 63 and 64: 6. Conclusions on potential of Envi
Page 65 and 66: Where no noxious weeds or volunteer
Page 67 and 68: conducted in isolation because of t
Page 69 and 70: 8. ReferencesAdis, J. (1979) Proble
Page 71 and 72:
Chambers, R. J., Sunderland, K. D.,
Page 73 and 74:
Frampton, G. K., Cilgi, T., Fry, G.
Page 75 and 76:
Holland, J. M., Perry, J. N. & Wind
Page 77 and 78:
Meek, B., Loxton, D., Sparks, T., P
Page 79 and 80:
Sotherton, N. W. (1985) The distrib
Page 81 and 82:
oilseed rape across Europe. The BCP
Page 83 and 84:
2001 More late August drilled winte
Page 85 and 86:
1998 August drillings emerged rapid
Page 87 and 88:
Oilseed rapeHarvest Review - pest h
Page 89 and 90:
favoured rapid crop development and
Page 91 and 92:
Harvest year 2005. Substantial reco
Page 93 and 94:
Harvest years 2004 and 2003. Limite
Page 95 and 96:
Harvest year 2005. Low numbers of o
Page 97 and 98:
Harvest year 2006. Moderate to high
Page 99 and 100:
Harvest year 2007 (to date). Increa
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix 4. Current and recent comp
Page 103 and 104:
LINK funded projects - current25 Ma
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix 5. List of British researc
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