Global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors

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References1. World Health Organization. Global insecticide use for vectorbornedisease control. Geneva, WHO Pesticide EvaluationScheme, 2011.2. World Health Organization. The technical basis forcoordinated action against insecticide resistance: preservingthe effectiveness of modern malaria vector control. Geneva,2011.3. McKenzie JA, Whitten MJ. Selection for insecticideresistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilla cuprina.Experientia, 1982, 38:84–85.4. World Health Organization. Malaria funding and resourceutilization: the first decade of Roll Back Malaria. Roll BackMalaria Progress and Impact Series, 2010, 1.5. World Health Organization. The World Malaria Report 2011.Geneva, 2011.6. World Health Organization. A Decade of Partnership andResults. Roll Back Malaria Progress and Impact Series,2011, 82;89.7. World Health Organization. Pesticides and their applicationfor the control of vectors and pests of public healthimportance. Geneva, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme,2006.8. Brown A. Mode of action of structural pest control chemicals.Pesticide Information Leaflet (University of Maryland), 2006,41.9. Curtis F. Control of malaria vectors in Africa and Asia. In:Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD, Cancelado RE, eds. Radcliffe’sIPM World Textbook, Saint Paul, Minnesota, University ofMinnesota, 1996. http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/curtiscf.htm.10. World Health Organization. The use of DDT in malaria vectorcontrol. WHO position statement. Geneva, 2007.11. World Health Organization. WHO recommended insecticidesfor indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors. Geneva,WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2009.12. World Health Organization. WHO recommended classificationof pesticides by hazard. Geneva, 2009.13. World Health Organization. WHOPES guidelines forinsecticide use in IRS. Geneva, WHO Pesticide EvaluationScheme, 2009.14. President’s Malaria Initiative. PMI guidelines forentomological monitoring and insecticide resistancemanagement. Washington DC, 2011.15. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. Prevention andmanagement of insecticide resistance in vectors of publichealth importance. 2011.16. World Health Organization. Expert committee on insecticides.Geneva, 1957 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 125).17. President’s Malaria Initiative. Protocol for insecticideselection and management of vector resistance. WashingtonDC, 2007.18. Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Manguin S. Biodiversity of malariain the world. Montrouge, John Libbey Eurotext, 2008 (Frenchversion published in 2004).19. Wood, O.R., Hanrahan, S., Coetzee, M., Koekemoer, L.L.& Brooke, B.D. 2010. Cuticle thickening associated withpyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anophelesfunestus. Parasites & Vectors 3: 67.20. Pan American Health Organization. Avances en la vigilanciay control vectorial en la Region [Advances in monitoring andvector control in the Region]. Washington DC, 2011.21. Nauen R. Insecticide resistance in disease vectors of publichealth importance. Pest Management Science, 2007,63:628–633.22. N’Guessan R et al. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treatednets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control inpyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerging InfectiousDiseases, 2007, 13:199–206.23. N’Guessan R et al. Control of pyrethroid and DDT-resistantAnopheles gambiae by application of indoor residualspraying or mosquito nets treated with a long-lastingorganophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos-methyl. MalariaJournal, 2010, 9:44 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-44.100GLOBAL PLAN FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT IN MALARIA VECTORS (GPIRM)
24. Ranson H et al. Pyrethroid resistance in African anophelinemosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control?Trends in Parasitology, 2011.25. Hargreaves K et al. Anopheles funestus is resistant topyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Medical andVeterinary Entomology, 2000, 14:181–189.26. Hardstone M et al. Multiplicative interaction betweenthe two major mechanisms of permethrin resistance, kdrand cytochrome P450-monooxygenase detoxification, inmosquitoes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2009, 22:416–423.27. Georghiou GP, Breeland SC and Ariaratnam V. EnvironmentalEntomology. 2369-374, 1973.28. Lines JD. Do agricultural insecticides select for insecticideresistance in mosquitoes? A look at the evidence.Parasitology Today 4 (supplement) S17-S20, 1988.29. World Health Organization. Test procedures for insecticideresistance monitoring in malaria vectors. Geneva, 1998.30. World Health Organization. Techniques to detect resistancemechanisms (field and laboratory manual). Geneva, 1998.31. World Health Organization. The World Malaria Report 2010.Geneva, 2010.32. Yaméogo L, Lévêque C, Hougard J-M. Thirty years ofonchocerciasis control in West Africa. Montpellier, IRDEditions, 2003.33. Hougard J-M et al. Criteria for the selection of larvicidesby the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1993,87:435–442.34. Home-Grown Cereals Authority. Controlling pollen beetle andcombating insecticide resistance in oilseed rape. London,2011.35. Slater, R et al. Pyrethroid resistance monitoring in Europeanpopulations of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.): a coordinatedapproach through the Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee (IRAC). Pest Management Science, 2011, 67:633–638.36. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. Pollen BeetleWorking Group overview. September 2007.37. Raghavendra K et al. Persistance of DDT, malathion anddeltamethrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies after theirsequential withdrawal from indoor residual spraying in Suratdistrict, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2010,132.38. World Health Organization. Malaria vector control andpersonal protection: report of a World Health Organizationstudy group. Geneva, 2006 (WHO Technical Report Series,No. 936).39. Awolola TS et al. Distribution of the molecular forms ofAnopheles gambiae and pyrethroid knock down resistancegene in Nigeria. Acta Tropica, 2005, 95:204–209.40. World Health Organization. Standardized protocol for testingmalaria vector susceptibility to insecticides in the AfricanRegion. Brazzavile, WHO Regional Office for the AfricanRegion, 2011.41. World Health Organization. Resistance of vectors andreservoirs of disease to pesticides. Geneva, 1986 (WHOTechnical Report Series, No. 727).42. World Health Organization. Test procedures for monitoringsusceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides. Geneva, 2012.43. World Health Organization. Saving lives with malaria control:counting down to the Millennium Development Goals. RollBack Malaria Progress and Impact Series, 2010, 3.44. World Health Organization. Global malaria action plan.Geneva, Roll Back Malaria Programme, 2008.45. A research agenda for malaria eradication. PloS Medicine,Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2011.101
Page 1 and 2:
WHO Global Malaria ProgrammeGLOBAL
Page 4 and 5:
Navigating the GPIRMExecutive summa
Page 6 and 7:
ContributorsThe Global Plan for Ins
Page 8 and 9:
Elissa Jensen, United States Presid
Page 11:
ForewordThe past decade has seen un
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1.3 Potential effectof resistance o
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2.2 Country activitiesPillar I. Pla
Page 19 and 20:
PART 3 TECHNICALRECOMMENDATIONSFOR
Page 23 and 24:
PART 1THE THREAT OFINSECTICIDE RESI
Page 25 and 26:
Attributes of the four classes of i
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1.2 Status ofinsecticideresistance1
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1.2.2 Resistance is widespread and
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Figure 7: Insecticide-resistance me
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The operational impact of resistanc
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Case study 2. Experimental hut tria
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Figure 12: Genetic heritability dri
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Figure 14: kdr West and kdr East mu
Page 41 and 42:
Monitoring of insecticide resistanc
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Figure 15: Impact of insecticide re
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 16: Potential applications o
Page 49 and 50: PART 2COLLECTIVE STRATEGYAGAINST IN
Page 51 and 52: Overview of the strategy against in
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.1 Pillar I. Plan and implement
Page 55 and 56: Step 2: Design an IRM strategy.Prin
Page 57 and 58: Figure 20: Recommendations for moni
Page 59 and 60: Examples of regional entomological
Page 61 and 62: Establish a strong intersectoral bo
Page 63 and 64: Standardized data format and timely
Page 65 and 66: New products to supplement IRM stra
Page 67 and 68: Currently, WHOPES addresses only pr
Page 69 and 70: The practical issues in implementat
Page 71 and 72: Adequate, sustainable human and fin
Page 73 and 74: The overall cost increase is due to
Page 75 and 76: 2.5.3 Financial cost of monitoring
Page 77: Obvious parallels can be drawn betw
Page 80 and 81: Part 3Technical recommendations for
Page 89 and 90: PART 4NEAR-TERMACTION PLAN4.1 Role
Page 91 and 92: • Convene experts to review new s
Page 93 and 94: Figure 32: What should we do over t
Page 95 and 96: Technical support to countries• P
Page 97 and 98: Global database• Malaria-endemic
Page 99: Within 1-2 years.Accelerated fundin
Page 103 and 104: First steps in malaria vector contr
Page 105 and 106: Vector control remains the single l
Page 107 and 108: Annex 2 Long-lastinginsecticidal ne
Page 109 and 110: Annex 3 History of insecticideresis
Page 111 and 112: in many countries, will improve und
Page 113 and 114: Annex 5 Example of ‘tippingpoint
Page 115 and 116: Role of other factors.Recent studie
Page 117 and 118: Annex 8 Main hypotheses usedto mode
Page 119 and 120: Figure A8.2: Estimated impact of in
Page 121 and 122: Combinations.How do combinations wo
Page 123 and 124: Figure A9.2: Incremental annual cos
Page 125 and 126: Annex 10 Genetic researchagendaBack
Page 127 and 128: Table A11.1: Cost of indoor residua
Page 129 and 130: References.1. United States Preside
Page 132: For more information, please contac
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