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193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP 1994; Banerjee, 1995. Haryana Urban DevelopmentAuthority (HUDA) in India enters into partnership with private developersto develop townships in the highly sought-after periphery of Delhi. Thisland is under agricultural land ceiling and not available <strong>for</strong> urban use,except with the permission of HUDA with the condition that 20 percentof the housing should go to the poor.195 TDR is included as part of the national urban policy in Brazil.Implementation started with 10,000 houses <strong>for</strong> 120 co-operatives ofthe poor between 1989 and 1992 in Sao Paolo. (Fernandes, 2002.) NGOslike Instituto Polis continue to provide advocacy and technical and legalassistance to slum communities and land owners to implement theapproach in several cities of Brazil. In Mumbai TDR is linked with thegovernment’s policy of 1999 of providing houses free of cost to 4 millionslum dwellers in fi ve years. (Burra, 2005.)196 UN-ESCAP, 1994.197 See Panaritis, 2007.198 Guidance can be found in Alden Wily 2002. See also Deininger etal. 2007; see ILD 1994, 2002, 2004.199 Mosqueira, 2007.200 See Collier 2007: 135-140.201 Rajan, 2005.202 Collier 2007: 140-156.Chapter 2 BibliographyAcemoglu, D. and J.A. Robinson. 2005. Economic Origins of Democracyand Dictatorships. Cambridge University Press.Acemoglu, Daron, James Robinson and Simon Johnson. 2004. ‘Institutionsas the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.’NBER <strong>Work</strong>ing Paper No. 10481.ADB. 2002. Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction:Philippines. Manila: Asian Development Bank.Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One’s Own. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Ahmed, Fauzia Erfan. 2007. ‘Microcredit, Segmentation, and PovertyAlleviation Strategy <strong>for</strong> Women.’ In: Kasturi Rangan et al.:15-24Alden Wily, Liz and Mbaya, S. 2001. Land, people and <strong>for</strong>ests in easternand southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st Century.<strong>The</strong> impact of land relations of the role of communities in<strong>for</strong>est future. IUCN-EARO.Alden Wily, Liz. 2002. Getting the Process Right: Land Administrationas Governance: A discourse on the political economy ofland tenure management. Comments on the Legal Basis <strong>for</strong>Land Administration in an African Context. Paper presentedto the World Bank Land Policy Conference in Africa, April29-May 2 2002, Kampala, Uganda._______. 2003. Governance and Land Relations. A Review of Decentralizationof Land Administration and Management inAfrica. Land Tenure and Resources Series. InternationalInstitute <strong>for</strong> Environment and Development [IIED] London._______. 2004a. Putting Rural Land Registration in Perspective:<strong>The</strong> Afghanistan Case in Proceedings Land Administrationin Post Confl ict Areas; 71-93. International Federation ofSurveyors <strong>Commission</strong> 7 Cadastre and Land Management,2004. http://www.fi g.net/commission7/geneva_2004/index.htm (<strong>for</strong> original draft only)_______. 2004b. Rural Land Relations in Confl ict: A Way Forward.Policy Brief. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit,Kabul August 2004. http://www.areu.org.af_______. 2005. From Meeting Needs to Honouring Rights: <strong>The</strong> Evolutionof Community Forestry Chapter 19 in <strong>The</strong> EarthscanReader in Forestry and Development (ed. Jeffrey Sayer)2005; 388-394. Earthscan UK (originally a Keynote Addressto the World Forestry Congress Quebec 2003)_______. 2006. <strong>The</strong> Commons and Customary <strong>Law</strong> in Modern Times:Rethinking the Orthodoxies. In From Knowledge to Action. EMwangi (ed.). CaPri, Washington._______. 2006b. Formalizing the In<strong>for</strong>mal: Is <strong>The</strong>re a Way to SecureHuman Potential through Land Entitlement? A Review ofChanging Administration in Africa, in: Linking the Formaland In<strong>for</strong>mal Economy Concepts and Policies. Edited by B.Guha-khasnobis, R. Kunbur and E. Ostrom. Ox<strong>for</strong>d UniversityPress._______. 2006c. Land Rights Re<strong>for</strong>m and Governance in Africa: Howto Make it <strong>Work</strong> in the 21st Century? UNDP October 2006.______. 2007. An Interim Note on Customary Land Tenure in Post-Confl ict Liberia.121
Alexander, E. 2001. ‘A Transaction Costs <strong>The</strong>ory of Land Use Planningand Development Control,’ Town Planning Review 72/1:45-76.Allanic, Benoît. 2003. «La nouvelle coutume urbaine: Évolutioncomparée des fi lières coutumières de la gestion foncièreurbaine dans les pays d’Afrique subSaharienne. Le cas deMandela Village, South Africa. » ISTED, DFID.Alston, Lee, Gary Libecap and Robert Schneider. 1996. ‘<strong>The</strong> Determinantsand Impact of Property Rights: Land Titles on theBrazilian Frontier.’ Journal of <strong>Law</strong>, Economics, and Organisation12:1 (1996): 1569-1614.Aristazabal, Nora and Andres Gomes.2004. ‘Improving Security withoutTitles in Bogotá.’ Habitat International 28/2.Asian Development Bank. 2004. Technical Assistance to the IslamicRepublic of Afghanistan <strong>for</strong> Capacity Building in LandPolicy and Administration Re<strong>for</strong>m. Manila: ADB.Augustinus, Clarissa and Barry, Michael. 2006. ‘Land ManagementStrategy Formulation in Post Confl ict Societies.’ SurveyReview 38: 668-681.Augustinus, Clarissa. 2003. ‘Handbook on Best Practices: Securityof Tenure and Access to Land — Implementation of theHabitat Agenda.’ UN-Habitat, Nairobi.Baechtold, Philippe. 2006. ‘Public Policy Objectives and IntellectualProperty Rights.’ In: de Soto/Cheneval 2006: 266-277.Banerjee, Abhijit and Lakshmi. Iyer. 2005. ‘History, Institutions andEconomic Per<strong>for</strong>mance: <strong>The</strong> Legacy of Colonial Land TenureSystems in India.’ Available at: http://econ-www.mit.edu/fi les/511Banerjee, Banashree. 2002. ‘Security of Tenure in Indian Cities.’ In:Durand-Lasserve, A. and Royston L. (eds.). Holding theirGround: Secure Land Tenure <strong>for</strong> the Urban in DevelopingCountries, London: Earthscan Publications, 37-58._______. 2004. ‘Maximising the impact of tenure and infrastructureprogrammes on housing conditions: the case of slums inIndian Cities’ paper presented at International Conferenceon Adequate and Af<strong>for</strong>dable Housing <strong>for</strong> All - Research,Policy, Practice, June 24-27, Toronto_______. 2005. ‘Recognition, Regularization and Relocation of Slumsin Madhya Pradesh.’ Background Note <strong>for</strong> the design ofDFID supported Madhya Pradesh Urban Services <strong>for</strong> thePoor (Mimeo)_______. 2006. ‘Land Titling in Urban and Peri-urban Areas in India:Experiences and Issues.’ Paper presented at the Research<strong>Work</strong>shop on Social and Economic Impacts of Land titlingin Urban and Peri-urban Areas, Charney Manor, CharneyBassett, UK, 12-15 December 2006._______. 1995. ‘Urban Land: Is there hope <strong>for</strong> the Poor?’ In: Singh,K. and Steinberg, F. (eds.), Urban India in Crisis, Ox<strong>for</strong>d,New Delhi.Barry, Michael. 2002. Periurban Agriculture and Tenure in South Africa:Strategies <strong>for</strong> Tenure Regularization. United Nations Foodand Agricultural Organisation (FAO) publication series,Rome.Barzel, Y. 1997. Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Cambridge, MA:Cambridge University Press.Benjaminsen, T. A. 2006. ‘<strong>The</strong> emerging <strong>for</strong>malisation agenda andsome empirical evidence from Africa.’A paper presented atthe Colloque international: At the Frontier of Land Issues.Social Embeddedness of rights and public policy. MontpellierCampus ENSAM-INRA, France, May 17, 18 and19 2006.Bertaud A. and Malpezzi S. 2001. ‘Measuring the Costs and Benefi ts ofUrban Land Use Regulation: A Simple Model with an Applicationto Malaysia,’ Journal of Housing Economics 10/3:393-418.Besley, Timothy. 1995. ‘Property Rights and Investment Incentives:<strong>The</strong>ory and Evidence from Ghana,’ Journal of PoliticalEconomy 103(5), 903-937.Binswanger, Hans, Klaus Deininger and Gershon Feder. 1995. ‘Power,Distortions, Revolt, and Re<strong>for</strong>m in Agrarian Relations.’ InJ. Berman and T.N. Srinivasan (eds.). Handbook of DevelopmentEconomics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, NorthHolland.Bird, M. and E. Slack. 2002. ‘Land and Property Taxation around theWorld: A Review 2002.’ Paper presented in Hungary andMexico at World Bank Policy SeminarsBlesoe, David. 2006. ‘Can Land Titling and Registration Reduce Poverty?’In Bruce et al. 2006: 143-174.Boonyabancha, Somsook. 2005. ‘Mainstreaming community led processes<strong>for</strong> housing and poverty alleviation: the developmentof CODI and the Baan Mankong Programme.’ Case Study21 — Thailand, available at http://www.community-planning.netBoudreaux, Karol. 2007. ‘State Power, Entrepreneurship, and Coffee:<strong>The</strong> Rwandan Experience.’ Mercatus Centre. EnterpriseAfrica! <strong>Work</strong>ing Paper_______. 2006. ‘<strong>The</strong> Effects of Property Titling in Langa Township,South Africa.’ Mercatus Policy Series, Policy Comment No.4, available at: http://www.enterprise-africa.org/repository/docLib/20060524_Langa.pdf_______. 2007. ‘Community-Based Natural Resource Managementand Poverty Alleviation in Namibia: A Case Study.’ MercatusPolicy Series, Policy Comment Nr. 10.Bruce, John W. and Migot-Adholla, S. (eds.). 1994. Searching <strong>for</strong> Securityof Land Tenure in Africa. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.Bruce, John W. 2006. ‘Re<strong>for</strong>m of Land <strong>Law</strong> in the Context of World BankLending.’ in Bruce et al. 2006, pp. 11-65.Bruce, John W., Giovarelli, R. Giovarelli, L. Rolfes, D. Bledsoe and R.Mitchell. 2006. Land <strong>Law</strong> Re<strong>for</strong>m. Achieving DevelopmentPolicy Objectives. World Bank <strong>Law</strong>, Justice, and DevelopmentSeries. Washington: WB.Brustinow, Angelika. 2006. ‘Out of Court Dispute Resolution as aPractical Tool <strong>for</strong> Legal Empowerment”, in: NorwegianMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Empowerment, issue 2,Oslo: 91-113.Buckley, Robert M. and Jerry Kalarickal. 2006. ‘Land Market Issues:<strong>The</strong> Mystery of Capital Revisited. Urban Land Policy — IsTitling the Answer?’ in Buckley and Kalarickal (eds.). Thirtyyears of World Bank Shelter Lending: Directions in DevelopmentInfrastructure. World Bank, Washington, DC.Burns, Tony. 2006. ‘International Experience with Land AdministrationProjects: a Framework <strong>for</strong> Monitoring of Pilots’. Paper122
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In reply to its expression of sorro
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group chaired by Commission
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that they can protect their assets
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External Monitoring ...............
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Case 10 Spain: Flexibility at the M
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Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghett
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Explanation of the Tools ..........
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1. IntroductionThe
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Theoretical perspe
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long-term migrant or refugee popula
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digital camera that could be used t
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or social services fraud. Thus, alt
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3. Strategies to CreateAffo
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is secured through social pressure
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sufficient guidance as to the best
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even better, by showing the ones wi
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A related option is teaching the po
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some other trusted service provider
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From an economic perspective this s
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2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
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can play an important role in mobil
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motives — such as the desire to m
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of some legal action brought by the
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ernments may consider to remove art
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sations may make better decisions a
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ence others in the supply chain to
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ing access to justice for</
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ardisation and simplification) and
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ary or informal sy
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Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
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cies (including local authorities)
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(ADB 2001b). These
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e restructured in a way that reduce
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impact of a proposed action on some
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5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
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Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
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Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002.
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ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
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the West, but that has made entire
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and insurance — to facilitate tra
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Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
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Page 94 and 95: I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
Page 96 and 97: contributed to its substance. But a
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Page 110 and 111: Box 3 Namibian land refor</
Page 112 and 113: Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
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Page 122 and 123: Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
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Page 128 and 129: Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
Page 130 and 131: Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
Page 132 and 133: 2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. <st
Page 134 and 135: Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
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Page 140 and 141: ing industry through the scheme. (S
Page 144 and 145: presented at the National W
Page 146 and 147: Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
Page 148 and 149: Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
Page 150 and 151: ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
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Page 154 and 155: Support inclusive social protection
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Page 162 and 163: Box 1 Different Categories of In<st
Page 164 and 165: In North American, European Union,
Page 166 and 167: self-employed persons in OECD count
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Page 170 and 171: A New Departure: Fundamental Princi
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Page 176 and 177: e granted to people as citizens rat
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Page 182 and 183: e lower than that created by other
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and of regulations should involve a
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Process recommendationsOur working
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Towards a New Social Contract.<stro
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on Gender Indicators of the Inter-A
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Case 4:Collective identity, collect
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nomic and social development plans
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Case 7:Social security for<
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our inspection and sanction and it
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the law and therefor</stron
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Chapter 3 Endnotes1 See Resolution
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83 Boundary: a cab driver,
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_______. 2002a. ‘Decent W
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ChapterFOURBusiness Rights195
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Informal and <stro
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tion in decision making that promot
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workers as well as the self-employe
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Good initiatives have been undertak
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obtain formal, per
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the government’s ability to issue
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and those in transition, as well as
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ers employed by households, to ‘d
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Figure 1 GDP Per Capita and the Siz
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social insurance, and need
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Box 1 Empowering Indigenouspeoples
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mand for af<strong
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Box 2 Unlocking Barriers: Legal Mec
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tion is inadequate or the roads are
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Figure 4 Regulatory Environment and
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statements, invoices, etc.). Accord
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ights. Other benefits would include
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agricultural activities more produc
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primary health system. Similarly, i
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(owned by men with access to credit
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provides protection to low-income p
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private-partnerships (PPPs) that ca
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enterprises. Developing effective s
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Case Study:‘Tell us how to make l
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Case Study:Business Registration Re
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10. Establish a single business ide
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Expansion1. Distribute both positiv
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successfully without much additiona
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• Asset protection;• Capital pr
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‘entrepreneurship inspired by nec
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millions who operate poor, micro in
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In developing and promoting new app
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institutional instruments to make t
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Figure 5Legal Empowerment of In<str
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forward linkages o
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of public space, tax-funded incenti
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33 Chen, M. Rethinking the In<stron
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Chapter 4 BibliographyADB, ‘Legal
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WIEGO, ‘Accra Hawkers Association
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYExisting power str
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take effect quickly. Individual unc
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ping; competencies assessment; conf
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sort out the conflicting elements a
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so the Commission
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menu of possible Legal Empowerment
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ership. Legal Empowerment of the Po
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to be frictional for</stron
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jority of the population in many co
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At the national level, a society’
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programme — which accrues to the
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Dharavi’s residents lack ownershi
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een a far greater number of authori
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eform, as Box 5.3
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ased work easier to fit in around t
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Box 5.4 Organising out ofPoverty: T
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should be designed, what tradeoffs
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flip side of forum
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Lessons may be drawn from knowledge
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Table 5.4 Skeleton Diagnostic Tool:
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of interests). Without the commitme
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Table 5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Acc
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Box 5.6 Gold Rush in Mongolia: from
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eforms, per se, bu
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Table 5.10 LEP Implementation Strat
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need and the potential for<
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• Action planning: Development of
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Table 5.11 Pro-poor policy implemen
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4. Customize the choice of monitori
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of touch with the desires of the po
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munity empowerment, especially if t
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elevance to a particular area of in
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view the current state of practice
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Training (on leadership, group work
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of labour disputes: An internationa
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categories don’t interest us. But
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• Since 1996, Institute f
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Chapter 5 Endnotes1 The</st
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Chapter 5 BibliographyAbdul-Jalil,
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The Commis
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