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1724th World Water Forumresult of such reforms, in many countries, the traditionalmunicipal participation in the provision of water relatedpublic services has been consolidated, thus turning theMunicipalities into important institutional users of theresource. This report considers the objective of contributingto the debate on decentralization that is being hat iscarried out in region. The attention is centered in watermanagement, in the modalities of its decentralization withmunicipal participation and its inherent limitations, andin the potential contributions of municipal governments,especially in connection with watershed management.The study is based on: (i) the revision of theoretical andempirical bibliography related to the participation of thelocal governments in the development and managementwater, and (ii) the answers to a survey applied to variouslocal governments and experts by that ECLAC’s Division ofNatural Resources and Infrastructure.21. Jouravlev, Andrei. “Water Utility regulation: issuesand options for Latin American and the Caribbean”LC/R.2032. ECLAC. Santiago, Chile. October, 2000.(available at http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/RecursosNaturales/2/LCR2032I/LCR2032-I.pdf).Since the eighties, for a variety of reasons - somebudgetary, some political/ideological, some technological,some arising from pressures from abroad, and somegrounded in economic theory - the governments of LatinAmerican and Caribbean countries have been transferringmany publicly-owned companies to the private sector.The issues to be confronted and options to be consideredin developing an adequate regulatory framework for thewater supply and sewerage industry in Latin Americanand Caribbean countries are the subject of this paper. Itreviews a vast body of recent theoretical and empiricalliterature on economic regulation and private sectorparticipation, including the experience of the countrieswhere privatization and regulatory reforms have advancedmost and its applicability to the countries of Latin Americaand the Caribbean. Emphasis is given to the implicationsof the asymmetry of information between regulator andregulated utilities as well as to the regulation of prices,service quality, investments, and diversification. Thepossible underinvestment problem arising from the limitedcommitment powers of governments and regulators, andthe implications of the existence of separate regulatorswith different duties and powers are also discussed, as arethe possibilities of introducing competition and facilitatingregulation through horizontal and vertical restructuring.22. Lemay, Michele H. “Coastal and Marine ResourcesManagement in Latin America and the Caribbean”Technical Study N° ENV-129. Inter AmericanDevelopment Bank. Washington D. C. December,1998. (available at http://www.mdb-egp.net/sds/doc/1097eng.pdf).The document presents a coastal and marine resourcesmanagement strategy for the Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IDB). The strategy provides new directions forBank activities which significantly affect sustainabledevelopment of coastal and marine areas in Latin Americaand the Caribbean. Calling for a renewed, more integratedapproach, the strategy is intended to bring the Bank’sinterventions in aspects of sustainable development suchas water transport and pollution control in line with thefundamental objectives of the 8th Capital Replenishment.Looking beyond these sectoral considerations, the strategyhighlights new opportunities for lending and non-lendingsupport in line with the distinct character of coastaland marine areas, their evolving regulatory framework,and the responsibility shared by governments andcoastal communities in the Region to manage them. Theprinciples, elements of innovation and actions which areat the core of the strategy are designed to fill a void in theBank’s existing policies in natural resources management.The document begins with an overview of the Region’scoastal and marine resources, conditions, and trendsin use. This is followed by a review of the main issuesand underlying forces of coastal transformation in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean. Globally accepted principlesfor coastal management and emerging policy reforms inthe Region are introduced along with the shortcomingsof traditional approaches. The document examines theBank’s own experience in financing coastal infrastructure,marine fisheries and coastal management operations.Finally, the core of the strategy is presented and actionsare recommended in line with the fundamental goals ofthe 8th Capital Replenishment. The document concludeswith instruments, resource requirements and constraintsfor applying the strategy in Bank activities.23. Lord, William B. & Israel, Morris. “A Proposed Strategyto encourage and Facilitate Improved WaterResource Management in Latin America and theCaribbean” Environment Division, Social Programs andSustainable Development Department. Inter AmericanDevelopment Bank. Washington D. C. March, 1996.(available at http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/740eng.pdf).
Around the mid 90s it was anticipated that substantialpercentage of the $40 billion of the Eighth Replenishmentwill be for operations in the water sector. The EighthReplenishment identified key objectives for IDB operationsin the coming years, including poverty alleviation,environmental protection and sustainability in resourceuse. Water projects were an integral component ofIDB strategies in achieving these goals. This documentprovides some background for the formulation of waterresources development guidelines that are based firmlyon existing conditions in LAC countries, while drawingfrom the valuable experience gained in water resourcesmanagement in the United States and Europe. Followingan introduction the document presents key elementswhich should be part of a water resources managementstrategy: namely, goals, instruments, and a conceptualframework for evaluating and analyzing water resourcesmanagement needs and opportunities. A distinctionis drawn between ends and means in water resourcesmanagement, and a structured problem solving approachis discussed. Various options for water managementincluding: building and maintaining infrastructure,changing water management institutions, and augmentinghuman capital are presented. Later on, the documentpresents findings from country visits. Advances andexisting short-comings in water resources managementin LAC are discussed, and an evaluation of some ofthe measures being taken to address water resourceproblems is provided; this part draws heavily frominterviews conducted in each country and is supported bysupplementary documentation received during the visitsand a brief review of current literature. The conceptualframework developed by the authors is then applied tothe findings of country visits; from this exercise stemsome possible strategies for improving water resourcesmanagement in Latin America and the Caribbean to bedeveloped by the countries themselves and internationaldonor organizations. Some specific elements which mightbe included in such strategies are also explained.It describes the Federal Water Agreement and thefundamentals of a national water resources policy agreedbetween the Federal Government and the ProvincialGovernments. Includes 2 principles regarding the watercycle, nine related to water and environment, four towater and society, eight about water management, sevenabout water and institutions, four related to water andlegislation, eight on water and the economy, and sevenabout water tools and mechanisms.25. Querol, Maria. “Estudio sobre los convenios yacuerdos de cooperación entre los países deAmérica Latina y el Caribe, en relación con sistemashídricos y cuerpos de agua transfronterizos”. SeriesNatural Resources and Infrastructure No. 64. ECLAC.Santiago, Chile. November, 2003. Available athttp://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/RecursosNaturales/2/LCL2002PE/lcl2002e.pdfThe report analyzes the current situation of regionalcooperation related to the agreements subscribed by thecountries of Latin America and the Caribbean, in relationto the transboundary water resources and water bodies.To such end, and by reasons methodology, the studyis divided into two parts. A first section is dedicated tothe analysis of the existing norms of international lawin the matter. The existence of customary norms can beinferred from the analysis of current practices adoptedby the States; in such cases, the doctrine has helped tothe development and to the precision of said rules, whichhave been and continue to be applied by the jurisprudence.In the second part of the document, specific treatiesof cooperation signed by the countries of the regionare analyzed individually; six representative cases wereselected and special attention was paid to the creationof permanent commissions responsible for the executionof the agreements, the mechanisms for the solutionof controversies solution and the way of dealing withenvironmental aspects of transboundary water resources.Finally, some conclusions are outlined.1734th World Water Forum24. Ministerio de Planificación Federal, inversión Públicay Servicios, Secretaría de Obras Públicas, Subsecretaríade Recursos Hídricos, Consejo Hídrico Federal.“Principios Rectores de Política Hídrica de laRepública Argentina... trabajando juntos paradarle al agua una política de Estado” Buenos Aires,Argentina, August 8, 2003.26. REGA, Revista de Gestión del Agua en América Latina.Vol. 1, No. 2. Jul/Dic 2004. GWP South America.Santiago, Chile, 2004.This volume of REGA includes the first of three sets ofarticles presented at the Water Resources Public PoliciesSeminar held in Brasilia, Brazil, in September 2004. Thesearticles were selected for publication on the basis ofrecommendations made by at least two peer reviewers.
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54th World Water ForumFOREWORDThis
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PARTICIPANTS4th World Water Forum S
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IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATEDWATER RESOUR
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