Urban Planning for City Leaders - Cities Alliance

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Urban planning for city leadersBuildings consume about one third of energyworldwide throughout their lifecycle. Rapidpopulation growth is expected to lead to anincrease in the building stock, which under the“business as usual” model will entail a greaterenergy demand. Building regulations at the locallevel aimed at energy efficiency can contributeto reduce consumption and GHG emissions.The choice of less energy intensive buildingmaterials can also contribute significantly toreducing emissions.Industry can generate up to half of a city’stotal emissions. Although some industries haveinvested in energy efficiency and offsettingtechnology, it is still an energy intensive sectorand can be extremely polluting.Transport is a high producer of emissions.Passenger cars, trucks and buses that use fossilfuel combustion engines are large contributorsof emissions, especially passenger cars whichproduce about on average 125 grams of CO 2per passenger-kilometre, which is only 5 gramsless than planes. 132Waste can generate up to a quarter ofemissions, with the bulk of these stemmingfrom burning of waste and disposal inuncontrolled sites. Waste generates 11 per centof total emissions in Mexico City (Mexico), 20per cent in Bangkok (Thailand) and about 25per cent in Sao Paulo (Brazil).Sequestrate carbonand capture the energyembedded in wasteUrban greening can be used for carbonsequestration to improve air quality and toreduce the heat island effect. Examples ofgreening are tree-planting schemes on roads,vacant land and new development sites;restoration and preservation of urban forestsand other green areas, and green roofing. Inthe United States, carbon sequestration inforests has been estimated at a range between1.5 and 6.5 metric tons of CO 2per hectare.Carbon sequestration can extend between 90and 120 or more years before these areas reachtheir saturation point, beyond which additionalsequestration is no longer possible. Even aftersaturation, trees would need to be sustained tomaintain the accumulated carbon and preventits release back in the atmosphere. 133Carbon credits can be a potential financingoption. Waste-to-energy projects are eligiblefor funding through ‘carbon credit’. Delhi, SãoPaulo, Mexico City and Cape Town have tappedinto this resource. By selling their credits, SãoPaulo’s Sao Joao and Christchurch landfillswill earn USD 5.7 million and USD 3.5 millionrespectively at the end of their crediting periods.While technical requirements and administrativeprocedures for eligibility can be time consumingand unfamiliar to municipal staff, the fact thatseveral cities are benefiting from it shows thepotential of this option.112
How to build resilience and reduce climate risksCaptured methane in sanitary landfills canbe used as an energy source to produce heatand hot water; as feed to power generatorsto produce electricity; and it can be reused asvehicle fuel. The city of Lille in France reusesmethane extracted from its municipal landfill forfuelling a share of its public bus fleet. Methanefrom São Paulo’s Bandeirantes plant in Brazilgenerates 7 per cent of the city’s electricityconsumption, enough to supply a population of600,000 for 10 years. 134 The Okhla compostingproject in Delhi (India) reduces around 1,600tonnes of methane emissions per year, which isequivalent to 34,000 tonnes of CO 2.Okhla composting project in Delhi, India© Flickr/The Advocacy ProjectA waste landfill in Sao Paulo, Brazil© Flickr/Alex Steiner113
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Urban Planningfor City Leaders
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ContentsForeword ..................
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Nairobi CBD, Kenya © UN-Habitat/Ju
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Terms used in this bookstory buildi
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Terms used in this bookResilience i
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IntroductionPorto Alegre, Brazil ©
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Urban planning for city leadersWhy
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IntroductionCity leaders who see op
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IntroductionA city leader’s main
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Urban planning for city leadersThin
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Urban planning for city leadersCalc
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How to choose the urban pattern tha
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Urban planning for city leadersWhat
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Urban planning for city leadersHow
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How to improve access and avoid con
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End Notes1. UN-Habitat (2003). The
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38. Nadkarni, N. (2008). Between Ea
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Who benefits from utility subsidies
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Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Lan
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environmental design. Guidebook.Sin
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