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Sibylle Kriegel, Ralph Ludwig & Fabiola HenriEncoding path in Mauritian Creole and Bhojpuri However, this explanation based on language contact cannot be attributed toa single cause:i. The generalization of depi as an ablative marker (as compared to the unmarkedstrategy, employed, for instance, in Seychelles Creole) would seem to be due to thefollowing processes: a disruption of unmarking and (subsequent) creolization by/through a structural analogy between spoken French and Bhojpuri, an analogywhich affects not only this Creole, but also Mauritian Bhojpuri.ii. Although, the explanation for the pattern depi-depi, based on Bhojpuricontact, is plausible, it nevertheless does not suffice as a satisfactory explanation.The neutralization of a binary opposition which results in the generalization ofone of the two expressions is – following Trubetzkoy’s observations – a frequentlyoccurringprocess of unmarking in the context of oral speech; it is not necessarilyexplained by language contact phenomena. We therefore suggest that it is a matterof convergence, governed in this case of Mauritian Creole by the social functionsof the language: it is sociolectal needs of identity and alterity marking which seemsto prevent the generalization of this sequence to all speakers. This also applies tonon-Bhojpuri speakers.Special abbreviationsReferencesaspectintensifiermodalityAnderson, S.H. 1885. L’évangile sélon S. Matthié (dan langaz créol maurice) (The Gospel accordingto St. Matthew (in Mauritian Creole)). London: British and Foreign Bible Society.Atchia-Emmerich, Bilkiss. 2005. La situation linguistique à l’Ile Maurice: Les développementsrécents à la lumière d’une enquête empirique. Ph.D. Dissertation Universität Erlangen.Baissac, Charles. 1880. Étude sur le patois créole mauricien. Reprinted 1976. Genève: SlatkineReprints.Baker, Philip. 1972. Kreol: A description of Mauritian Creole. London: C. Hurst.Baker, Philip. 1982. The contribution of non-Francophone immigrants to the lexicon ofMauritian Creole. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, Universityof London.Baker, Philip. 1996. On the development of certain prepositional forms in Mauritian and otherFrench Creoles. In Véronique, Daniel (Ed.), Matériaux pour l’étude des classes grammaticalesdans les langues creoles. Aix-en-Provence: PUP. 41–59.Baker, Philip & Corne, Chris. 1987. Histoire sociale et créolisation à La Réunion et à Maurice.Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 6(2): 71–87.Baker, Philip & Ramnah, P. 1988. Recognizing Mauritian Bhojpuri. In Barz, Richard K. & Siegel,Jeff (Eds). Language transplanted: The development of overseas Hindi. Wiesbaden: OttoHarrassowitz.Baker, Philip & Ramnah, Amarnath. 1985. Mauritian Bhojpuri: An Indo-Aryan language spokenin a predominantly creolophone society. Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics: PacificLinguistics A-72(4): 215–38.Corne, Chris. 1983. Substratal reflections: The completive aspect and the distributive numeralsin Isle de France Creole. Te Reo 26: 65–80.Díaz, Norma, Ludwig, Ralph & Pfänder, Stefan. 2002. Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones decontacto: Parámetros y perspectivas. In Díaz, Norma, Ludwig, Ralph & Pfänder, Stefan(Eds), La Romania americana: Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto. Frankfurt:Vervuert. 389–441.Domingue, Nicole. 1971. Bhojpuri and Creole in Mauritius: A study of linguistic interferenceand its consequences in regard to synchronic variation and language change. Ph.D. Dissertation,University of Texas.Domingue, Nicole. 1981. Internal change in a transplanted language. Studies in the LinguisticSciences 11(2): 151–60.Essegbey, James. 2005. The basic locative construction in Gbe languages and Surinamese creoles.Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20(2): 229–67.Gordon, Raymond G.J., Jr. (Ed.). 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 15 th Edn. Dallas TX:SIL International.Haspelmath, Martin. 1997. From space to time: Temporal adverbials in the world’s languages[Lincom Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 3]. Munich: Lincom.Hazaël-Massieux, Guy. 1989. La grammaticalisation des connexions. In Ludwig, Ralph (Ed.),Les créoles français entre l’oral et l’écrit. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. 201–12.Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. 1986. Langue et identité ethnique: Les langues ancestrales à Maurice.Journal of Mauritian Studies 1: 117–37.Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. 2004. A harmonized writing system for the Mauritian Creole Language:Grafi-larmoni. (16 December 2007). Hookoomsing, Vinesh, Ludwig, Ralph & Schnepel, Burkhard (Eds). Forthcoming. Multiple Identitiesin Action: Mauritius and some Antillean Parallelisms. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang.Kriegel, Sibylle, Michaelis, Susanne. 2007. Conjunction and ditransitives : some functional domainscovered by avec, et, and ensemble. In Baker, Philip, Fon Sing, Guillaume (eds), The making ofMauritian Creole. Analyses diachroniques à partir des textes anciens. United Kingdom andSri Lanka : Westminster Creolistics Series – 9. 113–132.Kriegel, Sibylle, Ludwig, Ralph & Henri, Fabiola. Forthcoming. Les rapports entre créole etbhojpouri à Maurice: Contact de langues et actes identitaires. In Hookoomsing, Vinesh y.,Ludwig, Ralph & Schnepel, Burkhard (Eds).Leclerc, Jacques. 2007. Île Maurice. In Leclerc, Jacques. L’ aménagement linguistique dans lemonde. Published online: http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/.Lehmann, Christian. 1992. Yukatekische lokale Relatoren in typologischer Perspektive. Zeitschriftfür Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 45: 626–41.Lehmann, Christian. 1995. Thoughts on grammaticalization. München: Lincom. (First publication:1982. akup 48. University of Cologne).2nd proofs
Sibylle Kriegel, Ralph Ludwig & Fabiola HenriLudwig, Ralph, Telchid, Sylviane & Bruneau-Ludwig, Florence (Eds). 2001Corpus créole: Textesoraux dominicais, guadeloupéens, guyanais, haitiens, mauriciens et seychellois. Hamburg:Helmut Buske.Ludwig, Ralph, Montbrand, Danièle, Poullet, Hector & Telchid, Sylviane. 1990/2002. Dictionnairecréole. 2nd, revised edn. Paris: Servedit-Maisonneuve and Éditions Jasor.Ludwig, Ralph, Henri, Fabiola & Bruneau-Ludwig, Florence. Forthcoming. Hybridation linguistiqueet fonctions sociales – aspects des contacts entre créole, français et anglais à Maurice.In Hookoomsing, Vinesh, Ludwig, Ralph & Schnepel, Burkhard (Eds). Forthcoming.Mesthrie, Rajend. 1991. Language in indenture: A sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi inSouth Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Neerputh, Naving C. 1986. Le système verbal du Bhojpuri de L’Ile Maurice. Paris: L’Harmattan.Population Census of the Republic of Mauritius 2000. URL: http://www.gov.mu/portal/ sites/ncb/cso/methodo.htmSewtohul, Goswami K. 1990. Diksyoner Kreol Bhojpuri. port Louis: Ledikasyon pu Travayer.Shukla, Shaligram. 1981. Bhojpuri Grammar: Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In Shopen,Timothy (Ed.). Grammatical categories and the lexicon, Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP. 57–149.Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and geneticlinguistics. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Toussaint, Auguste. 1974. Histoire de Maurice. Paris: PUF. [Collection “Que sais-je?”].Vaughan, Megan. 2005. Creating the Creole island. slavery in eighteenth-century Mauritius.Durham NC: Duke University Press.On the principled nature of the respectivecontributions of substrate and superstratelanguages to a creole’s lexicon Claire LefebvreUniversité du Québec à Montréaland Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre AnthropologieThis paper argues that the respective contributions made to creolesby their substrate and superstrate languages are principled, and thatthey can be derived from a sound theory of creole genesis. More specifically,it is shown that the division can be derived from the nature and extentof the main cognitive process at work in creole formation, relexification/relabelling, and from how this process applies in the contexts where creolelanguages emerge.Corpus and websites:http://www.lalitmauritius.com/http://pages.intnet.mu/develog/ Bord la Mer PLHDWU, île MauriceCorpAix, research group DELIC, Aix-en-Provence.Old texts of Mauritian Creole by Philip Baker, electronic version.IntroductionBecause they have limited access to the superstrate language, the creators ofradical creoles – those that are closest to their substrate languages – tend to usetheir knowledge of their own language in interpreting what they hear from the This paper is part of my long-term research program on the genesis of creole languages. Theresearch on which this paper is based was funded by SSHRCC. The content of the paper waspresented at the Creole Language Structure Between Substrates and Superstrates Conferenceheld in Leipzig (Germany), June 3–5, 2005. I am grateful to Susanne Michaelis for inviting meto present my views on the topic, and to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropologyfor its financial contribution to this enterprise. I would like to thank the participants inthe conference for their comments and questions about my presentation, and three reviewersfor their comments and questions on an earlier version of this paper. Finally, many thanks toIsabelle Therrien for helping put the material together, and to Andrée Bélanger for formattingthe manuscript.2nd proofs
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