ARTICLE IN PRESS12 L. Avérous, F. Le Digabel / Carbohydrate Polymers xxx (2006) xxx–xxx35180El<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> at the Yield Point (%)30252015105Modulus (MPa)1601401201008060402000 1020 30Filler weight fracti<strong>on</strong> (wt %)00 10 20 30Filler weight fracti<strong>on</strong> (wt %)El<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> at break (%)2001801601401201008060> 200 > 200Stress at break (MPa)6050403020> 80 > 8040201000 10 20 30Filler weight fracti<strong>on</strong> (wt %)00 10 20 30Filler weight fracti<strong>on</strong> (wt %)9Stress at the Yield Point (MPa)8765432100 10 20 30Filler weight fracti<strong>on</strong> (wt %)Fig. 13. Tensile mechanical properties – Impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the filler (LCF 0–1 ) c<strong>on</strong>tent (from 0 to 30 wt%).Ratio bicocomposites/matrix1,41,210,80,60,40,20Yield stressYield strain0 10 20 30Filler volume fracti<strong>on</strong> (%)Fig. 14. Fittings <strong>on</strong> the evoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> some tensile mechanical properties(Yield stress and strain) vs. volume filler (LCF 0–1 ) c<strong>on</strong>tent.NMR the ratio between the co-m<strong>on</strong>omers and by SEC, themolecular weights. The <strong>fillers</strong> have been obtained fromwheat straw after an acid hydrolysis step to eliminate mainhemicellulose and after a fragmentati<strong>on</strong> phase. The dried<strong>fillers</strong> have been sieved. We have obtained a populati<strong>on</strong>with a heterogeneous size distributi<strong>on</strong>. After a sec<strong>on</strong>d sieving,we have achieved two homogeneous fracti<strong>on</strong>s with twoaverage sizes, 45 and 460 micr<strong>on</strong>s. The three types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>fillers</strong>have been carefully characterised. These <strong>fillers</strong> present highlignin c<strong>on</strong>tents. We have analysed the impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the introducti<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these <strong>fillers</strong> into the matrix through thermal andmechanical analysis. By TGA, we have shown that the <strong>fillers</strong>degradati<strong>on</strong> temperature is higher enough to be compatiblewith the processing temperatures (extrusi<strong>on</strong> andinjecti<strong>on</strong> moulding). Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, adding filler hasincreased the thermal degradati<strong>on</strong> temperature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> thematrix, as a functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the reinforcing c<strong>on</strong>tent. By DSC,we have shown that the filler did not modify the level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>crystallinity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the matrix, but the <strong>fillers</strong> have induced anucleating effect. We have obtained a T g increase linkedto a reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the chain mobility. This increase has beenassociated with an increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the T c and T f . We have determinedthe heat <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fusi<strong>on</strong> at 12–13 J/g. The impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<strong>fillers</strong> size and c<strong>on</strong>tent have been analysed through uniaxial
ARTICLE IN PRESSL. Avérous, F. Le Digabel / Carbohydrate Polymers xxx (2006) xxx–xxx 130,8Modulus (GPa)0,7Voigt0,60,50,40,3Takayanagi0,20,100 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4Filler volume c<strong>on</strong>tent (%)ReussFig. 15. Fittings <strong>on</strong> the evoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the modulus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> LCF 0–1 -<str<strong>on</strong>g>based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>biocomposites</str<strong>on</strong>g> vs. filler volume fracti<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tent (Takayanagi, Voigt, and Reussmodels).tensile test results. Compared to comm<strong>on</strong> reinforced thermoplastics,these <str<strong>on</strong>g>biocomposites</str<strong>on</strong>g> have shown a similarbehaviour. The evoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the composite mechanicalbehaviour was due to a reinforcing effect associated toquite good <strong>fillers</strong>-matrix interacti<strong>on</strong>s. To predict the modulusevoluti<strong>on</strong>, we have shown that Takayanagi’s equati<strong>on</strong>is an accurate and a simple answer to evaluate the modulusin a range comprises between 0 and 30 wt%.The associati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> biodegradable polymer with these <strong>lignocellulosic</strong><strong>fillers</strong> is a good soluti<strong>on</strong> to overcome primaryissues with biodegradable polymers, i.e., the cost and themechanical properties. Then, the different associati<strong>on</strong>s wecan obtain can fulfill the requirements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different fields<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong>, such as n<strong>on</strong>-food packaging or othershort-lived applicati<strong>on</strong>s (agriculture, sport, etc.) wherel<strong>on</strong>g-lasting polymers are not entirely adequate. In additi<strong>on</strong>,these materials are in agreement with the emergentc<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sustainable development.AcknowledgementsThis work is funded by Europol’Agro through a researchprogram devoted to materials <str<strong>on</strong>g>based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> agriculturalresources. The authors thank Zuzana Kadlecova (VSCHT-Czech Rep./ECPM-France) and Cheng Ngov (ECPM-France) for NMR and SEC determinati<strong>on</strong>s, respectively.Besides, we thank Pr. 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