Niels Barrett PhD.pdf - OpenAIR @ RGU - Robert Gordon University

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The rise of a Profession within a ProfessionIntroductionThe Development of the Architectural Technology Discipline within the Profession of ArchitectureBackground of the studyArchitecture is a key topic for all of society as it constitutes the physical framesaround our entire lives, and provides a lot of possibilities and limitations for realisingour wishes and desires. These are physical, perceptual and mental (Brockmann 1969p. 7). Physical structures created by men are and have always been an important keyto our understanding of the human society – what it is now and what it was before(Rasmussen 1964 p. 10).Therefore, it affects us all when changes in the practices of architecture and physicalplanning occur, as is happening today. The changes referred to regarding architectureand construction did not begin recently but have developed over at least centuries(Frampton 1980 p. 12). Nevertheless, after the Second World War society hasexperienced an even more rapid development away from the traditional way ofbuilding due to new materials, new tools and new designs (Vadstrup 2005 p. 15,Gray and Hughes p. 40). This has been a challenge for all parties involved andespecially for architects who previously relied on skilled craftsmen to figure out mostof the detailing, which was normally a simple function of old highly developedcrafts. Local craftsmen knew exactly how to put the different building parts togetherand the architect only had to show the main shaping of the building and a fewpreferred profiles for the more visible parts. The rest would then be shaped by theskilled workers and craftsmen who knew very well how to detail and execute thebuilding according to the local tradition.The development of those crafts was based on local resources and cultural impactsfrom sources the local society had been in contact with (Jensen and Ganshorn 1987pp. 19-22). For example, the version of renaissance used in Danish royal palaces wasthe Dutch renaissance due to the fact that the Danish king (probably for politicalreasons, but maybe also because of personal taste), established a closer contact withHolland. He asked Dutch architects, (although possibly called ‘master builders’ at thetime), to come to Denmark to introduce the new fashionable style of renaissance.25
The rise of a Profession within a ProfessionIntroductionThe Development of the Architectural Technology Discipline within the Profession of ArchitectureHowever, apart from the aesthetic design, the craftsmanship remained mainly withinthe existing established local traditions of materials and execution as the craftsmenwere Danish (Hartmann and Villadsen 1979 pp. 63-64).That tradition vanished many years ago, and architects have long since diverged fromthe role of solely shaping buildings, as belonged to the tradition. In the beginning ofthe 20 th century, in the twenties and thirties, some architects welcomed the newmodern shaping that put reinforced concrete into extensive use. When this proved tobe too expensive in comparison with traditional method they tried to use thetraditional materials and craft techniques to make their buildings look modern and asif made of concrete just for the look of it. It was like a new spirit or belief related tonew ideas on democracy and how to set each individual free in a new world order(Faber 1977 pp. 185-186). Today, hardly anyone is capable of designing thetraditional way and all the designs based on the tradition going back to medievalEurope and further back to Greece and Rome have now become history. Architectshave been busy with the development of new kinds of space concepts and newtheories of art, function and design. But what about all the more technical mattersthat used to be solved by the builders?It is said that it was the emergence of new materials and new techniques that gaverise to a new form of architecture. People with a non architectural background hadsuccessfully in introduced such techniques in new kinds of construction which moreor less forced architects to abandon the old technical traditions and design for thenew materials and techniques – to invent a new architectural language that couldmeet the new requirements (Gideon 1967, Frampton 1980, Saint 2007).Even if one still refers to ‘craftsmen’ there is no such thing as crafts work to beexecuted in modern construction, save for the rather limited activities withinrestoration of old structures. Even in such activities new automatic tools will veryoften replace old hand tools and drawn and written specifications, that were notavailable for the craftsmen originally, will today be offered by the drawing office tosupport the work, thus creating a new and modern situation in comparison with the26
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