Youth and Oil & Gas Governance in Ghana - Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung ...

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Youth and Oil & Gas Governance inGhanaFacilities of the Jubilee FieldNine production wells bring the oil and gas from below ground tothe surface. In addition there are eight drillings to inject gas andwater. This is done to maintain the field pressure and to get ridof the gas, as long as there is no pipeline to the shore. There areplans to build one, but the financial questions have not yet beensettled. Constant gas flaring is forbidden in Ghana.All 17 wells will be connected to the Floating, Production, Storageand Offloading (FPSO) Kwame Nkrumah vessel. On the FPSOa daily maximum of 120,000 barrels of crude oil will be separatedfrom gas and water. Most of these by-products will be pumpedback through the injection wells. 15% of the gas will be used forpower generation to run the FPSO.Transport ships will collect the oil from the FPSO every 7 to 10days and ship it to worldwide refineries. During the first phase,four drilling rigs are already under contract to finish the explorationand development of the remaining areas of the field, namelythe southeast part.Quality of the OilJubilee crude oil is described as ‘light and sweet’. This implies highquality for refiners. Independent laboratory analysis says that thecrude oil has an API Gravity of 37.6 degrees and a sulphur contentof 0.25 % (weight), with no unusual characteristics. Crude oils ofthis type are attractive for worldwide refineries and can competewith the international price reference oils.RefineriesGhana has only one oil refinery-Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) whichis state-owned, with the capacity of 45,000 barrels per day. Toachieve international economic viability, it has to increase itscapacity utilization. Ghana government intends to invest US$300million in TOR to increase its capacity to 100.000 bpd. But this32
Chapter 2plan was already on the table since the late 90s and nothing happenedsince (Ghana Business News, 2010).Even if TOR operates at its maximum capacity of 45,000 bpd,in 2009 this would have met only 50-60% of the domestic fueldemand. The country is highly dependent on fuel imports whichamounted to 14 percent of merchandised imports in the year2008. 5As there is only a very limited number of jobs in the highly technicalupstream production of oil (approximately 300 at Jubilee), it isof enormous importance to create a strong mid and downstreamoil industry. Mid and downstream means every sector of the oiland gas industry in addition to the actual exploration and production.By supporting these sectors, not only jobs are being created,but value is added to the resources and dependence on the tradedbarrel price is reduced. The final products (i.e. fuel) are not subjectto such drastic global oil price fluctuations. Finally, refineries in thehome country decrease the local fuel price, as the production andimportation costs of oil are reduced.Two new refineries are planned by foreign companies. BarclaysGedi Group’s 100,000 bpd refinery to be situated at Takoradi wasoriginally scheduled to begin construction in early 2011. Apparentlythe building of the refinery has been delayed due to thelack of a contractual agreement with the Government of Ghana[Modernghana.com, 2005].In July 2009 South Africa’s New Alpha Refinery Ghana Ltd. andthe Ghanaian government wrote a Memorandum of Understandingto construct a new US$6 billion oil refinery in Accra. Productionrate is estimated at 200.000 bpd, but with a possible expansionto 400.000 bpd. This would be Africa’s biggest refinery. Theaim is to start production in 2015 (Africa Business Source, 2009)New refineries would aim for export, especially to the other WestAfrican Countries. Potential destinations are not only the nonrefinerycountries, but even Nigeria, where due to operationalinefficiencies of the existing refineries, a high fuel demand exists.5 World Bank Data on Imports, Ghana, 2008 (latest data entry)33
Page 1 and 2: Admittedly, the discovery of oil in
Page 3: YOUTH AND OIL & GASGOVERNANCE IN GH
Page 7 and 8: ForewordThe discovery of oil in com
Page 9 and 10: Purpose of the StudyPurpose of the
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryA
Page 13 and 14: ContentsContentsAcknowledgement 3Fo
Page 15 and 16: ContentsGovernment and corporate ag
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesList of Tables1. Expe
Page 21 and 22: List of FiguresList of Figures1. Wh
Page 23: List of MapsList of MapsGhana’s O
Page 27 and 28: find job opportunities immediately.
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2Chapter 2Overview of Ghana
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2(18.6%). However, in terms
Page 33: Chapter 2Effects of oil productionW
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2ExcurseTraditional Ghanaia
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2opment of the country. For
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2Even though a large youth
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2Obviously, today’s young
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3Chapter 3MethodologyThe st
Page 47 and 48: asking for opinions on statements,
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Chapter 7Chapter 7Youth opinion on
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Chapter 7most respondents do not kn
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Chapter 7• Clauses 46 to 48 provi
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Chapter 7and not the full document.
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Chapter 7Government and corporate a
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Chapter 7not considered to be a cle
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Chapter 7Respondents from the Ashan
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Chapter 7how it could be used for j
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Chapter 7bilee Field has made a glo
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Chapter 8capacity and skills necess
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Figure 14 shows that half of the re
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Chapter 9Chapter 9Media, Community
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Chapter 9Information flow on the oi
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Chapter 9Region, the heart and sour
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Chapter 9be counted due to the high
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Chapter 11Chapter 11Possible Centre
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Chapter 11T.R. Gurr (1970), page 13
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Chapter 11T.R.Gurr (1970), p. 46 an
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Chapter 11Possible Sources of Confl
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Chapter 11• Participation -- is t
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Chapter 11frustration will be proje
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Chapter 11Therefore, the Government
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BibliographyBibliographyUkeje, C. (
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BibliographyNii Moi Thompson and Le
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