Disease cycle of potato late blight - MSpace at the University of ...

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coumaroyloctopamine, p-coumaroylnoradrenaline (Mittelstra et al. 2006), caffeic acid, scopoletin, scopolin (Kuc 1973), p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid (Regnault-Roger et al. 2005), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoate, N-4-coumaroyl-amine, n- feruloyltyramine (Schmidt et al. 1998), and salicylic acid (Coquoz et al. 1995). Compounds from the isoprenoid pathway or mevalonate pathway linked to potato resistance from Phytophthora infestans are; i) the sesquiterpenes rishitin (Kuc 1973; Walker and Wade 1978; Henfling et al. 1980; Bostock et al. 1981; Ghanekar et al. 1984; Engstrom et al. 1999), rishitinol, phytuberin (Kuc 1973), lubimin (Kuc 1973; Henfling et al. 1980; Bostock et al. 1981), cedrol, farnesol (Engstrom et al. 1999) and abscisic acid (Henfling et al. 1980; Engstrom et al. 1999) and ii) the steroidal glycoalkaloids – Saponins -solanine, -chaconine (Kuc 1973; Andrivon et al. 2003) and solanidine (Andrivon et al. 2003). The oxylipins from the octadecanoid pathway linked to potato resistance to Phytophthora infestans are jasmonic acid and jasmonic methyl ester (Cohen et al. 1993) and the fatty acid hydroperoxides derivatives colneleic acid (9-[10(E),30(Z)- nonadienyloxy]-8(E)-nonenoic acid and colnelenic acid (9-[10(E),30(Z),60(Z)- nonatrienyloxy]-8(E)-nonenoic acid (Bryant et al. 2006). 1.2.5.4 Antimicrobial Metabolic Pathways 1.2.5.4.1 Phenylpropanoid pathway Plant phenolics play a variety of roles in the plant, ranging from scents (vanillin), pigments (anthocyanins), feeding deterrents (capsaicin, tannins), allelopathic compounds (syringin, caffeic acid), signaling molecules (salicylic acid), structural components 13
(lignin), UV protection (quercetin, kaempferol) and antimicrobial agents (medicarpin) (Bowsher et al. 2008). Phenolic compounds are substances that contain a hydroxyl, or phenolic group attached to a 6-carbon phenyl ring (Bowsher et al. 2008). The main phenolic groups are the simple phenylpropanoids, coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives and flavonoids. The simple phenylpropanoids all share the same basic structure of a linear three- carbon side chain attached to a six-carbon phenyl ring e.g. caffeic, ferulic, cinnamic, and p-coumaric acid. The coumarins have the basic C6-C3 phenylpropanoid structure with a cyclized side chain e.g. coumarin, umbelliferone, scopoletin. The benzoic acid derivatives differ from the other groups by having C6-C1, rather than C6-C3 structure e.g. vanillin, salicylic acid. The more complex phenolics include the flavonoids, consisting of two six-carbon (ring A and ring B) phenyl ring linked by a three carbon bridge (ring C) (Bowsher et al. 2008). The phenylpropanoid pathway occurs in the plastids. The first step in the core phenylpropanoid pathway is the formation of trans-cinnamic acid by the elimination of an ammonia molecule from phenylalanine (Fig 1.2). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Then, cinnamate 4-hyhrolase (C4H) introduces a hydroxyl group into the phenyl group of trans-cinnamic, forming p- coumaric acid. The final step in the core phenylpropanoid pathway catalized by the enzyme 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) to form p-coumaroyl CoA from coumaric acid. This core phenylpropanoid pathway produces the ring B and C for the flavonoid 14
Page 1 and 2: Molecular characterization of potat
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Henriquez Maria Antonia. P
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to tha
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFICATION AND CLONI
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 4: PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS E
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Similarit
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.1. Effect of EPA elicitor
Page 15 and 16: SH: subtractive hybridization TDFs:
Page 17 and 18: FORWARD This thesis has been writte
Page 19 and 20: the use of moderately resistant var
Page 21 and 22: subtropical and temperate environme
Page 23 and 24: FALL Disease Disease cycle cycle of
Page 25 and 26: plant intercellular space (apoplast
Page 27 and 28: signaling cascades, alteration in g
Page 29: The recent research target in late
Page 33 and 34: 1.2.5.4.2 Terpenoids pathways Terpe
Page 35 and 36: Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is th
Page 37 and 38: hemiterpenes C5 (1 isoprene unit),
Page 39 and 40: (Tian et al. 2005; Tian et al. 2007
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 4: Phytophthora infestans e
Page 43 and 44: slightly up-regulated in response t
Page 45 and 46: The objective of the current study
Page 47 and 48: days growth in Pea Broth Medium at
Page 49 and 50: 2.3.5. SH- Second Strand synthesis
Page 51 and 52: Second Strand for digestion. Howeve
Page 53 and 54: CAGCTACTTGGGAGGCTGAG-3’ and DL81-
Page 55 and 56: 2.4. RESULTS 2.4.1. Inoculation res
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.1. Schematic representatio
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.2. Example of TDFs in a po
Page 61 and 62: espectively. Transcripts DL32 and D
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.1. Similarities between seq
Page 65 and 66: US8 and US11, respectively. qRT-PCR
Page 67 and 68: and Schmittgen 2001) was used to ca
Page 69 and 70: Only in RB+US8, the DL21 precursor
Page 71 and 72: Constitutive gene expression has be
Page 73 and 74: iosynthesis via the diamino-pimelat
Page 75 and 76: Further validation of the subtracti
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 3: CLONING AND CHARACTERIZA
Page 79 and 80: Until recently, it was considered t
Page 81 and 82:
3.3.2. Cloning of DXS cDNA Using th
Page 83 and 84:
3.3.4. Bioinformatic analyses Deduc
Page 85 and 86:
Table 3.1. Primers used for the syn
Page 87 and 88:
StDXS1 has been submitted to the Ge
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Figure 3.2. Alignment of deduced am
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3.3. Phylogenetic tree of DX
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StDXS1 transcripts in RB+US8 were i
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Fold induction 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 2
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tentative consensus-TC of Solanum t
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Hevea brasiliensis (HbDXS) two DXS
Page 101 and 102:
This work opens up new perspectives
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4.2 INTRODUCTION Plant pathogens ha
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catalyze the first steps in the bra
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type A2) (kindly provided by Dr. Ad
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synthesis pool from each treatment,
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using a Stratagene Mx3005p cycler,
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with the glucan fraction and then i
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4.4.2. Analysis of variance Data co
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4.4.3 Gene expression analysis in t
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Relative Expression 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0
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strains D-03 (lineage US11, A1 mati
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Table 4.6. RT-PCR analysis of the r
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There was a down-regulation of StDX
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 4.6. Transcript profiles of
Page 129 and 130:
cultivar Defender (DF+GL+US8). Expl
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(Ac-MVA) pathway, participate in es
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4.5.2.2 Russet Burbank defense resp
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Russet Burbank. With the exception
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CHAPTER 5: ALTERED METABOLIC PROFIL
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pathogen interactions, the cell wal
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at 0, 12, 72, and 120 hours post in
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5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Disease developme
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Finally, an early stage of the inte
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Figure 5.3. Chromatograpic profiles
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µg Catechin /g FW µg Catechin /g
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levels of flavonoid (P3) in RB+US11
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Terpenoid (T1) was detected in Russ
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control plant, would be associated
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Flavonoids possess a wide range of
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explanation of such a specific supp
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diaminopimelate aminotransferase wh
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the DOXP-MEP pathway, we detected c
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• Sesquiterpene cyclase (SC) gene
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good disease control strategy. For
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REFERENCES Abramovitch R, Kim Y, Ch
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Chappell J (1995) Biochemistry and
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Daayf F, Platt HW, Peters RD (2000)
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Enyedi AJ, Yalpani N, Silverman P,
Page 177 and 178:
Haas BJ, Kamoun S, Zody MC, Jiang R
Page 179 and 180:
Kamoun S (2005) A catalogue of the
Page 181 and 182:
McGarvey DJ, Croteau R (1995) Terpe
Page 183 and 184:
Pieterse C, de Wit P, Govers F (199
Page 185 and 186:
Sels J, Mathys J, De Coninck BMA, C
Page 187 and 188:
van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CMJ (2
Page 189 and 190:
Yao KN, Deluca V, Brisson N (1995)
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CGCGGCGCGGCGGCCGGGTCATTTGCCCAGCTTTC
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Sequence GGCATGAAATGCATCGGGTGGAGTAA
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TCCCTTGGGCATGGTCCCCTCAGTTATACTTCGTG
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Sequence CTGAGGCGAGTGGCAGAAACTAATAC
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EST#: DL127 Sequence CCTGGGTGGGGCCG
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TCAGTCGCTATTTTAGGTGGCGATGGTAGCGTACT
Page 203 and 204:
MALCAYAFPGILNRTAVVSDSSKTAPLFSEWIHGT
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 3 (Chapter 3) Defender Eco
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