19THCENTURYMUSIC ♭ 6 8 ̇Allegretto graziosȯ ̇ ̇ ♮ dolce ♭ 6 8 ♭ ̇ ♯̇ ♯ ̇ ̇♮ ̇ ̇ ♭“As Allegretto grazioso”“As Rondo”Rondo vivace ♭ ♭ ♭ 2 4 ̇̇ ♮ ↓↓ ↓↓↓↓ ♮ ♮ ↓ ♭ ♭ ♭ 2 ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ ↓4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ♭ ̇ ♯̇ ̇ ♮ ̇ ♭ ̇ ̇↓etc.♭ ♭ ♭̇ ♮ ♯ ♭ ↓↓↓♮ ♭ ♭ ↓↓↓↓↓♭ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ♮ etc.Example 2 (continued)look at Czerny’s written-out examples forFantasy-like Improvisation (Phantasieren) witha single theme makes the likeness clear. AlthoughCzerny’s musical language operateswithin stylistic boundaries such as antece<strong>de</strong>ntconsequentstructures <strong>and</strong> accords with eigh-Königsburg Kapellmeister Eduard Sobolewski cites the infiniteexploration of a single theme/i<strong>de</strong>a as the criticaldifference between artists <strong>and</strong> normal educated citizens:“The reason why [an intelligent person] never learns tocomprehend life [is] that an i<strong>de</strong>a, a small, petty i<strong>de</strong>a issufficient to relieve all the worry <strong>and</strong> trouble of this world./ One i<strong>de</strong>a, often even an i<strong>de</strong>a from an i<strong>de</strong>a, [or] what wemusicians call motive, outline. . . . If one steals everythingfrom [an artist] he nevertheless remains rich” (Das ist dieUrsache, weshalb jener nie das Leben . . . recht begreifenlernt, daß eine I<strong>de</strong>e, eine kleine, winzige I<strong>de</strong>e hinreichendist, ihn all’ <strong>de</strong>r Sorgen und Mühen dieser Welt zu entheben./ Eine I<strong>de</strong>e, ja oft nur eine I<strong>de</strong>e von einer I<strong>de</strong>e, was wirMusiker Motiv, Umriß nennen . . . Raubt ihm alles, erbleibt <strong>de</strong>nnoch reich). See Sobolewski “Phantasie,” NeueZeitschrift für Musik 51 (24 Dec. 1839), 201–03, here 201.Writing in the same journal twenty-three years later,Richard Pohl similarly emphasizes the infinite capacity of74
teenth-century harmonic expectations, his conceptis strikingly similar to the principle behind<strong>Liszt</strong>’s improvisatory thematic transformation.In terms of the ironic relationship betweenthe two halves of <strong>Liszt</strong>’s divi<strong>de</strong>d i<strong>de</strong>ntity, thiskind of improvisation would call into questionthe metamorphic space between composer <strong>and</strong>performer enunciated so explicitly in <strong>Liszt</strong>’sletter to Carl Alexan<strong>de</strong>r in Weimar. For <strong>Liszt</strong>,the performer’s craft was to work themes into acoherent improvisation; the composer’s craft,conversely, was to make themes cohere into animprovisational work. Over <strong>and</strong> above the dialecticor dédoublement between performer <strong>and</strong>composer, <strong>Liszt</strong> the “improvising performer”creates form through what we might call theintuition of “thematic potential,” whereas <strong>Liszt</strong>the composer intuits thematic transformationthrough the creation of form. Any distinctionbetween these actions is one of <strong>de</strong>gree, notkind.A Pedagogical LineageFor <strong>Liszt</strong> in Weimar, the relationship betweenform <strong>and</strong> thematic transformation <strong>de</strong>fined hisconnection with the music of the past. 81 HisPhantasie, hinting at the incessant permutation of figures—geometric, musical—in the context of his survey of earlyacoustic theory: “The imagination follows no other laws butits own; it is limitless <strong>and</strong> unbound, <strong>and</strong> knows neither spacenor time. We gladly let it prevail, we <strong>de</strong>light in its majesticcolors, its wealth of shapes” (Die Phantasie folgt keinenan<strong>de</strong>ren Gesetzen, als ihren eigenen; sie ist schrankenlosund fessellos, und kennt we<strong>de</strong>r Zeit noch Raum. Wir lassensie gern walten, wir lassen uns durch ihrer Farben-Pracht,durch ihren Gestalten-Reichthum entzücken) (Pohl,“Akustische Briefe: Achter Brief,” Neue Zeitschrift für Musik3 [15 July 1853], 25–28, 33–37, 65–67, 73–74, here 26).81The concept of thematic transformation as the arbiter ofform relates directly to <strong>Liszt</strong>’s Weimar reforms. Such aconception was born of a shifting musical syntax in whichthe tonal regulation of greatly expan<strong>de</strong>d musical formsgave some ground to their thematic integration—a processAugust Halm i<strong>de</strong>ntified as a conception of form principallydriven by a theme; or, as he puts it, one in whichform presents “the story of a musical theme.” See AugustHalm, Von zwei Kulturen <strong>de</strong>r Musik (3rd edn. Stuttgart:Ernst Klett, 1947), p. 227. Historically, thematic transformationwas first formulated in relation to <strong>Liszt</strong> by AlfredHeuß in his influential study of <strong>Liszt</strong>’s symphonic poems,“Eine motivisch-thematische Studie über <strong>Liszt</strong>s sinfonischeDichtung ‘Ce qu’on entend sur la montagne’,” Zeitschrift<strong>de</strong>r Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 13 (1911), 10–21.See discussion of the term in Alexan<strong>de</strong>r Rehding, “<strong>Liszt</strong>’sagenda for compositional reform involvedclearly advancing beyond earlier forms so thatit became possible to “discern the stagesthrough which [the new] form was graduallyproduced.” 82 The “Dante” Sonata offers a readyexample, in that <strong>Liszt</strong> symbolically invertedBeethoven’s subtitle for the two Sonatas op. 27,turning “Sonata quasi una Fantasia” into hisown “Fantasia quasi Sonata” <strong>and</strong> thereby establishinga historical lineage for his musicwhile at the same time loosening its ties with aClassical conception of sonata form.In his autobiography, Czerny reports thatBeethoven (his teacher) “was unsurpassed in[the] style of fantasy-like improvisation,” shownin ex. 2, adding that Beethoven “could hardlyreconstruct in writing the wealth of his i<strong>de</strong>as<strong>and</strong> harmonies as well as the nobility <strong>and</strong> consistencyof his most highly artistic <strong>de</strong>velopment.”In perhaps his most revealing commenton Beethoven’s improvisations, however,Czerny distinguishes three different formalstyles:1. The form of a first movement or rondo Finale of aSonata. He would play a normal first section,introducing a second melody, etc., in a relatedkey. In a second section, however, he gave fullrein to his inspiration, while retaining the originalmotive, which he used in all possible ways.Allegros were enlivened by bravura passages, manyof which were even more difficult than thosefound in his sonatas.2. <strong>Free</strong> variation forms somewhat like the ChoralFantasy op. 80 or the choral Finale of the NinthSymphony; both these pieces give a true pictureof his improvising in this manner.3. A mixed form, one i<strong>de</strong>a following the other as ina potpourri, like his Solo Fantasy op. 77. 83Employing an original theme “in all possibleways”—Czerny’s first category—would seemto apply to op. 27, no. 1, where both halves ofMusical Monuments,” this journal 26 (2002), 56, nn. 13,14; <strong>and</strong> Jim Samson, <strong>Virtuosity</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Musical Work, p.217, n.29.82<strong>Liszt</strong>, Sämtliche Schriften, ed. Detlef Altenburg(Wiesba<strong>de</strong>n: Breitkopf <strong>and</strong> Härtel, 1989), V, 34–35.83Czerny, On the Proper Performance of All Beethoven’sWorks for the Piano, ed. Paul Badura-Skoda (Vienna: Universal,1970), p. 15.DAVIDTRIPPETT<strong>Virtuosity</strong> inthe “Dante”Sonata75