Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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� Production capacity- refers to the capacity of the equipment to produce a certain amount of energy and non-energy products � Technical Description of Technology- includes the detailed process description � Job Potential- the number and nature of jobs that will be generated by technology application � Parameters for Procurement Specifications- Considerations such as land area required, dimensions of the equipment and other details regarding purchase of equipment � Operation and Maintenance Requirements- Personnel, technical and other factors necessary for the efficient operation and maintenance of the equipment � Investment and Operating Cost- Financial considerations in procurement, installation and operation of the system or machinery � Environmental Considerations- advantages and disadvantages for the environment � Social Considerations- potential issues and concerns that may arise in the communities where the technology will be applied � Specific Considerations for developing countries- advantages and/or disadvantages for developing countries � Institutional and Regulatory Consideration or Requirements- Compliance to international or local regulatory standards � Process Description- details of the conversion process, whenever available, from collection of raw materials to the conversion process down to the end use � Price of Machine- cost of the equipment, including transport cost if to be imported � GHG Emission Reduction Potential- a computation of GHG savings incurred by displacing the use of fossil fuels through use of the biomass conversion technology � Examples of Real-life Applications- cites location of actual use of technology and level of use, whether commercial, pilot demonstration or research � Supplier- name and contact information of equipment manufacturer or developer � Justification/Profitability Indicator- Return of investment and payback period � Illustrations/graphs/photographs � Information sources B. Technology Assessment Sheets Technology Assessment Sheets accompany each Technology Data Sheet to enable the end users to screen the technologies applicable to local implementation. Assessments include the following information: 12
� Basic technology information 9 such as those in the technology data sheets, including crop, residue, process, equipment, main product and by-product; � Technical component- input and output capacity, equipment/s needed in the conversion process and efficiency of equipment; � Environmental Component- pollution disposal and control, fossil fuel displacement, compliance to regulatory standards, among others; � Social Component- potential hazard to community, local acceptability, job generation and other benefits; � Economic Viability- capital outlay and return of investment, loans and subsidies and incentives, and � Possible Barriers to Developing Countries- insufficient capability to operate machinery, lack of fiscal incentives to project holders, need for policy measures, among others Summary of Technology Entries A. Waste Biomass Resources For a comprehensive global assessment of waste biomass resources, including waste biomass generation and projection, as well as potential use and equivalent GHG reduction, please see the Report on the Global Assessment of Agricultural Biomass Waste Resources. The major crops and waste utilized in the Compendium’s technology entries are the following: Crop Waste � Coconut - Fronds, husk, shell � Coffee - Hull, husk, ground � Corn - Cob, stover, stalks, leaves � Cotton - stalks � Nuts - Hulls � Peanuts - Shells � Rice - Hull/husk, straw, stalks � Sugarcane - Bagasse � Agricultural Crops - Mixed agricultural crops, not limited to crop waste � Mixed type - Agricultural crops and waste including non-organic wastes 9 The same information is provided in the assessment to make it user-friendly. 13
Page 1 and 2: U n i t e d na t i o n s en v i r o
Page 3 and 4: Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
Page 5 and 6: setting and identification of stake
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMS CO2 Carbon Dioxide CV Calo
Page 9 and 10: 2. Rationale One of the critical ac
Page 11 and 12: 3. Scope and Limitations In compili
Page 13: The Project Website 4. The Compendi
Page 17 and 18: Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
Page 19 and 20: Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Pul
Page 21 and 22: 6. Recommendations The specific rec
Page 23 and 24: 2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
Page 25 and 26: HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop A
Page 27 and 28: operation of each to match the stea
Page 29 and 30: HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop A
Page 31 and 32: All above work in concert to reduce
Page 33 and 34: HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop A
Page 35 and 36: operation of each to match the stea
Page 37 and 38: TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop A wide
Page 39 and 40: 2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
Page 41 and 42: power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
Page 43 and 44: A fully automated continuous system
Page 45 and 46: Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 47 and 48: Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 49 and 50: Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 51 and 52: Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 53 and 54: 1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
Page 55 and 56: HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop A
Page 57 and 58: utilizing the most reliable system
Page 59 and 60: BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
Page 61 and 62: Before processing organic materials
Page 63 and 64: a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
Page 66 and 67:
Examples of Real Life Applications
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Crop Corn Residue Syrup Aqueous Pha
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Crop Corn Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 U
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop M
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop W
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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Two doors were designed for easy lo
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Asbestos gaskets are used while con
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The ash scraper slides through a cy
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flange attached at its bottom; this
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Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop W
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
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Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
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Crop Rice Residue Husks Process Gas
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Crop Rice Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls
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The customized harvester collects t
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Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
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Crop Rice Residue Husk 2.5 MW Cogen
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San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
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The technology of rice husk gasifie
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of trees can be controlled. This wo
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includes an automatic feeder, which
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Crop Rice Residue Hull Maligaya Ric
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Parameters for Procurement Specific
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162
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a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
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Crop Rice Residue Husk Rice husk br
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aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
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ease of removal of the char, a grat
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The rice husk gas burner for bakery
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Engineering and Environmental Manag
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Depending on the type of fuel it ha
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mode, all of the steam directed to
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pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
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R for in-kind repair of boilers and
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Crop Wood Wood Biomass Electricity
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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196
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Crop Rice Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA,
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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Detailed Process Description 1 Figu
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Crop Biomass Furnace-Type Lumber Dr
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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Crop Rice Residue Hulls The IRRI DR
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Crop Rice Residue Hull Rice Hull Fu
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Crop Abaca Residue Leaves Process T
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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� Increases yield. � Improves w
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Crop Alfalfa Bale as feedstock USA,
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Crop Maguey Residue Fruit Mezcal Pr
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
Page 350 and 351:
Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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� Being a high-priced fabric has
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Crop Rice Residue Husk Rice Husk ba
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Crop Rice Residue Rice Straw Paper
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Crop Sorghum Residue Stalk Process
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Crop Sorghum Residue Stalk Drinking
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only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
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Crop Wheat Residue Straw Davis & St
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Environmental and Social Considerat
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Details of Technologies 2. Waste to
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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operational analysis be carried out
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Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
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Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Collaboration with other companies
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NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
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Crop Corn Residue Stalk Cornstalk F
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Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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degrades the wastes. The algal pond
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Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
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Annexure 6 EST for Material Convers
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Operations and Maintenance Requirem
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Detailed Process Description There
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Crop Biomass Residue Waste Process
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422
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424
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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