Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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hull is a processing by-product of rice milling and accounts for about 20% of the rice production. Rice straws on the other hand are field wastes after the harvesting of rice. Example of Real Life Applications ‘Madhura’ syrup Nimbkar <strong>Agricultural</strong> Research Institute (NARI), Phaltan, India E-mail: nariphaltan@sancharnet.in Sources 1. http://nariphaltan.virtualave.net/syrup.pdf 376
Syrup from Sweet Sorghum U.S.A., Commercial Crop Sweet sorghum Residue Stalk Process Crushing Equipment Main Product Syrup By products Technical Description of Technology Figure 1. A typical large mill for squeezing the stalks A horizontal 3-roller power mill with crushing capacity to provide enough juice to keep ahead of the evaporation process is desirable. However, vertical mills are adequate for many small operations. To set the mill rollers initially, evenly space the feed roller 3/8-inch from the top roller. The feed roller is not intended to grind the cane but to mash it so that the extraction roller can grind it. The space between the extraction roller and the top roller should be 1/16inch. The rollers should be tilted so that the front opening is at least 20° below the rear opening to let the juice flow quickly away from the extraction roller. Usually, in small mills the speed of the top (large) roller is 10 to 12 revolutions per minutes (RPM). For large mills, the speed may be adjusted to 6 to 8 RPM. 377
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U n i t e d na t i o n s en v i r o
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 Carbon Dioxide CV Calo
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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The Project Website 4. The Compendi
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� Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Pul
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop A
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop A
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop A
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop A wide
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop A
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Crop Corn Residue Syrup Aqueous Pha
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Crop Corn Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 U
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop M
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop W
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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Two doors were designed for easy lo
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Asbestos gaskets are used while con
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The ash scraper slides through a cy
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flange attached at its bottom; this
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Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop W
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
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Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
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Crop Rice Residue Husks Process Gas
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Crop Rice Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls
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The customized harvester collects t
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Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
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Crop Rice Residue Husk 2.5 MW Cogen
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San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
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The technology of rice husk gasifie
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of trees can be controlled. This wo
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includes an automatic feeder, which
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Crop Rice Residue Hull Maligaya Ric
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Parameters for Procurement Specific
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162
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a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
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Crop Rice Residue Husk Rice husk br
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aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
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ease of removal of the char, a grat
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The rice husk gas burner for bakery
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Engineering and Environmental Manag
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Depending on the type of fuel it ha
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mode, all of the steam directed to
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pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
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R for in-kind repair of boilers and
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Crop Wood Wood Biomass Electricity
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Crop Rice Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA,
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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Detailed Process Description 1 Figu
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Crop Biomass Furnace-Type Lumber Dr
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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Crop Rice Residue Hulls The IRRI DR
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Crop Rice Residue Hull Rice Hull Fu
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Crop Abaca Residue Leaves Process T
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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� Increases yield. � Improves w
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Crop Alfalfa Bale as feedstock USA,
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Page 330 and 331: Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Page 334 and 335: The environmental impact is signifi
Page 336 and 337: . Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
Page 338 and 339: Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
Page 340 and 341: Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 342 and 343: In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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Page 346 and 347: Crop Maguey Residue Fruit Mezcal Pr
Page 348 and 349: 5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
Page 350 and 351: Method of Propagation Applying fert
Page 352 and 353: Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
Page 354 and 355: � Being a high-priced fabric has
Page 356 and 357: Detailed Process Description 202 Me
Page 358 and 359: Crop Rice Residue Husk Rice Husk ba
Page 360 and 361: The ash should be white or grey wit
Page 362 and 363: Crop Rice Residue Rice Straw Paper
Page 364 and 365: 1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
Page 366 and 367: Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
Page 368 and 369: improvements would provide cost sav
Page 370 and 371: Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
Page 372 and 373: Crop Sorghum Residue Stalk Process
Page 374 and 375: Example of Real Life Applications L
Page 376 and 377: Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
Page 380 and 381: The size of the mill or number of m
Page 382 and 383: Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
Page 384 and 385: The finished syrup is thoroughly st
Page 386 and 387: Crop Sorghum Residue Stalk Drinking
Page 388 and 389: only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
Page 390 and 391: Crop Wheat Residue Straw Davis & St
Page 392 and 393: Environmental and Social Considerat
Page 394 and 395: Details of Technologies 2. Waste to
Page 396 and 397: Detailed Process Description Figure
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Page 400 and 401: Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
Page 402 and 403: Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
Page 404 and 405: Collaboration with other companies
Page 406 and 407: NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
Page 408 and 409: Crop Corn Residue Stalk Cornstalk F
Page 410 and 411: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Page 412 and 413: degrades the wastes. The algal pond
Page 414 and 415: Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
Page 416 and 417: Annexure 6 EST for Material Convers
Page 418 and 419: Operations and Maintenance Requirem
Page 420 and 421: Detailed Process Description There
Page 422 and 423: Crop Biomass Residue Waste Process
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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