connector based on the content of the sentences. Exercise 8 serves as a review in causeeffectand contrast-concession. Students should be encouraged to share their answerswith classmates as there are many possible correct answers.Transition Words That Give Additional In<strong>for</strong>mation and Examples (13.4)After introducing the transitions in this unit, instructors may want to write samplesentences on the blackboard WITHOUT punctuation. Students can come up to theblackboard and try to correct the sentences by adding appropriate punctuation. Exercise8 allows students to write original sentences based on the prompts given.Time Relationships in Subordinating Conjunctions and Transition Words (13.5)Instructors can review the connectors presented in this section be<strong>for</strong>e going on toExercise 10. Exercise 10 reviews coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions,and other connectors. There is more than one correct answer, so an oral review of studentresponses can help the students review the concepts presented in this chapter.Exercise 11 , as a multiple choice activity, can be done in class or <strong>for</strong> homework. Foradvanced students, a time limit may be imposed by the instructor.Exercise 12 focuses on error correction in longer sentences. For rein<strong>for</strong>cement, studentswho make mistakes on these items may be asked to find the corresponding grammar rulefrom the chapter and write it down in a grammar notebook or an error log.Follow up with Exercise 13, Original <strong>Writing</strong>.2
<strong>Top</strong> <strong>20</strong>, <strong>Great</strong> <strong>Grammar</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Great</strong> <strong>Writing</strong>, <strong>First</strong> <strong>Edition</strong><strong>Teaching</strong> <strong>Notes</strong>http://esl.college.hmco.com/instructorsCopyright Houghton Mifflin CompanyChapter 14 – Sentence Matters: Variety, Common Problems(Run-ons, Comma Splices, Fragments), and PunctuationOverviewThis chapter focuses on sentence-related issues. The chapter begins with a review ofthree sentence types: simple, compound, and complex. Next, it offers students practiceadding variety to their writing by varying sentence structure and length, sentencebeginnings, and subject-verb sequence. The chapter then address common sentence-levelproblems: run-ons, comma splices, and fragments. Finally, students are presented withmajor punctuation marks needed <strong>for</strong> correct sentence writing: period, comma, semicolon,colon, apostrophe, and quotation marks.<strong>Teaching</strong> <strong>Notes</strong>Sentence Types (14.1)Introduce the sentence types by putting examples of simple sentences on the board.Include simple sentences with compound subjects or compound verbs. For example,Laura teaches Algebra I; Laura teaches and tutors Geometry; Laura and Nathan teachCalculus. Ask students to study the examples and find similarities and differences amongthe three. Guide them to the realization that although the sentences vary in the number ofsubjects/verbs they have, all three are simple sentences, containing one independentclause.Next, write an additional sentence on the board and ask students to add it to one of thesimple sentences. List some conjunctions on the board <strong>for</strong> students to use in order to jointhe sentences. For example, write Laura doesn’t teach Algebra II; Laura works morethan 40 hours a week; Laura and Nathan often plan lessons together. (Conjunctions:but, so, and) Again, ask students to compare the sentences, guiding them to theconclusion that compound sentences contain two (or more) independent clauses and arejoined by a coordinating conjunction.Introduce complex sentences in a similar fashion, writing a sentence on the board alongwith some subordinating conjunctions and asking students to <strong>for</strong>m new sentences. Forexample, write Algebra is not her favorite subject; Laura needs to earn some extramoney; There is a high demand <strong>for</strong> the class. (Conjunctions: although, because)Follow with Exercise 1. Exercise 2 is similar to the first one but is less controlled.Students can choose to use only the phrases listed or may add their own. If studentsneed additional practice, give them index cards and ask them to write one more simple1
- Page 1 and 2: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 3 and 4: Explain the form. This tense always
- Page 5 and 6: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 7 and 8: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 9 and 10: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 11 and 12: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 13 and 14: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 15 and 16: class. Have students complete Exerc
- Page 17 and 18: Exercise 6 uses something that most
- Page 19 and 20: the proper word if they misused a w
- Page 21 and 22: Modals of Possibility and Probabili
- Page 23 and 24: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 25 and 26: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 27 and 28: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 29: Top 20, Great Grammar for Great Wri
- Page 33 and 34: This section addresses the most com
- Page 35 and 36: Before beginning Exercise 5, have s
- Page 37 and 38: A very common test item on TOEFL, p
- Page 39 and 40: Exercise 5 is a simple mechanical t
- Page 41 and 42: Because versus because of (18.4)The
- Page 43 and 44: Exercise 5 is difficult because of
- Page 45: Introduce the pairs of words by goi