History of the Irish state to 1014 - National Library of Scotland

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2o8 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE chap.contracts of his own, which were for the benefit of theproperty—renting land, taking separate status under thelaw of joint husbandry, combining for co-tillage, payingbride-price for a wife of equal kindred.It is evident from the early laws that not only thehumbler boairig, or " lords of kine," but the rulingnobles, who had clients and vassals under their authority,were themselves agriculturists. These agrarian magnatesowned cornmills, ploughs and ox-teams, milch cattle,sheep and swine, horses for work as well as for thechariot and the saddle, and stocks of poultry. Like thepatricians of the Roman Republic, they were expectedto know the law and practise it in their assemblies. Anevil reputation hung round the memory of Dubthach," king of the Decies of Brega," whose habit it was torefuse wages till an extra month had been served ": heit was that as against a year's hire and stipend [always]contrived to have another month " (9). It must neverbe forgotten with regard to the lords of the governingclass that, although they held land, it was not with thesame idea of property which exists to-day (10). Theyhad no power of eviction. Their authority was ratherpolitical than personal.The elaborate orders of rank find no mention in ordinarylegends and poems, where these class divisions neverappear ; they were certainly not considered a matter ofsocial distinction, as modern communities might suppose.Nor were new grades of " worthies " and " rulers"created by the well-known meticulous pedantry of Irishscholars, who loved to define and classify everything.The jurists were in the closest contact with the people,with full understanding of the details of their commonlife, and inspired by a strong national spirit. Thesub-division of classes marked by honour-price so as toestablish each man's status in the law-courts, howevercomplicated it may seem to us, was no needless or senseless
X SOCIAL GRADES 209work of lawyers out of touch with reality. In a societywhere by ancient custom each class was allotted itsexact measure of public duty and public rights, and itslegal protection and compensation in case of accidentor crime, it was necessary amid increasing wealth andgrowing industries to provide for finer distinctions in thelaw. A handy rule was needed to ensure that in everypetty court, and in every kingdom, there should be thesame measure for the value set on each man's oath orevidence or crime. When treaties were multipliedbetween the tuatha, and penalties or compensations hadto be adjudged across the borders, or even carried onappeal to a distant court, a universal rule of guidance,based on oral tradition valid for the entire country, secureda uniform system of national law.The jurists of the central court were, as far as traditiontells, chosen for their distinction and ability from courtsof the lesser kingdoms, where they had been in immediatetouch with local agricultural life and knew all its problems.Out of their traditional and personal knowledge theydeveloped a system of law singular in its time. One code,the national law of Ireland, covered the whole area of thecountry, and was accepted without conflict by all thehundred or so of petty kingdoms. No recalcitrant cornerof the land remained as a refuge for criminals. Andthrough the centuries to come there was never a revoltby any class, or in any region of Ireland, against thecommon accepted law of the whole people.REFERENCES, CHAPTER X.(i) P. 190. Eoin MacNeill : "Ancient Irish Law : The Law of Statusor Franchise" {R.LA. XXXVI, c. i6), pp. 265, 281, 311.These early law-tracts, re-translated by Dr. MacNeill, remainthe foundation of any exact study of ancient Irish Laws. Thedetails in this chapter are taken from this work of Dr. Mac-Neill's except in cases where a quotation is noted as comingfrom another source.A complete outline of the system is given in " CelticIreland," chap. VII, " Political Framework of Ancient Ireland."
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MACMILLAN AND CO., LimitedLONDON .
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HISTORY OF THE IRISHSTATE TO I o 14
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PREFACEIn this book I have brought
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PREFACEixtrace the magnanimity with
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HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATECHAPTER I
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I EARLY PEOPLES3fillar-stones may h
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I EARLY PEOPLES5fact, Ireland was i
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I EARLY PEOPLES 7circles, the immem
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I EARLY PEOPLES 9and which must be
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I EARLY PEOPLES iiwas by him that c
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aI EARLY PEOPLES 13their home. Her
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I EARLY PEOPLES 15wealth, and rings
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EARLY PEOPLES 17and place of assemb
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I EARLY PEOPLES 19be examined for p
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CHAP. II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADE
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II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 23I
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"II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 25
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II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 27l
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:;II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 2
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II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 31T
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;II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS 33
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—II THE CELTIC-SPEAKING INVADERS
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CHAPTER IIIUISNECH AND TARAIn the f
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Ill UISNECH AND TARA 39The Connacht
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Ill UISNECH AND TARA 41final advanc
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—UISNECH AND TARA43enduring sense
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aIll UISNECH AND TARA45half, but th
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I—in UISNECH AND TARA 47commander
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'^tA^'*ÎII UISNECH AND TARA 49ants
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%£ weoAÎII UISNECH AND TARA 51his
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'TheIII UISNECH AND TARA 53realm, "
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4vuv*vv(i,.J3^pw44AA-^3uX^.Ill UISN
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ujit^^l^jGiJH^^^.^^^^;;IllUISNECH A
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UISNECH AND TARA59fallen." The syst
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;CHAPTER IVHIGH-KINGSHIP AT TARAIn
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—IV HIGH-KINGSHIP AT TARA 63conti
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IV HIGH KINGSHIP AT TARA 65the chie
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IV HIGH KINGSHIP AT TARA d-jPIcts a
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IV HIGH KINGSHIP AT TARA 69successi
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IVHIGH KINGSHIP AT TARAin fact a de
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IV HIGH KINGSHIP AT TARA 73Tara for
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"CHAP. V THE IRISH STATE 75order of
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V THE IRISH STATE -j-jdiction), its
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V THE IRISH STATE 79and treaty law.
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V THE IRISH STATE 8ipractice, seems
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V THE IRISH STATE 83foreigners.In C
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—CHAPTER VITHE UNION OF PEOPLESTh
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VI THE UNION OF PEOPLES 87meaning f
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;VI THE UNION OF PEOPLES 89Physicia
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"VI THE UNION OF PEOPLES 91fails in
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—VI THE UNION OF PEOPLES 93commun
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—|THE UNION OF PEOPLES 95REFERENC
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CHAP. VII SAINT PATRICK 97south, an
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VII SAINT PATRICK 99Thus once more
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VII SAINT PATRICK loiAfter his retu
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VII SAINT PATRICK 103harboured wild
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VII SAINT PATRICK 105of his own sin
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VII SAINT PATRICK 107plain. " Some
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VII SAINT PATRICK 109" *Dubthoch mo
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VII SAINT PATRICK inwhat we have re
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VII SAINT PATRICK 113king of Cashel
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;VII SAINT PATRICK 115One of the di
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VII SAINT PATRICK 117Letter {c. 459
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VII SAINT PATRICK 119died at Saul,
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VII SAINT PATRICK 121with the keene
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'the—CHAPTER VIIITHE EARLY CHURCH
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^ M&
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 127and in lat
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—VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 129take sh
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—VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 131and sev
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 133honour tha
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 135growth of
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 137In 551 he
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—VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 139victory
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THE EARLY CHURCH 141own people a da
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;'VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 143and thos
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 145of this gr
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"tÔJil^^^^-^^-'^-''^''^''^^^'^^VII
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IVIII THE EARLY CHURCH 149The secon
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viii THE EARLY CHURCH 151the whole
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;VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 153give, tha
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VIII THE EARLY CHURCH 155Silvester
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Page 191 and 192: —IX IRISH LEARNING 175The clergy
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"264 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE cha
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—CHAPTER XIVTHE IRISHCOMMONWEALTH
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—268 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE c
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CHAPTER XVASSEMBLIESPublic assembli
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;CHAPTER XVINORTH AND SOUTHThe Nort
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31 8 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE cha
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*H^^^&^326 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STA
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CHAPTER XVIIIFOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN
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a378 HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE cha
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—38o HISTORY OF THE IRISH STATE c
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CHAPTER XXICLONTARFThere was little
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EPILOGUE" Brian's battle " was not
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APPENDIX" The antiquity of the earl
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INDEX" Abbot," its meaning among Ir
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;LawCarman " of the Heroes," fair o
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1Diarmait, abbot of Armagh, 328Diar
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;;INDEX 431Genealogies, early Irish
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;Laws, early Irish, 107-109; legend
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king;Ossory, 305, 306, 370; Ciardn'
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INDEX 437Ui Eachach, 361Ui Faelain,
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