People of the Coastal Atacama Desert - IEB

Veth / Desert Peoples Final Proof 19.10.2004 12:01pm page 249People of the Coastal Atacama Desertin patches), small game (such as Ctenomys, a gopher-like fosorial animal), andcamelids (guanaco – Lama guanicoe), abundant sea birds, small quantities offreshwater fish and crayfish, roots of reed and tomatillo (Lycopersicon chilense),and potable water. People also appear to have moved upstream to look for lithicraw materials, a resource which is noticeably absent on the coast. Conditions in theterminal Pleistocene appear to have been more lacustral than today, with fluctuationsof a magnitude that are seen to have had varying effects on human populations– an issue which is still under vigorous debate (Grosjean and Núñez 1994;Latorre et al. in press; Núñez et al. 2002; Usselmann et al. 1999).The central Atacama lacks the coastal oases, with fresh water restricted tobrackish springs. The landscape is essentially barren and vegetation is restrictedto lomas, the vegetation depending on the coastal fog which is reduced in extentalong the coast and the Pampa del Tamarugal. This is a large inland basinconnected to 15 to 20 quebradas, with Aroma, Tarapacá, Chacarilla, Guatacondo,and Maní being the most important (Luis Briones pers. comm.), and a series ofsalares (ancient dry lakes) located behind the Coastal Cordillera. These interiorbasins experienced wetter conditions by the end of the Pleistocene and alsopossibly the Holocene (Latorre et al. in press).The Peopling of the Region and Possible Migratory RoutesThree human migratory routes have been proposed for the colonization of thisdesert zone by the end of the Pleistocene, linked to colonists entering SouthAmerica through the Isthmus of Panama (ca. 13,000–12,000 bp). In the firstroute, people are argued to have moved from the Amazonian Basin to the coldterritories of the high Andes. On the coast of the Atacama Desert these latePleistocene immigrants are argued to have become hunter-gatherers and fishermen.Recent mitochondrial DNA analyses from late Holocene human remains ofthe Atacama (ca. 4,000 bp) illustrate a strong genetic link with current tropicalforest populations (Moraga et al. 2002; Rivera and Rothhammer 1986, 1991). Thisdoes not necessarily mean, however, that all cultural traits found in the Pacific wereimported from the Amazon Basin.The second migratory route assumes that specialized hunter-gatherers, withsophisticated lithic industries, colonized the Andes from northern Colombia,next to the Isthmus of Panama (Rothhammer et al. 1984). According to Grosjeanand Núñez (1994), during the mid-Holocene a period of drought affected thehighlands of the central Atacama Desert, causing the shrinking of lakes and thereduction of biotic resources with a subsequent loss of hunting opportunities (butsee Latorre et al. 2002; in press, for a different paleoecological perspective).Settlements are seen to have been abandoned, creating a silencio arqueológico(‘‘archaeological silence’’) as residential groups became more mobile or peopleconcentrated in local refuges or moved to the coast (Núñez 1983).Neither of these two hypothesized migratory scenarios is currently supported, asrecent archaeological data show that the first permanent settlements occurred_ 249_