128THERESA M. GLOMB ET AL.processes might be expected to affect employee performance and well-being<strong>at</strong> <strong>work</strong>. We explicitly link each process to one or more of the core processesdescribed in the preceding section. We provide empiric<strong>al</strong> evidence for eachprocess, suggest ways in which the process would affect employees’functioning <strong>at</strong> <strong>work</strong>, and, where available, provide illustr<strong>at</strong>ions of theseprocesses from our interviews. In Table 1, we provide a summary of theTable 1.Potenti<strong>al</strong> Effects of Secondary Processes of <strong>Mindfulness</strong> onEmployee Performance and Well-Being.<strong>Mindfulness</strong>-Based ProcessPossible Work-Rel<strong>at</strong>ed EffectsResponse flexibility Improved decision making Improved communic<strong>at</strong>ionDecreased rumin<strong>at</strong>ion Improved coping with stressful events Faster recovery from neg<strong>at</strong>ive events Increased confidence and self-efficacy B<strong>et</strong>ter problem solving Improved concentr<strong>at</strong>ions More effective use of soci<strong>al</strong> supportEmp<strong>at</strong>hy Increased interaction<strong>al</strong> and inform<strong>at</strong>ion<strong>al</strong> justice Reduced antisoci<strong>al</strong> behavior Increased organiz<strong>at</strong>ion<strong>al</strong> citizenship behaviors Positive leadership behaviorsAffective regul<strong>at</strong>ion Improved communic<strong>at</strong>ion Improved coping with stressful events Faster recovery from neg<strong>at</strong>ive events Fewer accidentsIncreased self-d<strong>et</strong>ermin<strong>at</strong>ion andpersistence Increased go<strong>al</strong>-directed effort Improved task performance Gre<strong>at</strong>er learning Increased job s<strong>at</strong>isfaction Increased organiz<strong>at</strong>ion<strong>al</strong> commitment Increased performance on cre<strong>at</strong>ive tasksIncreased <strong>work</strong>ing memory Reduced neg<strong>at</strong>ive affect Improved ability to handle multiple demands Ability to perform under stressMore accur<strong>at</strong>e affective forecasting Less biased decision making More accur<strong>at</strong>e expect<strong>at</strong>ions Less frustr<strong>at</strong>ion and neg<strong>at</strong>ive emotion
<strong>Mindfulness</strong> <strong>at</strong> Work 129cognitive and emotion<strong>al</strong> process rel<strong>at</strong>ed to mindfulness and their proposed<strong>work</strong>-rel<strong>at</strong>ed effects.Response Flexibility[During a medit<strong>at</strong>ion r<strong>et</strong>re<strong>at</strong>] my teacher was t<strong>al</strong>king about a kind of reptilian inheritedkind of restlessness – jump! jump! jump! jump! – th<strong>at</strong> we probably inherited because weneeded to, and I tend not to respond to th<strong>at</strong> y which I think is wise. Now when someonecomes to me with som<strong>et</strong>hing [<strong>at</strong> <strong>work</strong>], instead of giving a fast glance I find myselfstaring a lot <strong>at</strong> people y just kind of slowing down, you know y and I try to come tosome wisdom before I answer y and if th<strong>at</strong> turns out not to be wise, or not wisdom, thenswitching it. But I don’t think I’m nearly as impulsive as I would be if I didn’t practice,th<strong>at</strong>’s for sure.– <strong>Mindfulness</strong> Medit<strong>at</strong>or (Participant #3)Response flexibility can be defined as the ability to pause before takingverb<strong>al</strong> or physic<strong>al</strong> action (Siegel, 2007). Response flexibility occurs when oneis able to pause before responding to an environment<strong>al</strong> stimulus. In thewords of our study participant, response flexibility is characterized by a‘‘slowing down’’ and deeper consider<strong>at</strong>ion of the situ<strong>at</strong>ion (‘‘come to somewisdom’’) before responding to <strong>work</strong>place events and interactions. Allowingtime and space to reflect and consider multiple, nonautom<strong>at</strong>ic ways ofresponding offers more opportunities for optim<strong>al</strong> outcomes and functioning.R<strong>at</strong>her than responding to <strong>work</strong>place events habitu<strong>al</strong>ly and invariantly,response flexibility <strong>al</strong>lows one the power to act in <strong>al</strong>ignment with one’sgo<strong>al</strong>s, needs, and v<strong>al</strong>ues (Brown <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>., 2007). As our interviewee indic<strong>at</strong>ed,mindfulness promotes a slowing down of one’s response and mor<strong>et</strong>houghtful consider<strong>at</strong>ion of how (and wh<strong>et</strong>her) to react to <strong>work</strong> eventsr<strong>at</strong>her than ‘‘jump’’ impulsively and reactively.A growing body of evidence suggests th<strong>at</strong> mindfulness plays a significantrole in heightened response flexibility across a vari<strong>et</strong>y of situ<strong>at</strong>ions rangingfrom gambling to interperson<strong>al</strong> communic<strong>at</strong>ion (e.g., Bishop <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>., 2004;Ch<strong>at</strong>zisarantis & Hagger, 2007; Lakey <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>., 2007; Wenk-Sormaz, 2005).Responding in a flexible manner requires not only a delay in response but<strong>al</strong>so a careful assessment of the situ<strong>at</strong>ion, the available response options, aswell as an ultim<strong>at</strong>e initi<strong>at</strong>ion of action (Siegel, 2007). This type of executiveself-control is initi<strong>at</strong>ed in large part by the mPFC, which, as noted in thepreceding text, is activ<strong>at</strong>ed by mindfulness. All three core processesdeline<strong>at</strong>ed in the preceding text appear to play a role in gener<strong>at</strong>ing acapacity for flexible responding. Physiologic<strong>al</strong> regul<strong>at</strong>ion and awareness<strong>al</strong>lows one to assess environment<strong>al</strong> stimuli without experiencing