ORAU TEAM Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH

Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0041 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 06/02/2009 Page 4 of 89
5.2.1.3 Plutonium Fecal Minimum Detectable Concentrations and
Frequencies ...................................................................................... 46
5.2.2 Uranium Urine and Feces Bioassay ................................................................ 47
5.2.2.1 Uranium Urine Analytical Procedure ................................................. 47
5.2.2.2 Urine MDCs and Frequencies ........................................................... 48
5.2.2.3 Uranium Fecal Minimum Detectable Concentrations and Frequencies
......................................................................................................... 50
5.2.3 Thorium Exposures ......................................................................................... 50
5.2.4 Mixed Fission Products ................................................................................... 51
5.2.5 Unmonitored Radionuclides from Recycled Uranium ...................................... 51
5.3 In Vivo Counting ......................................................................................................... 52
5.4 Apollo Process Uranium Air Sampling Studies ........................................................... 53
5.5 Reports of Overexposures and Incidents .................................................................... 55
5.5.1 Apollo Site Incidents ....................................................................................... 56
5.5.2 Parks Township Site Incidents ........................................................................ 56
5.6 Uranium and Plutonium Air Sampling Programs ......................................................... 57
6.0 Occupational External Dose ................................................................................................... 58
6.1 External Exposure Sources ........................................................................................ 58
6.2 Workplace Radiation Fields ........................................................................................ 58
6.2.1 Beta Radiation ................................................................................................ 59
6.2.2 Photon Radiation ............................................................................................ 59
6.2.3 Neutron Exposures ......................................................................................... 59
6.3 Dosimeter Technology ................................................................................................ 59
6.3.1 Beta/Gamma Dosimeters ................................................................................ 60
6.3.2 Neutron Dosimeters ........................................................................................ 61
6.3.3 Limits of Detection .......................................................................................... 61
6.3.4 Radiological Records ...................................................................................... 62
6.4 Limitations in Measured Dose..................................................................................... 62
6.4.1 Low-Energy Photons ....................................................................................... 62
6.4.2 Neutron Radiation ........................................................................................... 65
6.5 Dose Reconstruction Recommendations .................................................................... 65
6.5.1 Recorded Dose Practices ............................................................................... 65
6.5.2 Adjustments to Recorded Dose ....................................................................... 66
6.5.2.1 Beta Dose Adjustments .................................................................... 66
6.5.2.2 Photon Dose Adjustments ................................................................ 67
6.5.2.3 Neutron Weighting Factor Adjustments ............................................ 67
6.5.3 Missed and Unmonitored Dose ....................................................................... 67
6.5.3.1 Shallow Dose and Deep Dose .......................................................... 67
6.5.3.2 Neutron Dose ................................................................................... 67
6.5.4 Uncertainty ...................................................................................................... 67
6.5.5 Radiation Dose Fraction .................................................................................. 68
7.0 Estimation of Exposure to Residual Activity ........................................................................... 69
7.1 External Dose from Residual Activity in the Workplace ............................................... 69
7.1.1 Apollo Site ....................................................................................................... 69
7.1.2 Parks Township Site ....................................................................................... 70
7.2 External Ambient Dose from Residual Activity ............................................................ 71
7.3 External Medical X-Ray Dose ..................................................................................... 72
7.4 Internal Dose from Residual Activity in the Workplace ................................................ 72
7.4.1 Apollo Site ....................................................................................................... 72
7.4.2 Parks Township Site ....................................................................................... 73