ReflectionsNew Year ‘s Dayby David M.F. Chapman (dave.chapman@ns.sympatico.ca)Have you ever wondered why NewYear’s Day is January 1 st ? Thatmay seem to be a silly question,but it has not always been so: historicallyspeaking, New Year’s Day has wanderedaround the calendar, and there alwayshave been calendars that start on daysother than January 1 st . (I once asked aChinese woman how to determine thedate of Chinese New Year. Giving me astrange look, she replied “You look onthe calendar!”)The calendar we use today, and whichthe world commonly uses for civil purposes,has its origins in the 365-day Egyptiansolar calendar. The flooding of the Nilewas a key date in Egyptian agriculture,a yearly event driven by the annual motionof the tilted Earth around the Sun. Thepeak of the flood happened to coincidewith the heliacal rising* of Sirius, the DogStar (Alpha Canis Majoris), and New Year’sDay on the Egyptian calendar occurredduring the “dog days” of what we now callAugust.Another source of our moderncalendar — at least for month names —is the Republican Roman calendar, whichwas a type of lunar-solar calendar. Thiscalendar started when the Earth itselfwas observed to experience rebirth, onthe first day of the month of Martius(March). Evidence of the March beginningcan be found in today’s month names.Following Martius, there were Aprilis,Maius, and Junius. The early Romans ranout of name ideas after 4 months, andthey simply numbered the next months:Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October,November, December. Bringing up therear were Januarius and Februarius, lateradditions. You can begin to understandwhy the leap days in calendars to comewere inserted into the month of February:it used to be the last month of the year.The republican Roman calendar provedto be unsatisfactory, often being arbitrarilymodified by minor officials whose questfor personal gain outweighed the publicgood.In 46 bc Julius Caesar (with expertadvice from the Alexandrian astronomerSosigenes) reformed the Roman calendarafter the Egyptian model. During the“Year of Confusion,” he inserted 67 daysto put it in step with the seasons,introduced the well-known 4-year cycleof leap years, and confirmed New Year’sDay as January 1 st , bringing it closer tothe Winter Solstice. Following Caesar’sassassination, the month Quintilis wasrenamed Julius, and eventually the monthSextilis was renamed Augustus after Julius’grand-nephew, who was the first RomanEmperor. Starting the year in January putthe last four months of the year innumerical positions two beyond thosesuggested by their names. (I struggle withthis constantly: September is 9, Octoberis 10, November is 11, December is 12.)These month names and their order havepersisted to this day, even during theascent of the Church as a unifying politicalpower.Meanwhile, many pagan culturessimply divided the year into quarters, thequarter days being the Equinoxes andthe Solstices. Traditionally, these wereMarch 25 th , June 24 th , September 26 th , andDecember 25 th on the Julian calendar, butthe true dates of the astronomicalphenomena immediately began slippingearlier, due to a small imprecision in thelength of the Julian year. Dividing further,the cross-quarter days were midwaybetween the quarter days: occurring inearly May, August, November, and February,these days are cluster points for traditionalfestivals which have survived to the presentday. This is described well in Guy Ottewell’sAstronomical Companion. The Celtic yearbegan with the gloomy festival of Samhain,which survives today as Hallowe’en followedby All Saints Day. The Germanic tribes,and others, began their year with theWinter Solstice.The Christians helped spread theuse of the Julian calendar, but they weremostly interested in keeping the date ofEaster near the Vernal Equinox, whichhad become the focus of the ecclesiasticalyear. Early Church leaders were wary ofthe pagan rituals that took place aroundthe Winter Solstice and decided thatMarch 25 th (the traditional date of theVernal Equinox) made a better New Year’sDay. Better yet, in the Church calendar,March 25 th is Annunciation Day, exactly9 months before the December 25 th , whichhad been chosen as Christmas Day, thecelebration of the birth of Christ.** Inmany European countries, includingEngland, March 25 th was New Year’s Daywell into the Second Millennium.In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII reformedthe Julian calendar, correcting the backwardslide of the Equinoxes and the Solstices.He also standardized New Year’s Day asJanuary 1, one week after the traditionaldate of Christmas. It took time forProtestant countries to toe the line; forexample, England and its colonies didnot make the calendar shift until 1752.The ghost of March 25 th lingers on: whenEngland made the change, March 25 thJulian was the same as April 5 th Gregorian,*The heliacal rising of a star is the first appearance in the morning sky of a star which was previously invisible owing to its conjunction with the Sun.** There is little evidence that Jesus was born in December. A better case could be made for the spring, when shepherds would indeed “watch their flocks bynight,” as this is the lambing season.232JRASC December / décembre 2000
and April 5 th still marks the start of theUK Taxation Year.What I have just written is a muchsimplifiedversion of the story. A recentbook that delves into minute detail onthe history of our calendar is DuncanSteel’s Marking Time (John Wiley & Sons,New York, 2000). A similar book (with aslightly pompous title) is David Duncan’sCalendar: Humanity’s Epic Struggle toDetermine a True and Accurate Year (AvonBooks, New York, 1998). A lighter read isIsaac Asimov’s The Clock We Live On(Collier, New York, 1963), but this hasbecome hard to find. (My copy is a batteredpaperback.)* * *Expect widespread confusion over datesin the coming year. Despite all the hooplalast year about Y2K and the demise ofcivilization, very little attention has beenpaid to the fact that the world has notsettled on an unambiguous date standardfor printed records and forms. Up untilnow we have suffered with DD/MM/YYand the U.S. variant MM/DD/YY. I havealso seen YY/MM/DD. The year 2000 wasa grace period, since “00” could onlyrepresent the year. Now we will be presentedwith dates like 03/02/01, and we will beleft scratching our heads. In these pagestwo years ago, I made a plea to adopt theISO date standard: YYYY-MM-DD. I willnot repeat my argument; I think thestandard speaks for itself. Since that time,several people have criticized the standardon the basis of its awkwardness in speechand writing: it is simply not the way weexpress ourselves colloquially. To this Iwould have to agree. ISO never meant tostandardize speech and writing, only inthe representation of dates used inelectronic data processing andcommunication. By all means say “Thesecond of January, 2001” or write “2001January 1” if you want. My amended appealis “please use the ISO standard in caseswhere only numbers are used to representthe date.” Be careful out there.David Chapman is a Life Member of theRASC and a past President of the HalifaxCentre. Visit his astronomy page atwww3.ns.sympatico.ca/dave.chapman/astronomy_page.As they say…be careful whatyou wish for…!December/ décembre 2000 JRASC233