Nuclear Technology Review 2011 - IAEA

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, caused by the extraordinary natural disasters of the earthquake and tsunamis that struck Japan on 11 March 2011, continues to be assessed. As this report focuses on developments in 2010, the accident and its implications are not addressed here, but will be addressed in future reports of the Agency. In 2010, construction started on sixteen new nuclear power reactors, the largest number since 1985. With five new reactors connected to the grid and only one reactor retired during the year, total nuclear power capacity around the world increased to 375 GW(e). Revised projections in 2010 of future nuclear power growth still indicated high expectations for nuclear power expansion. Expansion and near and long term growth prospects remained centred in Asia. Two thirds of the reactors currently under construction are in Asia, as were thirteen of the sixteen construction starts. Of these, ten construction starts were in China alone. Trends of uprates and renewed or extended licences for operating reactors continued in 2010, particularly in some European countries where the trend towards reconsidering policies that restricted the future use of nuclear power continued. Interest in starting new nuclear power programmes remained high, with over 60 Member States having indicated to the Agency their interest in considering the introduction of nuclear power. In the 2010 edition of the OECD/NEA–IAEA ‘Red Book’, estimates of identified conventional uranium resources at less than $130/kg U decreased slightly compared to the previous edition, but uranium production worldwide significantly increased due largely to increased production in Kazakhstan. Uranium spot prices, which declined in 2009, reached at the end of 2010 their highest levels in over two years topping $160/kg U, despite early and mid-year prices fluctuating between $105/kg U and $115/kg U. The Board of Governors, in December 2010, approved the establishment of an IAEA low enriched uranium (LEU) bank, which will be owned and managed by the IAEA, as a supply of last resort, for power generation. Also in December, an LEU reserve under the aegis of the Agency was opened in Angarsk, Russian Federation, comprising 120 tonnes of LEU, which is sufficient for two full cores of fuel for a 1000 MW(e) power reactor. More than 50 Member States are considering alternatives or have begun developing disposal options appropriate for their waste inventories. In January 2010, a decree came into force in Slovenia confirming the site for its low and intermediate level waste repository. In November 2010, the European Commission issued a proposal for a Council Directive on the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste that included asking EU Member States to present national programmes, indicating 1
when, where and how they will build and manage final repositories aimed at guaranteeing the highest safety standards. Finland and Sweden are preparing the documentation for construction licences for deep geological facilities designated for spent fuel. The French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) presented a new edition of the national plan for the management of radioactive material. In the USA, the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future was established in January 2010 after the US Government’s 2009 decision not to proceed with the Yucca Mountain deep geological repository. The Commission’s first, interim report is expected in July 2011. IAEA support continued to Member States and international programmes to return research reactor fuel to its country of origin. As part of the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return (RRRFR) programme, approximately 109 kg of fresh high enriched urarium (HEU) fuel and 376 kg of spent HEU fuel were repatriated to the Russian Federation. 2500 kg of degraded, spent, research reactor fuel was transported from Vinča, Serbia, to the Russian Federation at the end of 2010. The Vinča repatriation work also marked the successful implementation of the largest value technical cooperation project in the Agency’s history. In China, the 65 MW(th) (20 MW(e)) pool-type China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) reached criticality for the first time on 21 July 2010. In Japan, the 280 MW(e) prototype fast breeder reactor was restarted on 6 May 2010 and confirmation tests have started. With respect to nuclear fusion, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) officially moved into its construction phase in July 2010. It is expected that first plasma will be achieved in November 2019. Substantial progress has also been made at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the USA where a 1 MJ pulse was achieved in January 2010. The development, testing, validation, and implementation of rapid and accurate nuclear and nuclear related techniques for early disease diagnosis have played a major role in improving food security in 2010. For example, vaccines are being developed against brucellosis (a widespread zoonotic disease) in Argentina and Georgia; parasitic worm infections in Ethiopia, Sudan and Sri Lanka; theileriosis in China and Turkey; trypanosomosis in India and Kenya; anaplasmosis in Thailand; and fishborne parasites in the Islamic Republic of Iran. An important strategic component of raising productivity and assuring global food security will be to increase investment in pest management. The proceedings of an FAO/IAEA coordinated research project (CRP), that brought together 18 research teams from 15 countries, were published in 2010. Its results point to a series of innovative ways for ionizing radiation to add value to the implementation of biological control using predators and parasitoids as 2
Page 2 and 3: NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2011
Page 4 and 5: NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2011 INTE
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . .
Page 8: ANNEX II: ENHANCING FOOD SAFETY AND
Page 13 and 14: esearchers to date and study such l
Page 15 and 16: TABLE A-1. NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS I
Page 17 and 18: In some European countries, where r
Page 19 and 20: esults in increased electricity dem
Page 21 and 22: 2008, an increase of 133% on the 20
Page 23 and 24: Corporation (Rosatom) and placed un
Page 25 and 26: induction melter at the R7 plant in
Page 27 and 28: dismantling and removal of all inte
Page 29 and 30: B.1. Advanced fission 6 20 B. ADVAN
Page 31 and 32: Generation IV International Forum
Page 33 and 34: sustainable nuclear energy systems,
Page 35 and 36: 26 C. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR DATA The m
Page 37 and 38: 28 FIG. C-3. LCLS X ray free electr
Page 39 and 40: Restoration Centre of the Museums o
Page 41 and 42: facilities, from HEU to LEU. In 200
Page 43 and 44: 34 E. NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD
Page 45 and 46: FIG. E-1. Parasitoid females probin
Page 47 and 48: 38 Applying existing tools to chara
Page 49 and 50: spatial and temporal scales and, he
Page 51 and 52: F.1. Nutrition 42 F. HUMAN HEALTH S
Page 53 and 54: The scanning time is reduced to a f
Page 55 and 56: The demand from Member States for t
Page 57 and 58: 48 H. WATER RESOURCES 20 Studies us
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I.1.2. Security of supplies of moly
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FIG. I-2. Sketch of GPS integrated
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Annex I RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
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Safety margins are used in order to
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Fig. I-2. A linear accelerator comm
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movements and triggers the treatmen
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I-3.4. Introduction of advanced tec
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isotope with a half-life of 5.27 ye
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[I-11] BRADA, M., PIJLS-JOHANNESMA,
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necessary. Such action can reduce t
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elated to carbon dioxide uptake and
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infancy. The development and applic
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The limitations inherent in analyti
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[II-19] RHODES, et al., Emerging Te
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If most of the recharge is derived
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FIG. III-2. Field work at a coastal
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under semi-arid and arid conditions
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FIG. III-3. Map of the Guaraní Aqu
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colours) compared to the west side
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FIG. III-6. Map showing the locatio
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FIG. III-7. Oblique views of the ge
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Atoms for Peace Atoms for Peace
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