Nuclear Technology Review 2011 - IAEA

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prostate and the bladder, as well as the pelvis in general, all of which also move during and between treatment applications. Through the development of respiratory gated radiotherapy, tumour motion can now be taken into account very precisely. In computer driven respiratory gated radiotherapy, a small plastic box with reflective markers is placed on the patient’s abdomen. The reflective markers move during breathing, and a digital camera hooked to a central processing unit monitors these movements in real time. A computer programme analyses the movements and triggers the treatment beam at the same moment of the respiratory cycle. With this technique it is also possible to choose the respiratory phase. Depending on the tumour’s location, it will be irradiated during inspiration or expiration. Therefore the tumour will always be encompassed by the radiation beam while avoiding exposure of critical organs. F.3. New developments in nuclear medicine technology for cardiac studies In the past three years, there have been major advances in nuclear medicine, in particular in the field of cardiology. There has been a reduction in the scanning time and administered radiation dose to patients combined with an improvement in the overall image quality, thus allowing a more confident and efficient diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and improving workflow. The technological concept of conventional Anger gamma camera systems used in SPECT imaging has not changed over the past fifty years. This traditional design uses a thallium-doped sodium iodine crystal that scintillates in response to gamma photons, producing a weak flash of light, coupled with a set of photomultiplier tubes that detect the fluorescent flash. New technology, however, combines new detector materials such as cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), the use of focused pin hole collimation, 3 D reconstruction, and data acquisition models. In a traditional Anger camera, a gamma ray strikes a sodium iodide scintillation crystal, producing a flash of light; a photomultiplier tube then transforms the light photon into an electric charge, completing a two-step process. With a solid-state detector, a gamma ray strikes a different type of crystal, such as CZT, which is a semiconductor that converts the photon directly to a digital electronic signal, a one-step process. The new high speed system is characterized by an increase in count sensitivity, allowing for a reduction of the study time and administered radiation dose, without compromising the quality of the studies and diagnostic capabilities. With the new systems the effective radiation dose is in the range of 1/10 as compared to the dose delivered with the use of conventional nuclear medicine technology. 43
The scanning time is reduced to a four minute stress/two minute rest acquisition with the high speed camera providing images with improved resolution and a similar amount of perfusion abnormality as in the conventional SPECT myocardial perfusion images (MPIs) (Fig. F-1.). 19 The new systems allow the possibility of combining the molecular nuclear medicine images with anatomic details provided by the computed tomography machines. The two different types of equipment, merged into ‘hybrid systems’, allow for a combined evaluation of function and structure in a single diagnostic procedure to obtain the most from each modality. This is a huge improvement in patient care that is currently being applied in nuclear cardiology and will certainly be used more widely in future in other clinical fields, such as oncology. 19 SHARIR, T., SLOMKA, P.J., BERMAN, D.S., Solid-state SPECT technology: Fast and furious. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 17 (2010) 890–6. 44 Conventional Solid-state detectors FIG. F-1. Myocardial perfusion images using conventional SPECT technology (upper row) and a new dedicated cardiac camera equipped with solid state CZT detectors (bottom row). Studies were performed sequentially on the same patient. Difference in image resolution can be readily appreciated (courtesy B. Hutton and S. Ben-Haim, UCL Hospitals, London, UK).
Page 2 and 3: NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2011
Page 4 and 5: NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2011 INTE
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . .
Page 8: ANNEX II: ENHANCING FOOD SAFETY AND
Page 11 and 12: when, where and how they will build
Page 13 and 14: esearchers to date and study such l
Page 15 and 16: TABLE A-1. NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS I
Page 17 and 18: In some European countries, where r
Page 19 and 20: esults in increased electricity dem
Page 21 and 22: 2008, an increase of 133% on the 20
Page 23 and 24: Corporation (Rosatom) and placed un
Page 25 and 26: induction melter at the R7 plant in
Page 27 and 28: dismantling and removal of all inte
Page 29 and 30: B.1. Advanced fission 6 20 B. ADVAN
Page 31 and 32: Generation IV International Forum
Page 33 and 34: sustainable nuclear energy systems,
Page 35 and 36: 26 C. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR DATA The m
Page 37 and 38: 28 FIG. C-3. LCLS X ray free electr
Page 39 and 40: Restoration Centre of the Museums o
Page 41 and 42: facilities, from HEU to LEU. In 200
Page 43 and 44: 34 E. NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD
Page 45 and 46: FIG. E-1. Parasitoid females probin
Page 47 and 48: 38 Applying existing tools to chara
Page 49 and 50: spatial and temporal scales and, he
Page 51: F.1. Nutrition 42 F. HUMAN HEALTH S
Page 55 and 56: The demand from Member States for t
Page 57 and 58: 48 H. WATER RESOURCES 20 Studies us
Page 59 and 60: I.1.2. Security of supplies of moly
Page 61 and 62: FIG. I-2. Sketch of GPS integrated
Page 64 and 65: Annex I RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
Page 66 and 67: Safety margins are used in order to
Page 68 and 69: Fig. I-2. A linear accelerator comm
Page 70 and 71: movements and triggers the treatmen
Page 72 and 73: I-3.4. Introduction of advanced tec
Page 74 and 75: isotope with a half-life of 5.27 ye
Page 76 and 77: [I-11] BRADA, M., PIJLS-JOHANNESMA,
Page 78 and 79: necessary. Such action can reduce t
Page 80 and 81: elated to carbon dioxide uptake and
Page 82 and 83: infancy. The development and applic
Page 84 and 85: The limitations inherent in analyti
Page 86 and 87: [II-19] RHODES, et al., Emerging Te
Page 88 and 89: If most of the recharge is derived
Page 90 and 91: FIG. III-2. Field work at a coastal
Page 92 and 93: under semi-arid and arid conditions
Page 94 and 95: FIG. III-3. Map of the Guaraní Aqu
Page 96 and 97: colours) compared to the west side
Page 98 and 99: FIG. III-6. Map showing the locatio
Page 100 and 101: FIG. III-7. Oblique views of the ge
Page 102:
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Nuclear Technology Review 2011 - IAEA

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