Water from Small Dams

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Technical handbooks in this series:TitlesContents1 Water for rural communities Lessons learnt from Kitui pilot projects2 Water supply by rural builders Procedures for being rural contractors3 Water surveys and designs Survey, design and cost of water projects4 Water from rock outcrops Rock catchment tanks, masonry and earth dams5 Water from dry riverbeds Wells, subsurface dams, weirs and sand dams6 Water from roads Rainwater harvesting from roads7 Water from small dams Ponds and small earth dams built manually8 Water from roofs Various types of roof catchments for domestic useThese handbooks can be obtained free of charge by either collecting them from the office ofASAL Consultants Ltd., or by paying through bank transfer the cost of sending the manuals bycourier. For further details, please contact: asal@wananchi.com with copy toasalconsultants@yahoo.comPublished byASAL Consultants Ltd. forthe Danish International Development Assistance (Danida) in KenyaText, drawings, photos byErik Nissen-PetersenComputer drawings and tracing byCatherine W. WanjihiaProofs and editing byProf. Elijah K. Biamah, Amin Verjee and Steen S. LarsenPrinterModern Lithographic (K) Ltd., P.O. Box 52810-00200, Nairobi, KenyaWebsite byEdwin OndakoDistribution byASAL Consultants Ltd., P.O. Box 739, Sarit 00606, Nairobi, Kenyaasal@wananchi.com asalconsultants@yahoo.comFax/Tel : 254 020 2710296 Mobiles: 0733 619 066 and 0722 599 165Website : www.waterforaridland.com© Copyright.The copyright of the handbooks in this series is the property of the Royal DanishEmbassy in Kenya. Downloading from the Internet and photocopying of the handbooks ispermitted provided the source is acknowledged.ii
ContentsAcknowledgement …………………………………………………………viiDisclaimer ………………………………………………………………. viiForeword ……………………………………………………………….. viiiTechnical vocabulary ………………………………………………….. ixIllustrations of technical terms ……………………………………….. xMeasurements and conversions ………………………………………. xChapter 1. Introduction to small dams ……………………… 11.1 Purpose and Scope of this handbook …………………………… 11.2 Types of small dams ……………………………………………. 11.3 Constraints and limitations ……………………………………... 61.4 Other considerations ……………………………………………. 6Chapter 2. Considerations before construction ………….. 72.1 Feasibility and planning for small earth dams …………………. 72.2 Considerations before building small earth dams ……………… 72.3 Water quality and health ……………………………………….. 72.4 Water requirements …………………………………………….. 82.5 Total water storage requirement ……………………………….. 102.6 Economic feasibility …………………………………………… 102.7 Estimating the benefits of dams ………………………….…….. 112.8 Determining the most cost-effective option ….………….…….. 122.9 Determining the cost and benefit of a hand-dug well …….……. 122.10 Other considerations ……………………………………….…... 132.11 Environmental impact ……………………………………….…. 14Chapter 3. Community participation and management 143.1 Community involvement ……………………………………….. 143.2 Gender issues …………………………………………………… 143.3 Ownership ………………………………………………………. 153.4 Legal requirements ……………………………………………… 153.5 Specific local issues …………………………………………….. 16Chapter 4. Charco dams ………………………………………. 174.1 Site selection ……………………………………………………. 174.2 Design …………………………………………………………… 184.3 Marking out a charco dam ………………………………………. 204.4 Construction …………………………………………………….. 214.5 Constraints ………………………………………………………. 21Chapter 5. Hillside dams …………….………………………... 225.1 Site selection ……………………………………………………. 225.2 Design ………………………………………………………….. 225.3 Construction ……………………………………………………. 26
Page 1: Water from Small DamsA handbook for
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsMuch gratitude is du
Page 7 and 8: TECHNICAL VOCABULARYASAL = Arid and
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1.Introduction to small dam
Page 11 and 12: Borrow pits, also called murram pit
Page 13 and 14: Rock catchment dams can either bebu
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 2.Considerations before con
Page 17: It is difficult to estimate the wat
Page 21 and 22: If the answers to the questions lis
Page 23 and 24: 3.3 OwnershipValley dams are normal
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 4.Charco damsFarmers and ca
Page 27 and 28: Since there are no documented guide
Page 29 and 30: 4.4 ConstructionThe construction si
Page 31 and 32: Simple equipment for measuring leve
Page 33 and 34: Another very positive feature of hi
Page 35 and 36: For manual excavation, divide the a
Page 37 and 38: A hillside dam built by a tractorpl
Page 39 and 40: The rainwater runoff from the catch
Page 41 and 42: 6.4 Measurements to be taken of a d
Page 43 and 44: The sketch shows that a freeboard 1
Page 45: Homogeneous dam walls can be built
Page 48 and 49: 6.8 Bill of Quantities (BQ) and cos
Page 50 and 51: The table below shows all the tools
Page 52 and 53:
6.9 An example of a complete design
Page 54 and 55:
It is a good idea to have an experi
Page 56 and 57:
Water drawn directly from a dam res
Page 58 and 59:
Usually, soil for building the side
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The usual types of pit latrines wit
Page 62 and 63:
Silt traps made of vegetation plant
Page 64 and 65:
9.2 Washed-out dam wallsThere are s
Page 66:
ReferencesBrown, L.N. 1965. Small e
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