Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipment

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VIII Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipment Figure 21: Luminous efficacy of different light sources (source: Stadtwerke Düsseldorf, 05.12.2011) 45 Figure 22: Spectral ranges of different carrier media and doping substances in the luminescent material of white LEDs. 47 Figure 23: LED components and the materials used in them (from CGGC) 48 Figure 24: Projections of the future development of annual production figures for white LEDs (worldwide) 51 Figure 25: Percent by weight of critical metals in a white LED (semiconductor chip and luminescent material) 53 Figure 26: Calculation basis for the composition of the luminous flux installed in a private household in Germany (2005) 56 Figure 27: Process flow diagram for Umicore's integrated precious metal smelting works in Hoboken near Antwerp (source: Umicore) 60 Figure 28: Process flow diagram for Umicore's battery recycling in Belgium (source: Umicore) 62
Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipment 1 Background and objectives Against the backdrop of the importance of certain metals and other raw materials for many future technologies and the concurrent scarcity of these resources, the European Commission has classified a selection of fourteen raw materials as being particularly significant and critical (EC 2010). In view of the potential or expected difficulties attached to the supply of these critical raw materials, recovery of the raw materials from waste products is all the more important. This is the starting point for the project "Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipment". The project's aims are to produce a life cycle inventory of the occurrence of the critical raw materials in four selected groups of electronic devices – flat screens, LED lights, notebooks and smartphones – and to develop recycling options for the waste equipment to recover the critical raw materials. Studies by the Oeko- Institut have shown that, for the four product groups being investigated, the following metals or groups of metals from the 14 "critical" raw materials identified by the EC study are of particular importance: � Cobalt, � Gallium, � Germanium, � Indium, � Platinum group metals, 1 � Rare earths, 2 � Tantalum. The following figure presents an overview of the current end-of-life recycling rates for 60 metals (Graedel et al. 2011). These ranges of values represent the global situation, however, and include all uses of the metals. 1 The platinum group metals comprise the elements platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and osmium. 2 The rare earths (often also called rare earth metals) include the elements yttrium, scandium and what are known as the lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium). 1
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