TAMWORTH

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The Roman Empire later dominated Western Europe and the Mediterranean for many centuries, giving the
human kind immeasurable contributions. Some of these led to the development of Western philosophy, science
and art, that remained central during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. After the fall of Rome in AD 476,
Italy remained fragmented in numerous city-states for much of the following millennium, finally falling under
different foreign dominations. Parts of Italy were annexed to the Spanish, the Austrian and Napoleon I’s empire,
while theVatican maintained control over Rome, before the Italian Peninsula was eventually liberated
and unified in the late 19 th century.
The new new Kingdom of Italy, established in 1861, quickly modernized and built a vast colonial empire,
colonizing parts of Africa, and countries along the Mediterranean. However, many regions of the young nation
(notably, the South) remained rural and poor, originating theItalian diaspora. Italy suffered enormous losses
in World War I but came out on the winning side, but the fragile liberal state soon collapsed owing to poverty,
violence and social unrest. The Fascists, led by Benito Mussolini, took over and set up an authoritarian
dictatorship. Italy joined the Axis powers in World War II, falling into a bloody Civil War after a monarchist
coup ousted Mussolini in 1943, and eventually surrendering to the Allies in 1945.
In 1946, due to a referendum, the monarchy was abolished, [2] and 2 June 1946 saw the birth of the Italian
Republic. In the 1950s and 1960s, Italy saw a period of rapid modernization and sustained economic growth, the
so called Italian economic miracle. The country, coming back to international politics among Western
democratic powers, joined the European Economic Community (which later became the European Union), the
United Nations, NATO, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Italy is
currently ranked as a major regional power
Wikipedia
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Grand Orient of Italy 1885
Regular Grand Lodge of Italy 17 th April 1993
Link
REGULAR GRAND LODGE OF ITALY
Grande Oriente d’Italia
The Gavel was delivered by Bro. Theodor Panagos (Grece) to
Bro. Ennio Manzo to
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