ni3as.n tu 96 Mjc d?iaioi itr lody ys. ft h! Dd ba tbc od *iryiis.l4r h

COLD WAR. USA INTf,RDSTED IN TEE COLT-APSE OT USSR 

Tn. Cold Wu ha doninlr.d Amdicd Iifa rhe 1945. h na 6r Ansicds 14 rilrioD in d.ftns 

.xp.rdi@s, kl{ ni. ljva of Ely r000.00ofrb& tor4 nd, ni&d rh. @ ofmuy oth4 duinr 

ni3as.n tu 96 Mjc d?iaioi itr lody ys. ft h! Dd ba tbc od *iryiis.l4r h 

TIE rqda6 d dt b. '!d.6od.n4 a i. h.r.d @ fr@ dj!6.r€b& br nn&sldiu 6. 

..e of ri! nrgah bea 6. unn d 5G !d Rai, Tt dfiddil d b.gnr b t9al dea 

*idr ln.6m@ vi@.r b! xaa dlis 1917. Tn so po*6.Id mr i'irn t ..& itu dfiicr 

. cgidjn. F!rh., ri.r f6 4frfled @ .srIF d dE pLi,s 

ol dri C[i,tr dd Madun nr ft br nheuh o6n!y. Tnd mdins ctind.d . 6dry in vhich 

Andior hd dprded rdrd oE hrrlh. d.6..rd nainr h.d nor.d .dd rro A.ir, 

unril rhd .oinodid rh. so ndiotr hid ba 8dd friddr. wh.ne .dfli* w. (s ovq 

dr.n.i6 in crrifosia Id Ara*t 0E pudd @1L! h.fc rh. de.nnds of uiicn s!6 

qpdsioa& EI@unh Mid. d'. Nq wdl4 borlq, @ld d b. ...d!d $ aity. ahai4 

Mpi |fts r driM. *hir. @di!s dr bhda or hd. d'n qui.{y si,r uld ai. a tlj. lMr 

pobrjlr h'ra ftr 6cn b.c!j6@!t F.6dw toE! 'd ndri6. a, d. 1390s Rr&n, |n' iw 

6di6 of -pi.i4 6@U.d. erjd dtrE l api! dailhg Or. dr Und se) r6ot6 of 

N!'r qltlB Andiru b.ri.yrd s. "uini d..dry" of r+cDdlrr n'Ec {rftd.d ln.t 6q6. 

Il| Ruia rniiSt vi4d drci a, a aldr, a { ituor orc.d\ *i[ 

Bur ih. M n.ris .&o diffa.d !h&pt. TL ]|mid @pft wa ddhliz4 ' "fd!trL ,wth oB 

Dd ourlyi4 Erndr djoying Mid.EbL fridof,. ti! Ruir anpiE *s rishrly 6!rtiad, *ih r 

my of bu@6b mli4 dri&e rn ln oe (G4 hc, . mll cmunsr pany .li! ii M@w). 

Ru$io ofarciak |gE€d dd dly risidly dtoE d edd t D rboE sH pe*. rho dio. Such 

bu@eri!. rc nd mnmd fs iilginrds dd oi3injiry. (rn prn b.c@ of rh. Brtrhi 

udiv y, R@i. borh b.fN .rd ina r9l?, lwily bom*d @hnolos/ dd e, indrfnl 

mtudi frm ft. rr/d. ulllE oeeEiv. hr-Er.y rl$ B bflbt .srEidly i. rh. Dd l33o a 

wha n 6ddrdr.d Fli.i6l diqrq! b s6diD Fi!' hF !|d elE&d poelm lgrid rqb'r 

r*.tulirblsiBferhglslt d@ri.u.a!dse_co!6rt'da.db@rhd.vdlt 6. 

Mrr Td' ellbr 6. r..d *na h .r&nn d rh. if rb. irin. dtit b. ai.d 6ty vid' dyrua.. 

.'iasrdft.dyDbiE: 

Aid Anai4 E! r&o tudi.s rdh.r flh yirh tdr tmd ti6dr .1t. uni&d s@ horyd 6r 

buEodlialr b$ bui,lsd fto movlil .e rh. @ b plo& in ore *dld nrr.SL6 

RNdsr, hw, no*d @s l{d, mr ve, Ti.t d.hlop.! e apiE 6d *s n@ potlriot l|lli 

.onn.'d anq mding Lnd in Ar( rh.y !i.d b .onhl n dddy by .losing $. ner.t b feiln 

buritr!$.rd wilh {hN lh.y @ld ml @tspdc, Tnit highlidi.d dle Dioblm bd'g rh. r*o ditie

itr tl& l39oti rh. U rd S@s bdi.v.d ir! pdtciry in@sinsty lquicd d;,wn door ro !!d. in 

chini! ri.[ pnvbe of Man.hui!, bIl dE tud$ w.d d.Ghircd ro oloniz dd cLo!? oii p!r6 of 

Mdduir Tvo hdn. ryrhs cornont d mud s 6.y *outd dms re5 ,D F4ch Eu@, ad of 

F6d rh. 1390s urit r9r? ihc unibd se riq, b @rn| RBj'h oe,r,on, uMr, by luppdins 

rrn, *ht!h, fd ib .m Du!@ dr. qtud { .,96 M.trd,uir pGnd .In6dd! Rrerx 

aaplin d rei@ #6; lh. R!gLE "e @t iBj.@ m tld 

^d no ngrd f6 rh.is." a. tor rh. @, i. E " r p,?ce!6 ti[t .:6c. "Mm b $. D.i 

r.rd R6n ya rrin! b "dg6ir Frhd Chtu |!6j uitrl 

T]le viM ilid d chDs. M itr l9r. -h., rh. .* rni.n wiih &gtu d lde cm&, 

coion l Edud Housq pdidd wmd6w wibd! .lod 

'8rjd 

dvi$, srtry otrn,nd d. ir.mniw! ri.r 

wrd htur a4ditu ih@ghour rh. N.nriah.. ryii,rf ft A[is w,n 

Rula 6 rh. @tiDar of Eumpq d}d if Cftry {iB, n D{i, rh. ur.albb tytuiy of hitiriibm 

for eodim b Me iEiihd w.y t. utrir.d s@r woutd ld!.131 

Tn hdidm'r Raid.b.eq sd nm ih||ffiS h td lrr 7. vt dimn raii\ BotNh.vit nov.mar 

u!.d ii. d.leioo cbr, sd Fyqq dld by wdn wr r b ovsiiry fi. R6id lovdhdr qd 

6lDlLtr r Sdia Tb. .E496di!g 6ri. 4Di! w po*!.d u idologjaj foac Muim l| 

*! n.fr-dt, &iE by hiGidt he ud d.dicd b ed5 'htdid. Bdq t9t, !t t94o 

Woodoe witm dip.rLd hn nn lO,@O ,4rqin eHi,r s h. @fared *nn A i.d .@n!.r .o 

oc{]'tw raa' by fdt ,&d liruheqly.ri.d b Fqd b ifr.dinsl4,n* hy noh otoir,s 

.ndcloti.so6s-q[Tn ftBitar foly tuDr.d tn.,rFn*, bur ft. ani.d inkndrid *B dis6. 

In m. lhd run mlny REies n.d non dE f@igi tup! b j{pd r:nin. rn dE lons sovi.r kd6 

would n( forCd rI' d. htuid !ra!n b dfm fi.L b.li.f $d .capibrir.ncirckm.nr rih.d rr 

rtu8uhdnl rh. odmunid Esimq 

ar dE v*ilts P.@ cd6'he ii t 9t9, dc alia elglr oorhc |pp@h. widr rh. lhdow o, L.iin 

di*dla *.ry dirdsio4 d. wd.m powq ri.d b iotd. rh. Sovi6 by .ralins such bufiq $B ! 

Polod, Rl)Mi! cahelovrki. &d yugorlrvi! h 8|6 &mp.. A ! ym!.mbi@rcd Anari.b 

officiil Do.d v:xd Lipplllm ln6 pln d ti dF ilti.. drd r ojtisrr .ddm sibi,., *id @ 

E$d i &ib' Er!p., 6n 4 . pr!.Dd{, 16 hit bizd .la i. 6utd build r nm tui{ 

d.qu.slc *i.9 rj rah du d.*atirt(i l!.?,., dd of 

^raiq jtuh,tis, LiDnri 

$!d |t.iddd@ 

^r'ioDdrrpoti, -d{.n b.Ejccd b,wchi.gb oficijr) 

Atucnl b i|otft th. sovi.q wo.d.* wits Ftu!.d b oFn dilondrc Ehid' sounding tik! 

'Ituo&i. R@Eh di*-.hs d. ar, Wito! &cbd rh. Llnin! sohn 

icrra. of.E y Fh.aDL ofnou rd s@d hidl. "3u. orh6 afu!.d b fot$ nis r.!d. Ei8hd b.3li 

ftdii! Mft RBi, h t92r.Aydr& 

@9qdid Tnouch slb*ing Amai@ br sdnm! Etision dd pnwe prop.dy. 6. sovirc w.rc 

. Tt

ft. utrird sG by m lla' igldld d. Bolrrdlta a! Ao.rtrn rdi.f nislifl di:fiburtd ov' t60 

nillid wonh of lid b 3@iig Rai6 i. rh. 192tu vh4 Lai! dl|Mad in l92l hr wdl.t *d@h. 

fochi .+ibl lor rmtudio F!irc.r, s$r.ry of comm.@ Habd HmE h.ti.!!d lhir m.sr 

mhuniu *6 oll|plhs. HoDinc ntd Ar6ior 6uld @nbl a ,cl 6 pnnt 6m r morc .el6lirt 

tu$i., Hd€ @nsd brrirMa b ldr. uDd Rai. d s ,.€tMic v@um. Tld, tik. ltl 

vqlnq itrvild hBbn I Ttry n6r..d.d Fcq O*d El6t, dd w.dnBhou wE moia nr. 

oey nds 6m. rhd bv6td o|nlios of i,olb., Ya&t x/Jt@lj lkrnm de bol |n. !tuns.. fi.ir 

b | !d.iMy raMq narime h.en b d.sLp. b0lu.dolbr Mg.lE olIsih i. Rusi 

rturi's 1926 rvb.. hii r@ m iib 6ftal rsbt , rh! Sovj.!' tEd hin 6m bn @@(Huimo 

foud rlEn les co.tcdiE yta I uh D. nerd im hin anb.sdc e R@n dfin! wdtd 

wr rr.) M6ln ., btu l9t rd 1930 s.yu.aFid Ed. D* 6 o€ miltid. *ll 

'l00 

Ti. .smic Elitio hip ffi suddrly tu6m.d .nd 1923, bnr rct 6 Hoov* hd hop.n. Wha 

Ldln di.d in r9,{, Josph srdh u!.d bir @rol of 6! Sovid Drq hmlozcy b h.6r tin..f ro rh. 

rot. ss of r cobSra.d!d.d {r (.nd .rp.thd t!o) u onhodox thotogjdt sdinry od nlquarty 

rdelld b.fo. l9l7 fa mhrrrnry edyiiila sb!!,r bdfitiry h.d $ nilad lah rhl rh. s.vid 

Lrl€ hrl rt bor.r otfF:nr diiE L4ir d.dr shrd rh! pohr.t pr$ldni rho srli. 

h.ini'!t rlyld fdid rslid lidd b d.ftd it orodton. rn r% b. aho..d hn FE by 

leidn8 fiyF E pbB fq reid gnft d.v.!Fd Tlr* idEB EqriEd i riglrt m *tf. 

ofr*ian eidy. Tb. @bir 6tl fs Nqttyid. Eb|llaoi b€r. tBs im6fur b sbli,, m, 

udEllaBld Fsrl po€ &d r Ebnir R6iq ns3 6ousi b wittud".4niis ffiiltoar i 

Ahdiq Rulio Fd. @E.qHny dIrt d ju. ! rh. Urlbd S@ mbEd dr *6 d!@ion F6, 

Mmy burin{md prd&d dE rwlyddn Pdiddr, FElltin D.Roo!*l! b Ecoliia Rwir 

fom.tly t{. did s in Nor4ba r9t3, bd oly .i. ovltmilS d (gdio& sbs di, S.vtd Goting 

6m hb oM Snlo D.p.'b6t, a v.ll a 6od dr Affiitu L.gia R.Dn Cllholi cird' h.d.r, rt! 

D&3hd oftlr. Andiu Pwot id\.rdrL Adt r ltq Ma! Julri6lbt @.d 0E rhd 

RGi& nioi ror b. EDly crlcd.d Rcl xL.nrbd d. div.l of thc soyar i,.L.dis ! r,i 

m. rio. hit c@ry ':u '.'lst cdd.&d t!..n of ft.$bar 

srli! wlod!.d @gnib4 hn d fa 6bic |ns{ H. vrbd a!6i{r t*b rstd dt. !0-* 

mr did b.8a mFeiDa d'njglr rrehui ir t93t. RcEh Ehlt d b 'q[d b dr tsiri 

.pFd, Ttu Sn! D.prtd .vd E!t!d ri. xpia i! l9rl d'd tuSDiir of tsn !t&ti iot b. 

br ! r $d.$nd J4D,l3l u{il ward v! I I rh. unft.d s.c ne d.*&d fim rhir Fti.v 

Tyie ii dF rqr f'rc y.c, iq l9r4 Dd 1t37, ADdo ofici.tr Ej6r€d Sryi6 nqu4! td joinr 

rolich |grind lapD md Nqj cmry. It. dnill|hrjoo eivd eng sppo't ftu mn' An.rhj 

libnl, .sn lomF ommi.a qho !n diriluktrld ! S.tin b.3e bboE purB6 of hi! p.thi..l 

.mnq Anq lh. *r d'e libcn& rodd d loE lh.idliqdilachemtwirh6odmi5o, Th.

By l9l3 Sdj!\ Err,jd yih d. 

'qh tow *4 dLht3dhs. Tnc cirdic btd o6!El ftn 

ya d d. Muid mk!4 *ba rh. Fmdr ild Blnirh Tra'd Hir!. by givr,! Cn$, p.n ot 

ct .i6hvr,.ia 6. CcMuir F9\ Eignbs r CdrB h dly t9'3q Sr.lildcl&d du rh.@ 

ho!.d b h Hi|a ^. 4 lbEd E *i6 rh. s.vbb, rbit *did m. h4r.tr, h. indior.4 for j$dsh . 

D* aoDmb on f in ln. .'pi6tii *odd m& iBibbL m$a "imErilrii *0_ rhi! rih. Rusis 

*ourd d purl w.rh "ch4h6 our ofrhc fR,l6l M*h8 nulh or! hibtc trldion, srtitr !tuitr d rhe 

w.r i,' |e A[la l9D h)" lipl'g r no.ggsrion pd vih Hirld. Tn! do dicbb rcEd ro divid? 

Pol'ld ud rk BrlrD., *..l rn rdk i€ty {! iqod.r4 hd Htdd b.gD wsld Wr I L 

rbiA o. nq. .tltb mods Rqi.!-Andi.r mbim! hjt botu. rr. Sovid i,,Eior of rintsd 

sr.d r a&!i. bliL ft. sbtitr h! Jid9y dnod b AnEia! 6d R6i. !.ubliz.d h.tl 

rcislbo.i b dt l9al, 1.w6, Hirla ln.d ofFldirios eis d. rst6 jd deidd b !r! EIl6 

tuoF ftrt i,!o hi M bii: (Jtr tN 22 Nd fria s.!. ie $? s.yilt UDts h rrjr.rr! sllg 

'ItE sd. D.Fdar d.b.Ed fd M.n9-fflr hM b.ft.. isi,s o .lll]dlll.4 

sovhr vi!* ofEllgld. d.cbad ta. mr! nic dtonMhip' E s iibt.dbk r! "NutdimroEhiD." 

$jd trorhlq go.d !b.n dE Rusie, bur @lctudrd tcy h6 b. [.]p.n line Hirls pc.n 0,. hB6 

0rd H&' s. Truna, Dfldic *tr@ fon Mitei blu y dpr.i!.d ii! ed m. o d 

m!tE!o't f..lingi " n w s dd cmoy i! *iditrs *. lhdld hdp Rusi! od if Rusir is 

d.ri!3 c ogbt b h4 Gmn, od d w., lr rh6 ri|ll rjr. posbt , rtdrdsh I dml *mi b 

s HirL vi@i.!r uila Dy citud1?l 

n w .d h. bd !pi.n eirh vnich ro tu . .d r.G.!hb. Bd sh 3!'l.:M! oity ctimu.d h.tf I 

@bry of Rahn ADdi.d mi.r. P6!$inS dditc.tt dind.n. virws or iN nE eetd lholtd b. 

d-sDied, u.bL b .mpdaa duing {E t930 .a.jdr Nsi md J.par,!e lgsBrton, 6d n.ety fut! 

odg.d aei6 b.s.h 1939 dd r94r, tu U d Se r lh. Sovid Unioi fu. y tah3 Mm 

b@!e ofr lho{ge Ddiru. foEld rrdr lno b' Vo.td k I L 

Wes or th. Cotd ty@ 

Why iNa d h.? Do6 dr dinsbr of turtr! of d. "6td,r" h,v. oy,oE nrn lod.mic 

ir@4 siva d. nd ihd, *t.tu fi. u.rft ofds p.ii w ft nw :uEl, in . pon {td vr d md 

lhourd gd 6 wi6 rh. blk of buitdbg rhit wtlf? ri turi of frts! of ri4 *c hrv. b.o rhmugh 

whclha dr.. Mly3ir n mde .xpticn or nd"wll h4i6bly rfid or id6 of *ha t. mod ihponmr 

pobrc'! of {|0 pbat el fidi. & r. ir ! cti.ht bt w dd s@sic bd b pr.tr fs rh. tst w& 

Fb|p! dri. .luld h. ."ddd b ircbd. p! otd w s *[. \y. si.utd 6. va stut, dj.n. ir 

wi8bilad.oltdida€tldtugun B ir d.6tuq6n 4 oE @ pd!.rni, a, m as, $( s 

6. iridu*l'ld bletu Mictr .t Hd.r{ tu$ tu16 b:!.d o

h&ue .vn6..," rd * *old *lw $d' dr pd il . toEici sty: thd 

$y tdr ir oril wc ha. lm.d it li4!.3!.nd una!.!dl iE a,hp.ioB"lrl 

In | €Lcd rcil. il fi is h. 6ld *r, 6 rh. toplli ihrsidim wuld h.w i! rhd h5 jGt 6d.d, {ld 

trN e rh. concrpondrns u.s 4d sovj.r **a h in€tuioul r6liti6? r 

:implr of rh. noor Edr ddG of Ear Vd rdrio3 l$ Eulbd itr th. ,.hnvm6r of dE mod 

inFnd u,s, rooGn porry osj.div6, a {j. .&1. of'\yhhg " rh. 

rcndB to jNtiry dE comibd of u.s liq od !!uE b fr nr3 EsiG 

sbr6 inFlsddd * polt ier pu-u.d* 

rh. u@ ofrtu iffi 6i he b6. '., id *i! b. itrblvld in Es V/d rd U, s, Sovid dlia 

h sill ln|F n uddrdn:! or h. pd,q djE a div., of rh. D.licG m! & qlkd rq of dE 

m.a Equt db,@ r itu d dr.ird of lh. nlpli{iN of .llca (6 hirrn) 'n rdidirg 

Conadnlrg Co,nht4bd 

It for iNt!tr..,1i. @ld *&, fs th. Unied S@, N FMily obout @n6iibg @nnuilm (or 

dpibliF, for dr s.vicr union), me wourd rld .rD.d $n d. inksb ofrhc dd invorv.d would r.nd 

h b. Slohrl in chllre. Ideolosiql dlt!.! luh G .rribliq co.dhiq od d.mMy c 

uijv.el by nfu ft.y 0dmq o m jrd 6 dtu.q chin! upon al makind. c.i*qNnrly, rh. 

.phs. of 66Fdrid bdyd 'rh irlol.aid @ abr6 tn adE plakr. T)l. $rB e 

ffi€podiitly ulidiE4 in rhd yicar fd e h'pli.J rh. 6l d.fd ofu* oe

L'larl6 of 6. U!i!d S!l. ed i! rlli6 hdhr b EEt lih rtrc tu ol tusio pd* mutd d'6 

b. m hnii! 6e if ir i. cfuuid a ,rl rL jr rtu !66h& Of de 6. dlat rtr. Rsi6 c 

sovii psiu od cdnDi, ilEd c 6qued *i'l ali 6dE, {r. fr.ld ri irbiry of dr dtid 

btld dvl b .q.Dd. N.vrrh.l6, 6. padbiuly of ulia m Sovid rqi& C.moid pd$ (sdr 

a YlaobvL 6d rh. P6Dl r Rtubta ofchh) 6 h.b d.cr ln. d!!ie' ofsdic poE h r.iEipla 

d!.d ltd d. soti .ndriaq hoM gh!, wld .lrryr b. id robt ihx d. r6.d bt 

aldou8h u.s. iidd ln 6diii4 d. s.vid una. e i. r.ireirk oG dicld rto i! intds 

|Ild !. ii @!n'i!'t @uia. dE rtft, of i! r.liciy wH nill diq h @U qc.d.6. 

inidswb.Soviator'ddil€!mirtlbFiiabrhinlllbdeeolrtot t powin 

Sdi,tiw,Tt ns uplo!.d Nrld bi. b. !.ltdol c@mi ed r.lni6r milalty d oDr.r.d b 

Fdy nniby, rltoah h. idBid of iLololi.l C.6|!, |nl.h tusn da Fnly ddnd (9..! 

oflhobo/, o.y 6or|. E LE d h.d bE ! 6. bsit of . 6dmd Dolb. ti d* e ot 

o€ lir i|, lirb .lr .fiadE frov.r ol dn sovii.!rrr..!. 6 6. di(ii! wld dna. n & ror ck 

*na wld dibE b !s u.s. heuddd he6 d FEcn , H.vin! fa s lona dafrn d ib 

ikiro! i. En ibh h ..gd6 *!A by lttt n - $hr (lndE h b. snDirb d d* drdli(r 

of Sovtc po€).d. to bt {ir i! iitibi. lda h i6d.'rl il6 rq rh. UiiEd 3e ald 

6ra i*lti!. qulby. b dd! b me 6.i'dlicdd la rdob.l hcja, Fla! i! ech. td- 

Euq@oadcM an ! 

r. o blc !Eri. rid, u,s, (ud/o. sovla) Fli.t h ri. old *r E dim by Mnd dMiMr ro 

uay of Eu.r., od 6s of Omy, rh. 

'q@t 

bE6 ir$lvld NuH b. Mi nc rltbdt 

t'eitu dn h. h,of ft M FviNt rdbi.d a ! rh. .rc rh., $cn r !o|i., @td b. 

drd r !b6ht d. d! qD h Eu!.F , $lol i. har ti.og'nr.d dhldo, rh. ord E 

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wld v.y Editr b dlt!ll|!&..., tn 6. tu lDi.D DolLt hla b. LIt.t d.rord! d rh. 

F.bG of Wd O@, 3ib 6. i&.ry oaU.S. .6u!d to O{m- 6it, S ro.a rd of rib 

il6h tuld rid b. i$ .cr !o Nnjd u,s, roli., @iNt 6lbrd d. @ ol rvd clDt 

fd.t! Fltt. |! ri. .d olr*c.rq du i* rb. dry olE&r. -d of cmy, U. S, Dotir 6tr fi'ld 

iFtr i! . quldrr .i!le to rLr apM|'a th. &64. of i! s.vid .t lk ic Wih d. lpcift gEt of 

uiry@plidt 4 ftir b loqddd *l*&i6 $.U.S. @r[indtb Eu!r.. 

If tn. 6ld r! I dod lh. nc Fdic i$. of ffidiii4 rha 6.bE of p.*r. ib.n in. cry 

dyea diis folLeinr rh. 6114.. of EdF b.t irr b t945. !h U, S, i'|!6 wtd b. tinit! 

6 ih. 3.Aoliridl ' sn lpod" of rh. b.Lna M.!9tcidly, . !.Lr rry b. m.brin.d d . !h8k

!.int (s h r w), al0mgh .@idd.!h dd ii@d plls f,!, b. hrdgr! 6 6q. tm v! out 

llds oK tim. h odr b !..3ft rh. @i! e of.qlilihdum. Tn. mmr u..d b .aE or pr.!4 d'. 

b.lde *dld bd b b. politjol !mi. drd pdlirhd nillsy in d.J!e, *ith 69 miliory fm. i.ld 

ii rh! b.rk ltud a i n@st'r, though 6y b lM NffDidt, @tlnioi 6' d.iiblDhg. $bL lnd 

[.rihy brlme. Tf iq *dnj djlidry n a ..d ow th. lo'l fln r. ! 3rbdtob ro. d. !drs66 

o{rbu. cidi6 !i p.liti.q ]le*rr fr ! p}ul rd rbbL ditibotim of slob.l po*.. l9l 

idkrb(r@s,"if dn h 6 bG Tpli.d b 6. Drntue of i kL".- d!t4l o vlrd dr. 

suE of rlM b ln. h.tee of Fwa e dlk d b !c $c ''jE of di! poliri..l r*B 

(Mdr4 c+hlii, r dddic); D rd.t o.d dnrs{b of n|cdjdd ffiii Dotitjqt, .d 

friiilry Fok (tiporr, ripol|r, a ruldF|I) ri. qndy Ed qldB of*4@, ttu id liq n|B 

d touSnot |b! i.ldi[d 5y@; r d. F@ of *3aiw lad6 orpo*dftl .c. wlerd 

m. ldDr of dE ddt rh. fla m.io. nd fi. rlro.dbilirj of flhridn8 rhr brtr.e @ idc .nd. 

A r b.l&o it by dcftiiton i proca, 6@ ir h d$ h.g M do 6'd ffi, n rijhrc, for rh.r dc. 

Ptu.nttry tlotld V@III 

lf, fr.lt, rh. 6ld r! {a abod p'ffii.a lh. p*, rhd ir, p..variDa woru w' l. rhor fi. in@* 

d $r. hry b. Elftd to lil of rb. ddla|36 nati[d $oE: @m6iim opabtirn, Sdia R!$i.i 

(d U,S.IFE, |n. diyiiir orcdu,y nrd olE{.tc .d ri. nritu ord. h.llE of Dow..rh. 

h4 4tr.rt4 bo*e'qrd b. driiLrbt L wi.d: &t dnd rD.d ft.q tb. FrF.. of rr.,i.i 

i. {E nudd rs. i:, b d& rhc etdl of w, a otFd b *i'iis 9f dE ir dl-. Tn. 

philoopiy oldfrE rhd k dq qr6.d @ rb. rler of ! drd b h. it r.rEd; h nE 

rtqe of.Lt.mt moe d relaiE d.ds wld he bt@ dd 

seh r vid *odd bd ro nilibia rh! .D&! trr v{r FtxioNnip. rt a rha nd sinpty L\. prcsrio 

of *d but Ih. hlrda nb|g@4r ofporiri..l oblddvo fid ir held b h. no$ Eurbly shld rh@gh 

rh. 6E.t implich d c*plii! d em dE @d s, ot Dn d f@. ftjs dcdr.d FDdiv. d rh. @td 

wr, sid! tlm eking 6 gi€ . pl6t+ rh. .rirM of e tmii4r thd-itd str md 

.Milaioi, 6& b Einfoc ibc pob|.o n lIDd 6 dl*. Nd d dr'6 I Ed|.. d. !pd!' or 

h''dionrl El|lidrtipo b ! airilry diodi.; it .€ drs |n. qdid ' of n .d F.. h brlt 

nirirr, |!c lf rh. es or E lei bs of oilib,y h.LE b iicbib Ftifoi ubtjoc 

0q d; rco&d i! Frbb' c4 6Miq rd Fl,.'id q!& {n rc n-|tcd or 

h6.im.i ddior a c y la.dritt. hiriLr i!&q Dd fiE @ly .@|driv r sbjd ft. dE 

.pplistir of d.bMe rharr. 

Prldoxi..lt, rhc vilw rbd rh. sbl. of rt'! old *r *! li. pcvotbn of vdtd w t ud h. 

{rblir$n6r of.rani6b detu loedd rh. bd @ld rtodty h*. sDl6d in rfi. nd Ebhlis of 

tll polici€ Tlt dm of padliry m nitd d il. Unit d shlB 6uld h,vc bEa Elhbty sdd by

tui'onfu b r mi.iqrl Mb.r of dcLn valoG ce$t of innididg i &vedig dtiaory tu[ 

oi 6. Soid Uibn. Hd rhi bd..d ba drr 3o.l or u.s. Fticy, d. hriE aFdur of .old *r-dr 

.Lhoni ed dFrhftirflbirisy Fearddr, dE rs.ftng eo* or hitrbry md Fliibt 

iturin (od od cod), |!ldeid. .ltie .y'ia!, rhc vdou ' posme*ould h,w b6 

um.caiy. Tn lni. h id de .4, du u,s. FIi.t fiouehour rh. otd w .nbd..d rh. rorrtiiy of 

m.d tfin w.E bhniarry ud fBei,lly rEitrbh, ed a r v!ry [igh t*.t or mlE t dd poLni.il 

cmditutrr, rggd rhdih. @ld w wtrr r& b.yo $.3inpt"ptw. bndfstob.ttrr,ifild*di. 

NoD. orn'. &n N pwo..d hd rrom pbvidg o d.q@ qplrdjm of rh. otd w or of U S. .oLd 

*r poli.y. Ft h d6 clebi. m iopoturr !d of t d'. thi; nEE* rh. cmptdiry of rh. ubjd dd 

dE imDd@ ohDe h hc:.,rrdr of s.innu dd I hulddid@id.l in 

*? ituld h. dd rhoor M Frab6 vra * nvi.* dE !d Oi mddtudi.s of *he w hN. b€' 

*iu hlE r.L.iliE j!nD@ d rb* *c rhint w E ad *hd v. imlsim @r doi6, *turt 6d 

To I hlg! pd of d,c amdicm p$liq rh! "6td *tr" ha b*n 'ove" I 

p!6li! p6j..6 i! hoFs ed $lr,ituC. onro rh. *ortd sEs. ed 

Frtlul4ly otu Fldi@ wi$ tu c!i.f inb'riorr .dxMy, fi. sovid uni.n, su.h . rojedd 

r.nd $. p.6itu. u.s. ovidim ihd n ! ln. !fu of ilr sdid doodic !yn.d dd n b'!.ry 

Eq..rbk tu rh. ki.d of fof.ic! 9olit dr sovid tr' d bc rd dn if$r 6nc d&!6. $ n@ !h. 

l@ rd eih ir lb. 6riE ch't& of u.s. s.vid EtdoB rd of u.s. foftisn p.ti., in 3a.rl. T1E 

pnhkn hft L rbl h. phre 'oLt vr' hi b6E r knd of llb of poliri.rt di@q r (ne 

choie ot *c.,. obedls E@ thu alighbins by |!p{ins b rvide a quick sd iihpl. .rpl@rion 

t6trh d.l r.trrio$. lldlc 6n€pr or otd wd ir ro Min oy d.tyriol sisnjficine, ir mus lid b. 

pr aid., a it ra.i dd ed&d b ib .onrihr.d .LTa!, Tn.Efd., b€hr. oi. @ rub. rhc alsrion 

yhahdu.ordwui!ovtr o.fidhabdk,*hrrE(i.)rh.@ldwedour? 

Nat4n ofth. CoLt tYe 

Pd of 6. diffidrt in ,l:ffii.s rhir sn4 doE $lddivq qarm ti€ ji m. tld rid rh. otd w 

% duhidi@j@n i. tu 

@r dftuo sdd !b!6. Tnc highty .tae.d potiriol rh6ph@ 

'd 

d! w p.n ofih. @ld w isrfbd.d b otod 6. hajn8 of dr mc.p! s nmy of d. pldi.ipbb 

iirclv.d edd d.t oh rnd.rtbu itrllprdriN b i! m*ins. rti! bcm. nGr .vid.nr *hrn 

f @d!din8 . ,,poltq- of 6td E d.nying rhi ft @uLd b. e 

itrudiv. Foe$, do.ply ru!! in hitunol .trd s@poliri.il fN. rtr rhtu vhw, rh. otd wu 

Epd.id rh. lD t6d projdid of @id !trd honili.y by on. lidc onb rh. o6d, vhich r[.g.dly 

d.ed in ! paiv., d.fftivn eld didou3hly jsdfi.n n|mr b $c {ggalv. d.pEd.dom df ilr 

rdvq!.rt. Ti. aa lnd ftE nisbt hft bcn . r|!, io@bplibiliry of iDE * invotvld (!i6 tn. 

tud ordE r.s*r,. p.ri[ar iytu rd d'. dl,IE rd b'cnibd. of $. st*6 i''blv.d) dG mr

.'b inb rhL dhodo! iiqedi{ ofdk 6rd w. 

Tnc sovic ofrci.l!.i male, d..s rirl U.S. dnihir nldnq h.E t ns da@ic.d 6r 

6rd 'f "Friry' of d'. uniEd stk Tneshdr dn l93o,s.vid ffih @.nu.d 6 juds.lrs. 

fmign roljcy 5r rl$ .xkr to *hidr ft d*irr.d tlm i6 bdird't old w potr., t tirib klbtodmi 

voyni). Ttu idlr dd u.s.-sovid mldi@ Brmd b I Lsic of i.bdid, dh{ rl.r b on. ol u.s 

ddlae. dld Sovid Eipd*, n din krsety o dL. m td sovid wid4s on rh. sbj.qlot Th. hircr 

ioDg. of rh! vi* *s oxpB*d b, M$hd Tno ii MNn t95r, !a6it rc*s rnE !e d.{n of l6ah 

Srlii, wha h. $irt Dt rh. Sovra rad6i, . r d Ey rb! I ddr b.ti* rb.' ei ad d'. @td *., vd 

@. n a Dct 6{ 6cy vir sjlt @.h& il"ll ll u.s ta&: of rh. !io. i,i hb dld h{nl, did 

kon lhnindeairmc.nori* smd rtd i. n p.en t M@l dd bc hi(i.!i jd 9!cu.d 

d'c old *r ad $d n 6 rh.Rfoc u b Moee b ai iL 

B.rq'd d'n blk di$seMr sbdt rb. $ue or tfi. old -s 

(yhidr ns*t .3'Em6r rbour ir 

unilrbl dymnis) li.r r finih& diugde of vi!*3 c b i|' d.r@. rn borh lnc sovid Unior dd rh. 

Unir.d S@ ih. 6ld *r *d popularly lort|yd 6 Dding td 6d b ift6i. ld. .h3h of 

civiliurioi.l dBiiins: qpiblisb vau sitlm fq m, nEdd y6us strvly for {E o0E. Tn. 

lAii!( @t ibour tl* Dxio& bml.|ibitit of Gidno wnh "inDsi'tm" sd rb. lFvin!0r9 of 

w e lo.g a i,nFiiile di$ E d.rDlt old h dE sovid ft.ololi.:t Ml. Aidi.r 

@t Fi. ffipcry slc! m dc MG FEr, |* dE 

u.s. @nqior b sd 'poqryldc vliE sar., of s@ John F@ D 16 ,ur dE j{M v* 

sa@ly in 1953 whq h. o6srrd or s.vn dMu'i$ du k b.lay6 dd hulM b.iigr s ndhns 

nod ra rhdttd spsrd 4irial ._od tur 6. b.r kbd of . tuu ... n qgeiz.d ! *.[ ms.3.d 

fm. . I do ior !e ho*. a lin3 s Sovid @nmuiis ho& dl@ vi*...$!E .q b. oy Ddm6{! 

h qnid'll2l Fon rhk dst? d& 6td v& v! " ! 6iBr or 

uldn.e d{dnid, "llll md PEidor Jonn F, x6nody! r'oni!. itr bi: imugunl rd.,r4 ud rh. uiirn 

ses*drd49ryo,pne,ba.eyblda"hd.f.sof t dm:lrMdrbc*drdin"!tolditjshr 

Fr .{n6 rh. 6ld w *a r oudr l|Ic qEinc .d linrd Fjirir.t .'6 iovnt d. of $c *r} ii 

ebidr !r'dld wr r r rc @l}d.4 mn y i! Er.9q I .dd dnsd*d .6dd rh. rqshlillhar .a 

r vi$1. b.h6 of Dow d rh. otd cdriMl r!&.d ney h rhi dr@! s.h ! 06t3. K6ia\ 

aEniEq of rh. policy of 6i6imd! R3!4n Irlrios rh. nbic of old m ro t @tutt qtibhbd 

tug/ or Sopoliriel ddm6. or s.via powd in €unp.j *hi.h rh.y rdvm..d 6 dr. Dlir i8k ot 

polNe U.S. foEiSi policy, Muy of 6. @ibuts rh|r rclld td mc b b. idoriiird wit rh. 6td 

wr-m. milididiotr of dniosnip6, rh. Stohdidim of ommftMts th. iddlosiolt hy$ !.*.n 

$sr tun u.s, onoinhdr p.tic, & fonub.d .id bid66rd i, r9ar_ t9a3, fiorsh lFcG of dE 

plbla prsatrlis of $. Trum Ddin. w t Frqc *n of {rdE&fninschmddinidlal 

rDn nt. $vid iid. a wll d..pritrs fi. id..t ti.l p.rDoir ddnGni of Sbtii , rim!, sovid

w4trt pollct, d .gtBsire a ik inhrion! *o, dlptryd ! fmc csp@r fd rh. tihils of wlut thc 

h'r! d0o3 Esald.d a ir bry vibl inbor!,lrsl 

Tni, divdsm€ of vids on 6e $n@, idft, scoF!, ud jlnd dyobjcs of 

G . EljrhL inditu af rhc duuidiMiotr.tiy ot hc ,'!bLm For {8. *6 m d. .otd u, flid ln 

rp@ r"c 64. wd bege e ! did p.!d;c!6t. p.tfti€t 66 rd 3@E, or th6!. ri..3. ord 

Fl6i.a 6 Eftra b.Ehony (rh. vcy junifdntr fe u.s.ady itrb borh vqld *e) .q!.[y 

Md hb r sdlllid. id6lqt.r o'frulretr dl'ad.,r d mitj6r, $ orp6.d b poliri€t, 

g[ 6. !.e m md diriisuirt $. !6r.tiri6t fiun 6. 

idabsid a@ d. p@ty dodsic .@ 61 6ir nd @nidi ln. p.titi:r objdic of h. 

dflid ns tbc M:porri€l dipto'udq Dlrdobri.! 6lMiq .i niribry 

.rd rh. E@ dic nm fi. slobd sL 4d irus! I dl.. 

7,. Polttlcol Couopse ofEuop. 

lf $. @ld {0 @ be *a b his ben ihdr hdhlls rh.n ii ws rtd rh. inrli€rionc fc&td md 

pMiF4 of rhc polittcd 6['!$ of EuFr. f* borb lte u ed sc snd fi. s.vid union. Th. 

dkuqrdion of , n s! 4 dmoa Emp.b 6.l|M orDowi od , sb!.qhrtr, c.m.i powd 

d'd d'. unicd s@ i.d Rusn in@ ih. hd of Eu!a.. ftcy y.tr rh. onty p.w6 c.o.bt. ot 

|!4!riui!g ! ldhrr.quilibrim rhc rnd r d$ $. rin dE dty on6 €Fbr. ofdciriv.ty !D.dii3 

6ab.]j*bln .rjjlhwofrh.orl'a.R.gldL5of ide'loli.l6Bdani4drbwtdh.vrbdns 

in r94t, dM 6. *iy 6c *e 6 ftushr Dd 6Ebd.d Lo8 .rFi.tr€ rd r.tiri6r dEry rhdtd 

h.ti'dield{dbgimaddinrn 

Blt d€ !.fi ErhE rrdfiod @id .$.t 6td *r1? DE 6 iEdf djd d b4in ro ,cquid cmi.r ii 

rlE unibd se ndi fidr9,r7; l wB hr.du..d f6 ii r gcct hly etd6 sl:6 

rhh t pului2td by wilb Liplne in . si6 of dtcL! ekj.s o.olg. K.rM\ frn{j 

.obiMqt di.l. (nuh b Kmmt.h|3in) tu i!.ll.acdty opa ad.d lrnipdoi for us 

iiinarbn dssid tu *!e!id of sovid i u.n@ eud lh. rn tu@r ri. r.m.rtiBi 

'6l|.t16l 

$p.d to En d d. cs.r.l u.s. fi,ut iion rh4 r&r fou ys of glob,r w dd rh. sobli!'hmdr of 

fi. uri.d Ndio6t po*€ DolitiB mdnu.d b L rh. l.ihoriv of inkMioDt Ghriotr. LioDmMi 

9eifElly n6i by d. conalr of otd k s id6b3i..Iy bs.4 etoh.linjc fmisn poticy tus, 

!.r.d oD di!8 r. sid Fw a $dr ddE rh& u tu06 u.s. of ib fmian poticy 

'@r 

Fidiiir H.q d. o&s, !8, itr L'lptle D.!fg{.., . eroFt i!.t mtu n spsci rin.d n ri. 

dobrijmar of dr. bdrl6 of lIw h D@.d Edai. 

Tt* ws d lin 16 disslMar bdEn j-ierns !n Kan 6m oa d* q!, bdl.. d. dld 

aoni!tr polic, Sa boilg @i.d out by d'c TrurD rdrhktdio ntlcrd a cr.tutty uitmd ihE&/ of 

a@I3b! hdi.s ror€ t' |tE or vrd U,S. hagHrd dclBilrry ii w.6 E@p. n !\! 

dm- {hd d'm m 'brioird @nniba! o nF n l.ry dbinmar of sdid pow mund dE stob.. A

cbet ra .dd w@ us/ r q.ledu'^..o1@4atu.ss,.) 

DMbd ol did.d irti..., imludi€ rhr Doltdol .!d Mi nio, of US. Flirt s 'tqglrd by d. 

[,L$dl Ph: rb dd:irih b !rp0.t6. co.hDn ir r$ ao'|sc diml @in (drrd ds b 

bU b..f MMj$ . !ct);.d dr diB.n lrdt milmdoir dnld. d!.* byrd dE 

CqnMlr Fvduim ii chiq rll $3!d rh. linlr, L.r.d oD .ditrg sopotnid dicir or Ul. 

@Mimir policy d rhc dR To idiry di !.lnt of 6dil:d vi6 6. old w, rt6, ir to si* I 

highryqurrifi.!mainlbrn idaof 6rdw,atadty h tighr of e $T.dd Ed.w4Et rios @utd 

Fnb rh. Sovi.r lBh tu nighr rlgue a Ardr Fdrinc dil, 6sr !6}l rd/ we iftiuic ro h. L.iini 

@nce. of hhiid'rl €ldim ad dE dE .oNof sdi.6Eign polcy nry ds h. nbD,!6d i,j 

ft of r.li.l n.dG *i6in ln. libiE tiv. by tl. pd .r of ,ytun .lsdis Ld 

i'lqjbiliry. h Fdtld. b6l! rtr hirdy oatr. @u E i|s b€6 ir l9l7 s@ so,ir r4rc rrE 

.!o rBu.d @dy Id dE aiciB of dE @td w n@ h. idEF4d *ih |n. !fu of $. sov-r 

dd*dr lyttr\ qeiliclt srritrt d.qoi4 .idid.l" n!. d horq v6y dud h ri'{lt?lsud viss, 

*lfth Mr th. @ld qe in 6c drdq of . ldill t!r6n, ry mucb.bdr ih. .gd.t hib of ri. 

ddii6.l Sovic rbrld N{o.k hn N.h t5 Ddn dF L€t vidrl .votdim or S.vi.r feian poticy 

0ftug,ioui rho ord we pqiod ar sdvid h&mnlm.l @rdrd n in las. m4w 0 itrh{iv. pt!6, h 

6dm.n. or ric Sovid ryrh arrE .mDd dhd rt'. lJlry b $. qudid of $. iouB, idE, 

&vdomarl ed eludd of rh. .old w. ut&vr t. fidns fi. 6. im's' od dtit of 6ld w 

e.d for rtr Sovkt rFh, bd rhq re El abBl\ rh. 6td w 6 d iM.ddj .d G nfh 

dm ird.trnida in i6 iticrio dd h th. .c.p. uhidbt Nhd rbr ib itdiidiod yin a 

FridL. polid..l rtth inpb6 

wi6d. gohg ino hilt fi.al ddits I13t .d b.n8 |}u of omimp[fMjda for rho s!*. oflML oi, if 

m @fi tlur tE old w *! $on rh. fruriid ofyc dota 6.smic elrnc n ElFpq dEi on. 

mun ldnh rfi! by 1949 ih. dftdb ofib @ludd hrd h.4 d in pt q Lr rhr f*n ofs iid.r.nddr 

w6l rd E-r Gmsy, or.d h !ll. W.c! ud 8I!n .lldE lytu, ElldjElr, i.a, r divkLd 

ac'[yG4t E,.divid.dB€lid)!ridivid.dEute.AbddrFih66cu .dsr.Einrh.s@id 

ui-. ,.ot6.d ielf di.6.d vth 'dr . !dm. ! ic h3n fd a -6Lnaf of il. *i ($ir 

ddiu b tlE PdlLr AgtEet of Jut)la|td l91t w b hru'wir.d rhl svdbh ot r !ac. 

lat fin' .ll{md EF*did), itr fic:u! r $tudm,..oairnt rn.n or!.,.d 6 $c,ijc 

@ih.d 6 by pot&.lly klidr arddivq rs ogidly b FE minart @Dn5h b bori 

supapdc!, bdh rrrir.6, !.d widr d y lcmd qujittcdld r. bo6 cllrM re th.ddv{. 

'rd' lFr ldtd* rh$ '.lr}, '.d it ! ! ibd rd .da dF db[!h of rh€ $! 6.md irB Firh4 

Est K w.3 w Drlp.Ed b cirnac. rh. divi.io of 3{F . by otusivc di@ A. rh. e poin( qh* i 

paEftl cvbi6 of rhr Blropd !. f bau. . l-i @it*L, l@ 0E s.vid oft. of M&h 10. 

19t2, b diEa ED 6r . ndtn ad ui6in cdry, b. u/d Edd ,i6 m'tdt, u nE*d 

T,lig irD dft rh. iEvibtrk uenid&. dor ti. Dotivris b.nid sElin! did md rh.

@dnid dd mii[t he b

of w od a p@tu| Fod b rei,&b, r!*! rlE tui'rs poid i! sl @ldio! of rh. 6td w. Md of ri. 

.llMb 6n wLl l& b. irhri6.d e d. rd b@ ol wld Ftiris, s.h G gtorin! Ftrqris 

whhitr rllLE, ttr. lida.d poliriEl fiiiry otdL& v!S4 Dd dE bGi. r.3rd by ad lid. fr nr. 

dlrr'! t6r i.ddd .d.lr!@ bE .rn h|d jt bo i4ticirty a.,o6.idy 'r.osrrd by! 956. 

krfig lil b.sm.d4. b.frc6. r"Tti.-.d of d6.h!6 Mfi b. tuur.t dt dby lad6 Ed 

ard w6r lrd..d, rlF si6 of Eis m@hg adli! ie t953 r. t96l n y b.!6 s rh! td 6 of rlE 

sr.,biriry of6i! !y*ni duia thd pqiod Ki^:bch.v t u8tu b hdmi.. d. w6r! Dolid.rl rd miti6!, 

p.sirjon in \r/6sn Eurcpc a 3 mffi ofdititrg &vid hls.My N E &n Eu@ (od hi! o*n 

povd be d hmo, Tn builditrs ofrh. Bdlii wrll in t9il uda@.d rh. dyilinsnd of l|tl rvln b 

chrlas! S.vi. vn l htu {6 lprsrd by ih. wtl i*b). rtc s.yia F ny ofdltaldin! d.t srnts 

ftn! d'l n'p.id Fiph.rr, -d d. yio'l i'acil'il'.t fa or*r.iE diB b uFa ri. s..rolirirt tu 

qD.In riis ljolrh. ol'nMisir. (}isaofo.ilhd 1962'E!tdtatud. t endiLyof rt* Ed,u/d 

91l'@ nE dtr€ iro qi@E orlt ty !u.n . dreri. .nd ii'Ly .ad m' dld tondcl*v trp. b 

rEN rh. lrn d Sb!. itu 6oEly rb dhiriF or 

'Si! 

c@y: Ttu t lE dd tld b€n 

cdbrish.! h E!sp. iell hd plwo b dbk b pbribly .irtlaue. ulo th. iudjon of hi, cubs 

admn'q Bai &d W6r h.ce d. h.3 pl@ tul wt4 by ltuotine obitiry @q !y!en clMg., 

yi.ld&MEadri.ronet14mbyrh..rt lyjt! 

S{d\ h rirqlifild roq w e! $oFlitidt s of nE 6Jd m. Tho on6?ddiB rEh.l 

dmah6. ordE ip.!.v6 b .Ibdri!.. a ftldd hd b dE b tu ri$ dE *!i y or-dr 

rni,B .16 fiiri! iB fr ,6s. ed ,tb r divi&d ctu, j! | dnikt Eu.F In .hn &r@nl 

g4dlordv!h.ds.u.di.b5n6t tofl 6ud 1956, dlbo,Eb h *otd qdM b !. ftlor ac * 

rim rnd oD moy fro r, ii.ludrg fdr r wbiL h.sq h &mp. ir&tf. Tle si€. of m3 @rbt ,sffim 

rnd .otrfxJao{uildiry nM jnditurd in U.S,Sdki Ftdmr ! v:ll 6 rft sdp of Dit6t Mi6 

.i&r.d inb by v6r Gm6y in ln. lt7& vhh i6 eh n.isbbo6, fomtiz.d $. !fiuld EsGwdr 

irl@ h rbbuiry d rh. Old codl'd T 

h. .Iladd of 6jc d@t pl@ djD\gh ri. muhit&rl 

CSCE F6 d n* iwn* lrhir $idr E r.W!d diir G mibc.d b .hi! d.y, asrGirs 

mjli6ry, mmi., rolirio! ed hm.iuil din6iE, 

me Enwiod of ah. CtU Var 

o$idaor Euhp. howvr lh.cold Eh 6ibd.d *i6 tugldg idolosic.l id{Bt,16 wll 

d.6n d objedE . od h' hishq 6.!.tr6. Tn dbt 6.nr of in. infi u.s sovlr dk oG ovs 0E 

ftMofcmyt E sida 9std Efle! fi. !|!sBiv. bilibjajd of rhc @ld we. rh!.t abitidn 

of sp.citu D|lrod intu in vllric uivd!.I buu.s. !.d i!,!!ar, .trd rE tmiE fr dd lh! 's 

d sdx. w$ no bF {u lh. di.EE of (d. M) civiti'lim ,!dt As 6. rboE ,rlyj, he rid b 

shil. ilologk l difia66 mddd.h-rof rl,6ld w in jB iiirirt ssa Tn i'll.did,rl 

dnpub bdw dE uniEd se !n dE s.rir uDio! r !@ i! rc m' oo*!d ftm rh. dif'@6 in 

dEn sial xd ehic rytu (n€d for ,!plB hdda .hllnd of eDd.t ptdnin& !.d s on)

lrbduab a.h upspowr bdnv.d &.pt ii !E uivs.l rljdi9 ofi! oh Ewbridry qpqiaq rhi! 

i6i6n imlhrrin mld d by iLr.ll uL|'h th. blrio rh.t hd lo 6ld w.r. Wbr rh. id.otogiql 

6f,id dd bd did do E t dr.!h.b sid, br otldir nm4 sEpotirial 6lttr! of iir!€! 

ul mtihG b I dsr* ris !hd!y ih. poticy of iE nhitry, w ba.n. id,y,, w odowd 

rirh oba.n 4 dildhii.ld 4cifr mjdoLE i.. rir'gt..dc.'!.I nsdd*, c h wti.n tufl63 

tu look d o omhdlr d!ri. fips Ttu tdoLcdi pMr..pdo.r mr ltdr dd. bedn b 

nE dd *r ih!! hd ih. .rF.r ofp|.lcuii! 4 s ii rtE u,s. dige vfi cnir lnd ak w in virM. 

rda rrE b. mi, l{6 ofrh.6ld w d b€j.d.dsly&oir,cllr5l 

L6ait rh.!!lyddly dobgiid diqdof rlb6uvndsbah Conrai{sr.3, i..., sdid 

Uoi! vgs YltgaLri 6d Solid Unb! w Cth vnr{ dF tjni!.d Se Ec.d ,iri d nah 

oly b d: faE qG{rrl ii idalodr.dh of d. ul. f'.i!tr po[.r vi.ih rn d.dtc Flaiar rif. 

M hn ! b rrLi l9l0 irhitiEd rlr. ulirld sc t!6 Grttoiifu ln. podi.t nhEar i! ! tug 

itrd.lqbr Cth.ld tur h dE Sth3d,! otic b.|f. A hria @o.tnry. vlidr did mr tu for 

M rldd.c E tE L.Ih.Unnd Snr olthFhrtur.d t 'l|cotrh.6tdEo'rp.irih 

b, dd4 ei6..id d6d6 h Chlr a t ||d da !Ei, b.er. b.$Rhie@isiw 

i.d dn r., *id cdntrk Yq6trvir TtF.t* rL ri. unr.d sG uhiMt @hd.d wnn 

Mrdr chi[ b |9'l.lt2 drild b.bd B!!trtitr 6 rtr. u.s. Fl rtd b slo6.t diitrEr polic, 

i.d ber snrt d of !b!. $|n &Et Fd fdr .i t .i r &ed. .i uu U.S. Serry otse 

Da Ardr&6! noino n 1950 rt . 'dd onE @ruim @td 6di@ { .fidiv. leir b 

pcb 6r b!, od ix! o .ft.!w fdrtid ft. . dbk h.L!c .l p.B h Adr trd b€r dshr 

Whd lYa h. CoU lYa, Abotd? 

So *h 6 rh! 6rd E -odt In r6e.4 $. q'd6r Etrr nud! hiL b rffi lho n 9.!h.blv 

did b @nqorr*., sc of "d6 E|ld Flt.bly !n& dFi had h ft"ddrd. rh..hos 

ntn! Yc if r d!{ dr of ib Flfis jdlildd t4t, ay cL. nw gE b hd. id rh. 

.sr. F , t- d. U.S. ddq B rh. old w sdi fiCnr smhnf A' tdE ! rh. Soviq Unil 

lmi.d rh. !r. ce'mt rir 6a w . hnt d4|. FEdiim. bc.c onmhkm lnd 

tuli./Sovld poffi MDd r. rh. sa rt .& Anr t9.3. i.wg, wh{ 

ideaitd tu olcdmsir poF ii Yur6LvL !n dE in Cth, rh. ld..h3i..t linpti.jty of dE 

6ld w dirF{!d, th. Unitd Sur6 found i!.r $ppdrfu 6nn6ih itr itr dioi|] vri.ly 

Fccly. ii dild b mDli@ rtu Fojdi[ of sdb pM_ tL YBo.bv * t6 bdr ndio'ldi 6d 

hdd d. U.S. otdnu b Chinr @td b. &te,rd ty Mo, dardd ofr{i l,.otosilt 6t i.q $. 

u.i!dscdidEdr!&...n{r56.b66urt .ldoitredrddomLnhEerE!F9.in 

rh. t@ of d! podcy oldiftusridid. Tneft{q cmulo ! !u.h w! trd r.@ity iijmi..t b 

U,S, hE* &d €M p.lva ldf,.lat ! e @brrlh ls dF 6e ofd. old w-

\r,hn ibod rhc &sum6r dld rh. @ld w mlv.d jsd d. 'Eesiy b c@ ! ,obh bdm of p.w 

in Eu6p. a .€drr rh. dirpftpo'ril@ sdj.r pde DFse dft? wh.@ rhb rd. up dr @n ord. 

&e-wd ollia d4 6. E, by me mid-r950. d. .6Dmie lpln !d polidd ltf.dfid.ie of 

wl6 6!.F-nht! dr. 6dl poid oriii. 6biim. r..s in EIrF-ld l-r Ed.4 orelr 

EfdbyN To. f.. lo€ftItuArhic hila., n of ti. Ndih - thdt Tnry. xlhd'drv hiEtf 

.dnihd dir hnc fd i" hL 1916 ai!'id of sdir &6i4 in *ni{' h. rdhid.d 6. @ibilirv of 

Fetul n & b $irli$, od in rh. *trilhlar of diDbidi. atnks qih dr. F..td'l Rrrubti: of 

Gffiy b I95t. S. if ih. otd .E 6rhu.d prr t. nir-t950r $. &d lo ddt!'h ! E!EF, 

bal&u or pow us Do lltrls a ..hl bM io ir A! fd r!. po.iricir, 6dfal r. w6t C.m 6Eign 

policy at fio dE, dd rh.6ld w 6 quioL*t ntidt.bdi rslvios rh. divilih of Ome, in a 

dividd Eur!p., d'e .ldd. of.ll 3id6 rdld i!.*, b.6r! rh. ih..d. ofd. 1950r *! o4 rh.n .giiil 

dnndir *irh dli d. fie 8.or.ltri€l dtod .sBild ofwdtd v- lL 

Afita,sh sG drltuFr o( RBirnôyid poE, . drrnd 6m dru-r c re\ E qEi y dE 

6Epid orUS, old E rolicy (6dsb bt ri. 1966 Ctir bd en'.d biSh. Fnrit ttr fi. (hiEd 

sd€), 4diiMr .nd 6ld w w@ d didly ryEnym6. tn Efotq d Lar, d'. d* of cdhi,jg 

Sovid powc wa ad.qudly fm.d in hoB oftE Mrddt Phn, r $ba od p'lErai. iniri:iiE d{ iE dd 

rh. hyr..bok od siEslim .hMic of rh. 6ld ra tuphw of$. 1950r Eb rh. Narh arldric 

Tq!y, a dirind ts MTq w inndly @iv.d r Fiolit r Doliioj u.ddbtdis, ont *irh d. 

dqr of dE Kda wi io J@ t950 di.l rh. otd *r 6@ dr bortotii dtiLia4 nd ni 

4€l)txi. cb.*r!r dd it h! ranr.d n tu Dog|b iqi.id SrFtuty. t rrtut 16 ofrhb .jtll 

s &o?[4 hllbdin8 rh. 3p-ific !s fa {bid rn dd rr rs @Bibty forsh! wtd 

$ryiv. $0ir Mlurion uil @nrinE b hA.r rh. p|€d in djr guiF or h.nrd itug6, nilibry 

intumd!, lrd tuiitulim.l bbd. Tlre bsr of rdDddc sovid pwr, thd, go4 b.Fnd d. dupr 

of 6ld *d bc@ o) !'@ld m" h d fien.Iy ldntd d R{uisitc io rh.l u!r, sd (2) dr 6k t$tf 

odiv6d'.yuij'gofh.@Id8. 

ridny, *r dE old er a.{. {E ffi h.ul .?t so !n 6'nbib, e dE &!E&), rd 

onnhim? cdiit n{rtu'{ti e r d. |no. sdtDDbdpftrf .@,!d fii! @ *dt rlH dry 

],d in l95l: "A PRtd.nri.l Flpo6d rd t *ld dtoadm n ln. i* of Cm'mbn tu dE 

amicai poliriel .yr.rn muld itr r9t7 hrs !6d tiplt{ibL if or idpobd tn 1960, whetr n E 

ii ibct rldq it hrdly |6!d mdnbl.: rbo Mbdo ii Ardiet rhiotdtrs dutug dc d..ad. *s 

Tr. p|Evtiri!3 eoelE i! E4n &n wd in &. b. t9t& E bd re ofoivilidjotrl ctdbu. 6 

KhGbdd o!d. cl* eim b! "w Ni rcy ldt lqt d . d. AEirs dnd.rtd in tut fidic 

ldio b SF&r, fi. Fn6Lo ir ind n - rdi.dt nqo.jbL b Ere ,r! SFUlri& blodhs (d 

fi. u.s. sidc) o uy lpei6c poliiol a&da e Fn4. ehcF e? 'Hty Ld!?4dar ordG mid 

'So comuin a nor $i' G mt @ di,qr r0.b |epndGi 6r 6l, @bly pLy.d , rL in 

EinfoEing ed iiflMiig .xGtitr8 $!B dt t n.iotr, Tl. elyricd djfa*utt k in Ehriig ii. i$E ot

dor.dc ryd.m b lnc hldiml potid.d {*h T1E. n m *ir 'nd iesry Et{io$hip h.r6 

rh. tu .!d tudr did.E 6 {Sd rh! Esrdt . ofdr. @ of d. M Exmi./D.tiiqj !}$B 

rhe rill tudr prat or @ of @io ed dnid b r..p ditord.d *rid, i.iitutv 

@lord fa46d6 b @ 

\r,h tl6 @ [E old w rbod? _aid ifn n d d! €ld w hd rhl pod{k *e d!, rhn b no* .diig 

ho* ir d. to irE Ei 6c ude qblc clEU6 w b!fi.iiA rh. intuiioEl Dotiri.rl rylcn? 

ri ebdrdv! 6r rh. sld E 9Lrtd istf du lo'| {o. TL is6 lru}nlt ir *! f4ih!__ctu . 

b.LE of DoF, d&lupof m, iErLtu otUl. nd Sdvi.r id6h6, b $.Tiid wo HrE bdr 

.irlE .fEdjE dl}td ft '@t!d b rtu p{iphcy of bunrtMl poririqt tif.. T1* o. dad fid 

dx d qIir. b. '@w4 d l€i 6fi1d'.6ut dsovi.reiE rio A,{d r9l. i td of aa, f* 

of ul6id hhrrG ild diriD!.4rbili.b (miDt hitiby).rh. inEgc ad nilrhry ichnats 

gaddd by r,E @ld E h.E dlind h. 6ld w i*f; ya idgh ri.y D torsq b.r didty d 

n.gdnbb poliric.l difi.lfu, tb.y 6rimc 6 d dEil inrhlM d dhporry hhrimr 

nldi6r, Tn. imc. ol d. dil .npiE rds..d by PGid.ft Rogd in 1933 *hich k u[y oit rhe 

mi@r in4. of th! Uiibd s@ lld tc Sovia LdElhF ird ba runpdins for o tong .xp6s lnk 

wrrr orr ud.M6 rbc Eb'*!bL sriNiry ofb.rio iD.gdy ton DulL* rim iishr rioush th. t93o 

Tn dilibry diMlio, ddrd b t o$ {i rfldtbn oa lotjri.t diflcgq .did.d b @py . 

F6id pr& i! F5-\vd Ehrie w0 Fr rh. &. rndr d. del isE ot abdd, i.. , dr 

dilirin of cdfuy 6d of E!.p. nd fi. dbtitu.f r r-t h.le of poE in aloF od Es 

alil bd l€r t .d.d so dn id ln. 6ld *r FlF @d.d $ditu 6ius rh. l95o!, h! r@ hs 

ln gcld vir iB Bii& of &r. bd {E m'j4 rhbliia rhr oin .ppaB rb. onlr pdt*r hdsc .s!in" 

rh. fdful erh d rht di9Ponr of Ear dd wd w. mly hE !.6ry pndm& ,rltu tdid.., cir.d ir dE 

ch,pE lpignplt, md dcbd. dtd ft Fd .@ of$! old wu (,nd ofib orindion h .n.nued 6m) 

h&s ba rh. 3o*$ of u.s. poM rnd {E fd rhir .osd in Rrsia 6d dvrut $. sFwrh in sovier 

poGDd rh. fd thn coed i! !\. Untr.d SbB. 

Bd ifrh. 6& r F!!. add bng.eo ad i' t!d'n! b b!.!, d. eoqhni: ir 6!.d6!4 lno hN 

dou w bdr.r d. .Ime6 dd h& siE rir b rh. $Ey. t ri. otd *r oE? Obvjo{.ty, 0D 

bsliidgh h td-wd EirdDB 3he l9i6 h! h6 8e.!.d by rt d&n6dc .d frdgl FticJ, 

chrg6 ht duc.d by sovid lada Mlhal Gdt d.v .d {E saarl 'lspnsi6e ot{E wd r. dd. 

Cdnldw o! L poM oldly itui uFr li+idrioS Soo. &dddci* in sovid lNktr pothy rld hrd 

Ld b rhr gwilg irohid offi. sovid Untm dElA rlo b! BE D.v d ,nd b.rqd sd d{ rnd b 

jLmry u.s, rllFrof rh. s@;aunin a r ptir[ @14 whn adhch* 4d hir M dtd *a b sltE 

r..' indiond hnd. 6,r hd bd hft*ing for rt$ FEldins deiir. 'nd noe od 6 .dDr sovi.r 

foEisr Doli.r i! [Fi. iDDIidi@ Tn* hi]tEluj.: 

. TIE iEE .d r..lmloei6l diyiy bd dlMih of dE aidin war *nid i! l.d 6 d. 

i.tmijm'mMimDdud6,ii@ifimma!pvidr .Vd.

. Tll gaa:r inddbiri9 b .hdc. itr dl. Tnnd wax. 

. na pogRit d@ of $!cD.*d t'rba:cq 6p6i.l]y eirhtr d.ir esdirc rlire 

. A qu0liorisly g|@ dlsc of iDh.dorl hbdlladae enich Gtucr th. pmty ,z@ sum 

(tlt Lai.ist kb-rosoi) vi4 ol inhrtid ftllio od hrslrisk $. ibrd offo 

Tn. @..qlx.c of ncld pri9. i ., nE ohykr lihtt 

disd dE qEitm or h. katrd ofmniby potat d$ soyid 

.oi.iouingmrspa ion qd ndlar D.r y. 

b rh. Flrric.l c of rEk ruaroB dich 

unhD, shadd hF unds mdnioDs of bdh i 

Th. Mclurios th.t dr. Sovid €fom ledqship drov nln n\sc tuds hav. b..tr rnsdled ii dE 

'ha pohial dinlird on f@i8n rnd s*trriry Doticy, v[ich may b. lumiriz.d !. lolowr] 

ircmbd bc ydi indr4 nul 

o sarit @d b. otditr d rhtusb oibtrr B ftdq frdha eq lruiry io rh. trEL.r |3. 

n n@l i. ch|lte rn Dd cty r.rgt, d rorddt |@ 

gu.fub of F@ i! Ej.c!.d. shbsjc Driry, sn s , 

hisbri.rl !uc.{! for $.i,risn, could @ lo b. . f.dr of lllbilir h rh. ba of o 

o Paeftr exisbe s ! @ncar tu s k4t s. flm of .lrs 6!ssL sd ntuingly 6 r 

ro€].*s 6dind n *njdr se rift dfrd sid .|d polidal rytu vin hav. b rdr 

bow b tiv. 'im a.h or!- 6. dE iDd.tE b 6dE. 

* Ttu hutlipotr Dd i'kd.lqdan dtur ot6nhF.,., ilfurimrt Ebrionr i5 in@bsty 

t Even I convonrioi.l rr, rough h EuDp! vlrh coDbmponry nitibry khnotos/. *ontd b. 

@o0hjc dd md b. !r.6td. 

Md EEldly, ffi.dB urtdbo& r $..'iry Ev.t ln o{ff. mL of idohn, h so- e,t!r 

polt y, Dnid vtu rrd m l€ 3n sovia uly$ vi.* s i 6(.d b.dsNi cqnahn ofrh. otd 

wb.|}a Ea rd wd Golb6.!*9@ ri]t sdid lE taliip ha.r.t r Ih. rb$ ie{e b.id 

dr policy of id.olqio.l pEjudie,'1301 yasaij prlrr.v, ! cb6e dvis of tuost v, ,g,Ed itr I h, 

1937 Pmd, dicL ihi p4cftl .ditue t m longr qsd.d ,s r burhins 3re, by fte s.v;* 

'lnElfu Eldim," /,. dphE !4 qd b. 6! {tF id i,ri.} dE ollM. of dE Mtmdio. 

id(h i. dLd.il3rl sudr rdrc qicc is nid by ssn. 

ery* b idpt d jd m. rinrb &.re or F (6. 6ld E ietr Ery b& 6r!rd d]'d) rn#d ir 

ihplia m iohdist ads ii *rjcr dn6 dE DirEt ergh R.hiB oa dfdaE od cr|Hir 

pdril md slob,l pEbLn!---dE ms n q @togi.l Fob|lEi Tiid WdU d*hdnmk b. @Nd 

d r on,b.6rjs halit Ini! hG td b . trc Fedi. Sovid od*tuding or p.@tut dAi*trcr, wirh 

'clas inBsa nov $ric y subddinat ro Cepolitiol dit rh in $e dait @ntuct off@isn policr. sovi.r 

iol4di6 of 6. ed.comuh lmhdffi i'r [d" &'0p., inciniDs rbc uifdid of C.l@ 6

\y6hEq itdE ir.iiE dftudim 

A N.w Co,tti,rrlf,nt: me Spbali's utd Plwr,r4 olDede A966197A 

In ieny, a rh. Uiicd ShB ccddd 

rdbinidid.r..qll!.d adfrid widr 6. s.tid T1r 3.!ds of der, d t..gitrg of incMiomr 

tui4 *4 ,M ii t967-re63,. fi. Dldor u rd stu ir6 srtEd Erbrtc in vrtu 6d 

i.!obliE&d!-Dr. f,d yirr'sq ii l.rE .d ofsorh.Br 

kia. rni! dhb did iot ,igdr o h6jd l!@ n8 wE aflrc bur w 

Mi. fd cfyiil m lrdhlour @or'hn.nr polrsy. ov6 , ri. powr of rhc unlld sbr6 .onony did 

miltby (nd b mdrid Ah.de cuh!., dpenry nul.j d, 4d McDonrld!) rcmiiicd dommmr oi 

rh. globe Bur 6!r po*!r ould !o lobgd irn!.ie sdht policy n rh. twly .m.aing 'A a ir hrd 

b.fft $. 1960r. A mv w.rld brd ,tp@.i. For . d.crn? O96tlr6), dMG h@n. borb I srd, 

v.tE fa El*ire 6id t' 6d kld rld I di. lo. dfu&'! llic dd8@ of dr sdilr unim s ! 

3l0t l pM. Thc 6llrF. orddb in rh. bidl9t& dlilgt Evald hry bod rn Uii.d SG ed 

RB:ia hrd d y.r beo rbb b @n. b r.fu *irl rhc nd ffild 

JohM iritj.lly prEu.d d6r.!a in fte hop. rhd rh. sovtlq yho w rh. ua6) tlpplin of mitirry 

soo& b Nonn vi.nlm, nidt br ibrc b pu$r Ho ori Mi.h ro oa*c p.!c. T1. Andicm hoF *s 

h6nry mi3pLc.d. or rh. bdLfE}l3 rh. w d4i.d oi! *tir. d hom. rh.liolior dr doubt.d ro 5 

p.eft Dd mn* Fee.B inhifi.d JolM! bdov.d Cd sGkt 9.!rm, .E r.d ro G 

dordic !ov€9 Dd iijGia ban.4 yidim of. * | |,00o mik .,rv. a roD whih Hoe oaarhl 

.dsh e PE dar! dikd@ vi$ dr mi{ '$,hd m. t. do ydu sr? Hos do you h.tf-lad r 

Osvhg pmhLhr rlllr fftd Jahns b rppo.h nF Sovb!, Bl.dna rnd Kdygin w.E wittiDs b btk. 

bur d n.eit rhou. vi.6d. teir hau.u in S.udEd aii h@d ...1 dty rh! wr dnss.d 

on. unr*c d.r rlb Mb, sdh yh.m Khrdch4 oG '.di.lt deibd a d'inking tut 

'fdqrD poric, 'ar rcDi.l 6G ..rj'idnn uila euld Mosry o . Rarr.foEl'd rln"Fll - 

dr 'w Rusir rad-r pdd dEn n f,Me j.b d |E s fte Mitdta aa 

tuii fti* nilidt Do*c *! &rgmins na m. 1916 sE diri , rlE RaiG hes I dpid btritdut 

of ddidrl rdd 6d ,a f.lE dil by rh. hc 196& dF fl€.., me r rubjld olridicdq b.sd ro 

lpp€e Egllaly in rh. Mdil.iiu.o. lndian o..$, .nd .v.n csibh@ u.a l3al. A! to! dEir nuctor 

Idq atur ti. 1962 ni!.iL Enn ! sojd oltl.ill wln d d anais d,yNlt n.va b. rbt. r do 

rhdbu!3.iD. 6dby 1963rhcRsirB.pp6!h.nfi&gicpdiVwidift one.upm.^m.nqn 

Tbc vitu @ hd {r rd b6r'!e of poE rh*a*.bo dqun d dm roiM &rl vi6 rh. 

Sovi6. Bl?tev Dd ro.ygio w drrri*, fot rhhorg! ftc Ru$iml nilitly po*d hld s[lrply 

incr.r.d,ftneonohic8rcMhtuhrddropFd&&icdlyindt 1960iTl'!yne{hdd'onhEli.t 

Tn. Sdi.tl fohvd, hNd rlw.F d.liglild in b.4.i!iig 6 4 equt vi& rh. u e! sbrd r ndlon

d€y tnul|IEaly fd. di.likq -d by d6!q.r.ly b .ml&. ft. rid *s rjD. f& . d.rt. 

Br dE fd &.1 d vi.tu E EE our. tu* 4rd dr sovi* b 6! ofi dEn Ndlh vkdn .tt 

ba.d., h. *6.d, if R6i B .b.ditrs i. ldd b &ir. {E $!4 ha w trhe lJri.d sd6 ,n 

U.S.S.R.I w! h hblq" ror rb. UDtql S@ rstd te rlo* i! nF sovi! '.sdd.d 3t dlteioc b 

siE Ho n* !!rf@r@riie niBilas od tu y bmmid!. 'liM Ndh vids it ! pM ot fie 

comuiin @mnuniry, rh. sovid union tu oppdi .rd *in did fi iffihsly s dE u.s @hE ib 

.afde l3sl a'.iw rr4 l:l.l!w, s il6. sodd 6uld djly f(ro Ho 6 3is 

ya . htnly ddbrtul cbpiid. 

up hL lrulshi rtd 

Johu w lj.lic h hb !@6bstdrdEdd'B A.. mt-.r"svid (6ygn n Ob-hoc 

Nd Jar.y, D iiFb.d E'iu by D.6r sE y M.Nr. jar m. snid.l hr e bodl 

dirB tu |uhr h.!.d Ld b - ler@al tr r !4.li6din 4'Ed hr.l bq ,q.ll.d 

Erh ro,E p&d!d b bln h€ irifiburin of uld r!qo.' nnidrcly. chiE rtuq {d l.dt! 

aolg on'6, Efu$d b .bi mr pd 

Drqrb !m.d b b noviig ahad. And dla t $fc!d tw $uning *rbel! Tte fEt b.3o itr F.bory 

1963, wha rh. Nftit Villl1m hleh.d ! r!4'n! Tc (N* y*) ode$iE rhll w id b.d.r !..1 dil 

d'ry 6qbid si d. sondr of dD Uni.d Se d!.ny h S.igd rrd dBt @!.4 lohM @utd 

crrlb dtrr 0t w E gobe bG Dd aEis 4u s rISh ! ft. 6d of dD turr,. N* rh. tEhr 

*..d r. b. 6 druhig fr.igld bir oBiEld ty rb_ ft. Narb vitur $tf.!d h6ry cetiB 

duiE T.! hur rLr L!&. rtE il|!i! L.td br 'uyaGio rhdibc ffi @ld s b. ws.tJ6l 

10r''6 @hd .9!rT or.lL tuq .d r. n a n!ru .rir @. D@ A.t{., btdt btd ri. 

PBAd in t hi! .dvibd hd Ld hir .d.s thc rsr6 pdh,. A no.fi tr6, s.e E1lgft M.c!dy, 

Ddd of Mid@b, m d a diwr pb!t@ rd rdty &t &d Jobird iD rh. N.w Huarhire 

pftsi& ill pnmry. Or Mrch ll, l%3, d. pFtlh dtrdio! y announc.d on mrioilt d.virion 

lbn h. *a pullin! onl of lhr re s h. @utd d.v* rlt bi, hqsits b ,*ing Fx. *iri Ho. JohtrsD 

hnc dom I fritilry rqcr fo. 206,000 l|m M ro t dd.d b rb. oryly 5oo,ooo dErdy ii 

vi.l!.4. but l'l eEny !,lord dE Nfrh4 10 rie 6 5{9,000. H. pt ncd b ton !p rh. nilidy 

psur a b oo4d ror.rd meori.rio4 if go E6ed b r& 6.4 6.h. sd& D.dtHr 

cdl, iirom.d U.ir.d sn4s mhe&.! n A4 n|cld "liEBrckr f.u ra vh|l* diN" 

a. hon..h. unjrld s@ 3ed.d b b. Tpro&hn! r 4irir, Btua r96a ed t963 gh.no ri6 

crrih.d doe of liv6 in ta ars.le, Deti bd N.wrk. after Mdh lufi4 Kitrg, Jr., *s 

ûrn.r.d in Ap l 1963! .v6 wr.hiogd {9ri h 0d., r 6y roop, noved i.b rh. ciry md u&d 

!\. Caibl Hjll lrM a r bivou& &r. T]]r.. n{or poliriot s@idioB (J.hi l(.in.dv in 1963. 

Kirs ud Rohd xm.dy in 1963: sh@rcd ln. rtrtd. u/h4 rh. Dddi. Njioi.t Cdvhdoi nd 

ii chiglo duinS rhc $o@ o{ 1963, Dsis sliw riG hretc d. six doqun hF wE 

Roh itrro rh?.i9, ed jotr$d fltd d rfi.ld hir M F4/5 MinS bqu of rh. &nsi.

Amidlt rh. .hbr, Via PFid.nt Hub.n Humphry bem. rh. pany! nomir... M.ii.,! S.dor 

Frtnuod Mudd. (*ho fo4ht |adar r prorot.d p€.. eluriotr rr rh. onv.i.ior) r(.Dt d d. vhc 

v/h.tr R.publi@r md i. Midi, rhE bbck di.d h . !h.no tiori bd rh! &di. p.id !6r &dion. 

Lldd rh. djoo *.4!.d tu.hld NiM !n. ftoo ib3 Dohi..l 3nh. Hi!, 1962 d.f!.r itr rh? 

C.lifoni. 3tbgubriri ro., oi. libdl otunftt w..r rh6 dnq hd 

rh! s.ll pLa i! hnbr, 'hid b.tong b rrioul djn.GB wl ct did nor h.DD.r. Bur Niron 

rtu!.d b go. By 196l h. h.d t@o. {i. ld iBDotur RlPlrbtio! .Dol6n& or hEjsr policy 

wid .ua.nil3 .u, h. b..r hck r[G ch.[.03. otN4 Yolk cov.rid N.lsi Rocraf. d {*ndc 

(mi3n t licy !p&b6 sn t4.t dnn d by Hsrd pFt@r Ha'y Kj$iiss) .d wm rh. 

R.!!blaq, Mbdod. rr.'yrDd! td.mr, Spn &Es, eho .i6ir6! 

t uhold run " b6e Nlrd! Miot n&. wlit Nt6 paru.ld hirer, ! . $EDu durit tE 

trFjar,AgHborrb*drcld. realdflunphE of b.hasfi onMnulkn. 

Tne diid Friiial .hos6 dd.d dom ft dac . F....* ti ir *! beLd off iB turj h Arlud 

1963 by r ced.€r in sorid lnEl! ofcudoddJ.i. sin6 6. mi!t960n rt. s4i.! {d $.n 

$llib id !Fv!d i! dilftrar dr..i6t. Sdtr k! Srmtad .iq.iEar.d vidr nc taqrl 

mic lorid4 Tt crdltt duiil6.r e{Iqt Pt{c sp.iig M di!.E d. t@i4 otfi.n 

ocF9 9ohi..l qs, It. urild sdr6 .rou.!.d ri. F*4 by oFnins up !rd. ctb*tr Ar 

oG sd. Dr{6d oflEil ij4 w.6 3d& hrv. .bdqt b qo up !w .,i l:h hor.q $.1 w 

!y, e *i'&*! dn., ii d. lr.! cEnin."ttll 

ft. Bnd!# l(ayrb! qnE, nog|nh, stjdty Dd uirr|3jdiEt, righ6.d i6 qbt *irhh 

RBir sb!!r i,,!. B E6!b$.4 Dd r dfni.d phfic rt6 (n!s.d .sbtiiis widi 

c6po6') 6r&L.d d n y ed hat' r'd&, hrq.d rdrhFl --q!.i[y Js -...e 

rnd4 d.D..t4 a r,..lrd riM." *rd {!y qqdo.d ,omMd !.lici6. BEdwv. rto 

miv.d n i$L6id rrenpt.|d b€m d'c n61 9o*.tu1 fiirE ii |n. PotirhE, *n.d $n 

dis! @uld iot b. bl.nrcd beru& "w G livlng ii cddiriotr. of.n ui$dins ido'tosk l 

w.19l DaqG 'lHr. lsiiS of Ejtry !.d Flidql 6im eirh d* u/6t bd it obgiEl 

qid@ old id b. !llor.d. 

Tt. Pr gF SFht rhj!.d lnir iaid id6lo!j..1 li!. b O. lnl Solb onioids 9w divtt d oE hoy 

b r€to.d. Sd. Fftigi MhiJby o|fFLlr, rh. did nd Ei 6 . h!3F ria&lln '6 hdu rhos 

oppding irbari.D! bur dky w. oElb.Lrtld b, r.9 ird4 *ho ft..d i&olqial Dd eronic 

tubldo' frm car lib'rijrD. {rl E $s 6itry 6d d polio. offici.h v6o b.ti?v.d rhr 

cah pollci€ digbr inf*r rhr 6ri,r br... aE 'B r tbd.{!i6.r4 bur B d. rFi.l.Mrioi 

fr.doi $nkd tu8ni bd 6t@.d bn owi pord, b. joii.d hi !'d dd.r! swid rdpt b !hr!h 

H. did $ d d'. h@qr Jol'ls Nr&d t n.rrh. Sovid L.d6 d| mt @otoae. Ttu PHiddr 

quictt 66r.d 6. r€&'!' B..d[.v! villiigid 6 mif* ilrbft indi.rt d ih. a@d otnb f4 of 

dGodd ed lil4rlidjor in ill. blq r w.ll r hb *..i mc of hov b rudi€ dnhNr Polirh!6

porina rft ctp.d sc pcftmnE by lsirg . .&!rr*t DdiF" ffd jutrld sovid blqq.id o 

r& soli rh. I si.lid djd hj sa risir b .s.ds nm $qlt inFi.lim 

ln.'iidividbL' Firlia tsb. toher rtkl linl. h E!'dr, d dly td& olrh. nitil|.y Elni. 

tn !.d'{. .rto b.dc dF BEe* Dodi6 fe E||h El)e '- d Dtik dE ,olDstr Ddie of 

*4 rqld bkd nd tdolosiDi .&llcra6 in i! oer ane. 

*i.n d? whib Hos.. Hb jtpoubg? poitrl tad t' rh. po|r! 

doing SCdnhd dwi'dr.d b 16 dh r pa6r b rt'. Nddb? lhcrim Nis s $! fid mty .k.rd 

PBidcnr in d. 6ory 6{ r,ir.d b siv. hi. pit dhl o€ ai&E h(N or CdgB. Tllogion m. 

d'Fir,\b.Ef!.db6t .dEitlltdln.yrtlddddtddh?h.d.oysr&B!!to"brn ir 

bou$D. Priv-! h. bld !id€. "rE @.1 d. @otuir d, rbn !tu$t6vb$.E Bd* 

@l sy rh4 of 6E." n s6Eddbdirs@eisddr rYd iill hlE brnd. 

rold6 $yioe sllJ yout 6r rd a.id . . . ,. ll epl|tr.d Fivdy. "wim rdiqbtt lik n Thry 

dont h!v. th. ![3nB ta whd it 6.@,")tarl 

A! us!], d$.ldioi ENlr wd.d i n6d& m fdlbn eorby. Da$ib ds di*r pEbrrr o rt. 

.dpsq rlll t!o*r njld-pdry ri*d of arrlo. cdrM G.cg. w.rr4 Eiv.d t@ twpon frm 

lfu Dtrdu dE {. of diry rhd n did nlD d. Dolollid a . rr.L. Crtnughoul rh. 1965 b tml 

y.rr., d!. rr {a M 6dy orpc.d by okb. dr dbra. ADai@: by bu.rr who e4 dohs , 

dlpr.r.niM lhE olsc filbtus bd dyiq. r$- dn *bia; by f@r|l. dtn rr mt6i md tt 

L{rla rdE rt6 mirtk-ra$ hqi.et.2t L fo. lh. rrn6, rffitu! k d h. &od r. .t, 

fld o.dd in rh. l@a'bur lrw h.y hk d@ fd vitu or d.ft. 

Nixoi, howvd, urddrood Bbar h.d 6 b. doi., ud h. llic€br h. h.w hos 6 do ir, Hb ptm 

b@n. cle yn D, lurpriringt, hc picr.d H6ry Ki$i!3a a ndiodt rryiy .dvis. Borh tH 

b.hv.d n'. r970r yoH b. d''p.d by &slopn4r n. wm 6rDinc uiibd seB domiMs in wo d 

!ff.i8 rio sovLr diuory boilduts ih. 'iritrg Moril sd golidot pow of w.fu EuD!. od .r.pd. 

vhit rtrE&rd Amd{ n'itr5 bd *t d .!rn6 w-\ish!. Fli.k5 in 3*h M s vjtu dd 

d. Mkldl. Est dd rh. gpendy b.d.ol* Dir of ihc vids yh 

AhoE .ll a Kitiign rircd b er, d. erEH p'lrh w hoe b .'dg.- rh. Sovi! s rb., aq!.d 

G. gbt t idki of !l@ly ' ngionl,.uF!.E c.ibio|M w s idpotur in rE trot s {E 

rr r94o!, h! bd8 of d. w REiu sarq {d ft ELiy. delnE of An |is pds, 

onbintunr no* [rd to b. @idrld dindddy &o wno Adoo e John x6o.jy nrd. poliq. 

Nibo ud KiaiiS( hdtlv.d d'. sovi.b otd b. @i6in d d by a m4i 

uribd sr!r.! globrl omnihenb (*hich eirh4 rh. a6dl6 pubtic ns dE @nomy .ould ror.rot ) btr 

by rukill3 a dc6li n\. sovi.ts @uld h!v. lodry Rd.j .omic hrtp ifd.t @op.Br.d in VnhM md 

IDln w@!iMa!Nix@at tlzrEd o oD6 blls *ih Cnid Fr l{aq y4 M& hd b€r $. 

A.ii vilLj! b Amailtn hn :ir 6. he 1950r b hn .!o b@o. Rqc. di! o6. Th.

E iidion rlEr onc obbunil powd 6rld b. pt.y.d ottB.iin d! ofio iltovcd Nixon b b?tj.v. rtEr 

s id of hnordioni we .idin3 Dd 0 . of iqoridion. b.cnhins.lasl oie rh. EbtjoBhio 

betueD r. afdios sd ln. sovi.6 *! prcr,ry djunldi Nixoh in 

dhd pbbLft,-vi.bm bd rhc alli.5

m.mbd), !n4u|g1n3 Nihn b b.li4. rrrd Ro3d w! rd I roy'l 6m 

ong6n.n who h.fd onry KlFiis.fi sido of! !&rr, ud m(,ldiDg d idt n4didim *irhour 

intubg |n. srb D?rtur Nrm Dldddod rI n H. EDstad p.irirty, "H.nry dink Bilt 

lRos6l iill vsr dcD ed Biu diits rh! Bany L poE cur. tn a gg rf,.y G b.rh i9l{.tt31 rr 

ft dr. dt rio. in Ardr hntury drr I E rrt ofe es :rroilEd bdE of[ir i€DolE of 

6,.ign policy. 34i $a Ki!.i'gn on{ rM d ouh .s hi on d. 'H@{ di.t tidtuB n t*. 

mudtumq. wlr rh. jolc. "ftayr r.!t in {E ddq s.t r tor of @m pitcd o. n n, lnd rhh ect 

wirhdt &!ed oiSEsionir luppoG L\e rur of i\. sdr D.r66! o londnn4 rh! @nadse of 

xisitrs€?s .b4 ih. Puiknr 3.d nis .todd rdvid hld dt .:d o6s. .rn , oBiddld rhis b h€ 

lmsh. \rtu K!6i03a ra $c cb@rid ff NLmt rse ofdr. r/nld. csr jn t970, eobl!ro 

{idchr n |enbLd r i@s. ftm da vrrni, ac.9. rt'd .$. pa. q@ Sai!!rt. wNr "rrr. Nis 

q'e hiNlf 3 r rid drlct "t50l Kisi'sd 'dtlhi]. ddl.d rh. 6.ri9 potjcyr*ii! FB 6m 

dE \ltiE H@ 14 d dE ft€i.lall Fsl st d, dit d hE b b. sdr* b CdSB Roec 

alda{h kryira |inh rbc! by Ftije\ bld b ldE b.ft.. rm.bq h }td ft Grrd 6djrv olt.d ", 

ah6 dpry ddi&." IEr.ld of hildhr Fliiql irdihnid, Nixd rc eyrrmri.lt y udminiis 

D6pirc hb tm ffir oq Fti.y, Nnd 6joy.d br ot -*. H. e Et6r b {,61 viri {E 

s."iî't .lbmliofrt*czdnEirlrt Asitdl@, 

'@, 

ri h.@ld d n so&d yidr 

B'!dH fa . to.irin .f &bgt' Drii ri. vi.re w. d fr. ,sr i t-r E! husj, uda c+ 

hL tr. rmur..d i, t969 du unid srB rlo0| wld k * vitu ii . plE d virhdllHl lhi. 

policy !.!6&.d b eind doh r\e w od lid d!. dir& D,!drrr, Ni6, bowd4 h.d io iddjo, or 

ro[ovhg lnd h. bitldy ellc.l ,i.otdinis." Tto Unibd SlB mud di. is 3toh6l .bLqdions, bor it 

h.d b uph.ld 6.m *irh difiertu potiiB 6{ ir hrd duiic tu pd-r9t5 ys *h3n n 6joy.! 

h vitu Nixd pmud t potjcy of "vidr8irtio4" tur !! bdldios sdjn vi.tu, lrn, e ir o!& 

'q!E 6. d.F|ig rlEnr4 lln rFud edty d r. i:-t d polii3 or t9t b t96j. A m 

una.d sd6 odLirl d4 n d|Pt '16'.n{ird!obd6. dpc- E!.NrE ri. Fqi&. blblcd r 

aib Do6nE.' h D.ovir,.d sd a d. uDrld slb FnLd b-t 6u gE of a! nili!4 .mih6 

AffiidB Rtd hltp di. tia& bt ''o: hlda of 4timd ro a,i!dl. f,i.id @ ro b. Jbr: 

in n'e Mid\dr. 3or, rtu; md in Amca ?riE (rh. toss Bdsn c@so) ed rh. *hhnonb.ed. bur 

blr.t mljdit, 6mri6 ofauola G pds@ 6loiy) Dr s.ur ar;1 

Nin Dd )G.ir3- {llrtr 6tid+|h.{5..rr ri.y Nl ,Ln d b dr. . ,.fr oE* *s .f 

rffiin hiliLy!B &n'rd b$ bt? ulir n i]. oi4r96&, L! d.y$s.d bnd,t0 bilid by $c 

rim. Nirm ln otfE. ltu .loi. boih r2.r biuioi of |m iI rer2,r97]. Nin ddald rhr dr d,h 

e3 r's 6. E6 o$rbipa zld an d, His M.jdyd€i,rd. 

Ih..h!hBpdd.dbyonLrirgp|!F,ndodu!q4+nk'.!ifh,BsoingdmldriESa6,Ro.hu.k

dlog'h rh. wd! ofe 06.lrl. In rL ri. Nie Dodi@ 668€.d 1d'.Cm DitiE y b{itduD itr rh. 

Mjrl . ed ltd lou m Anie! n*t 6.'&q!d 0s idio.r :'d @dsd orhq *i r ld b Ek 

oilpie! npidly b !€y f0 ln inndioo{d4d uijr.d sblr.quipndq ndc lha* idjo6 ie lik ty 6 

u fds nrls 6b !.Eodadc b *nL difld; h.t!.d cd. d{$'uly.r,h!d Ebiiom wiih xph 

wha h ntu!.d b bdm b A.id p.ltc.Mi dn eld Nnotr 6 ber a Ftiriat b.dGlow orth. $.i 

.nd {hic opdEin Eei@ h Ain . Th. d.eiM ont '!d..ming vitu s hd n s.* rh. PlBi&nr. 

di.flL ftrFilin8 ber ftlE vidn. 

Bu!.€ dd yid. w d inm.dilly 9F6L a Nnm s .d d ulorq h. sdy *td.d dr 

tmbirg, Ddiarrv in.-roi-, inifi dno{h. EEtl & E,!d by d. omuiic b foml @F 

jib soorh vialm. ft. b@b-gs 6.d d b h. . d!!dq 7r. lvfl r'* rlE F6tirt.d I jory on 

cr.'sd Ddnbi.s i. M'4h l%9_ Nro s up I 'PlDnt6" br b tuo $dr tak ,rh.lM dc d" 

Tni! &cid6 r.d b , sj.. of cnDiDd s t d. ptnba! tr climad i. dj.ii .hpr ro bEk in6 

Dhoqrio pdy h.adq6 r w'ntnEht wlbilt HoLt h r92. 

Tn bonbi!3! nd*tilc mly dBb !\c 6nmuni'r 6ds d..!.r inb cmbodi. dd daubiliad $. 

.ounty. Ir EV 1970 a ndn-wioa n jbry ofi.e, lji Not, ov.drw dr gow'mdr of priie Noddoh 

sihindlr, yho hi'ulouly h.d kepr c!nb.d]. our of dE pdh of rh. we e dturiq, Tn unirad sorc 

rpFlitt w no. diddy inwlv.d in lh. osdl|w. AhhouCh dr CLA cdinty t s of Lm Not! 

Dh] Bu Ntd rud.d b blc rdvarA. ol d! dp. Or A!.il 30. rcro, b. '@!*.d i, b .nsddl 

.'cdr d. rlr lhild sn6 tN d d ! . "9idtul h.lpr6 !toL" êi6 rs E! riglfd. i .dii! 

Cmbodi. b cltu d 6. cmmDa sF. In ri. M. or *i'niig dM dE H, Niu .r!od.d 

B..i Ododb Dd AFim alpis }* s &red !o! Not prtrEd b b. 4 jn6mpa.d prad 

*ho w|lh.d hdpldly s hir on !lly3 plo.lj c wll a comnid mt q svig.d hir Drion. By t97l 

d'. .ohnunnr @Dturr.d hrtfrh. 6ufy. (By l9?, rh.y h.d .[ of ir. MoE do 250,000 p.Mi! hrd 

bcn kilr.d, masiv. shsriad b.gd, and 6n! of rh. *orld! mo! b@tiful 6unri.! tit in ruLie.) ri 

rh. urltd srd6 rod.ob lr.dry 500 6ll.gs hr on ril. ro prcbt llixoo s iivdion. Ar x.ir 

sd. ii ol o Dd Ja.r.$n s@ in Milisilri F!e!!r *ft lhot lDd ril|.d, Tlouridr of hriv, 

ANi@ d6.ald.d oo wGbinsbn Trc.rr w. rbrimd in rh. \rhi! HoB. bsd.nr ro r4t . 

pdlibL os[ Nn4 KisiDea r.!r.n, E oo dr .de. or i mfr.c htrkdoh. Th. p€id.nr 

sould $ou! 'L.fs go br* ii. b.rl ou. of6d," ! 4br,Es.d rnl.3 bolc! o h fttrtr.d dt6e, 

Bur Dublic opiiid p.rrs sbo*Ed ind r0 p.lqr ol itu Ah.iid. .w.y.d supron.d rlixon! 

iivriion, rxhoBh 53 p*.nr did 

congdi royrrly lcrd a a richhiig tud, rbrorbiDS rho uriue pbrsh ftry bur doiry iorhinS 

!trtil n\.y bn wahingbr dd Nixon pull.d $. roopr our of cdbodk cons6! fo|ow.d rh. 

koridm! nor d& p{pL jn .nc aftd.ts2l 

Th. Csbod'o ru.dr wa or. m

Untun Sd6 hnrorr. ln r9?r Nilor udldia! Sold vituc tu 

' l)md our b b.. fritG a h'i@ aLvnion sho*ld sdd 

vi6.m6. rrupl crinshe daer.dcr) b &pdii! am4ion heli@pb 

y srppiig uD ur b.hbing of kr 

b.qn. Lrc ddt haviry bomb.d @unrry in hbrory, By nid-t97r $e onmunbs v.n In. nmngr 

po.n'oi rr Ltur rhrD rr by rio. incc r962. 

vi.heidion ftit.d d.spib u dLrsld rr r rh. d,.rr4 ofbonbs rr th. d. ofon. h for 

. rt69 rd r97r,2o,oo0 aidi.s 

ou 300,000 A.ja re r cd lnik th. er w lutF.dt riDdjn! iroh. ltr fMrion. on. 

poDuhr S.8on nslrps M . d.jt Mrd i! whilh Edar $b.inod sri6 of $.n &@iri.r s 

np. e homici.L 6miu.d by ,^ndics. Nod[ vi.lnM, rh.r "figs.dy-s li(na founh.nr. 

.oui", a Lyndoi ,ohnron once 6n.d ir, vs i6od4 rh. unid shb. an6js riEd ofruF 

pon4 a sddl vi.hm4 egin. ird w onDr ud in.$!bL Mmy *4 lbo d.km.d by rh. 

shushF drMdia! duriDs.dty r97r *h6 | milibry 6M_ndisl @nvicbd Licu&io! wiltnm 

cllhy, Jr,, of killiig .r lut Mnrye s.u$ Vhdm.* civitim: rn 1963 di ft viltB. or Myt.i x "e I 

vs itr ihhh rh. 6.hy srd rh. civilir3 wrE itrdiiinguillubL Mavbitc, Am*icrn .otdi.A 

meilliu b br, p.:h'p3, rh. hlt b die h &ch I E, 6.d diug, in ilroine mours b .rcid 

@b.r ovd 9o0o l4 itGbd ln ltlg u i. vt lle .tuids 1970, nd ln.n ryio, ofiic4 

6rr.r.d thd 65,c'c'0 unir.d s@ rt r. t d 8.d dnlrrF3l 

l{nd c vi4mjdioi nib4 5 @ did rh. A@io edy. .n 36 dimrt Fqtuc (d,. !u of 

.ll wi6 rn godr prodxed) @ ovd ln. tr rillid h!*, bd h 4p:any usidolLbt. inn.doi 

aeou .d Id hrlr th. iifte in t97t. Tn diotr! hdsriq m@v&, wft b4oniig s 

un@mp.riiv. rhd, for fi. fd rimc 'iE r394'an'i@ impd.d llw mE.hodie rhu rh.y $td 

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*irh CoryN b.forc laiing hopr inb hc.iftiq wh.n rh. peiddt onnia tle fo@, h. mcr *nd 

r tulr .rrrrldm b coo98 virhio M &y. @d h. uun ,fthdr.w rh. foe yieh d{y &y! uil6s 

conCB .rpl!$ly sic hih Fbi6io b t q {E b bdc Ttc 4 it! Blit, Ci€ 6. prEidd rh. 

po*q b qcc re fq 'bdy d|y|,ihd 6{Eb!d iFrml r Fys.tr t toDda' etdid d 

giE rh. di.f or@iE h 1737. co'le6 l$p.4 bowwi s.r ln. hv @uld pad ft@ vilom. 

Kisitrls wG nrious. H. *h.d 0d pchqd coisru ald dat *th dorsd. is6 bDt b€e of ib 

suF s.i.ivay b public opn'iotr {d io4d Eq4q r n d dari3tr.d b dry d LdS-h tdlkn 

p.li.a. $rb [is plas 6 vAm nd Af,t iiLd d!n'C 1q7!1y,6, rh. srk, ofe bt ,.d 

cdsB.,n 6. cfft.r ol wee&. H. @.udy dlt d ud.:bd tur bi6 &d Ndm! htt, 

Fliid itr Sdrtar Asi bcE 1969 rd r93 h.d ro!.d duBiod dg? Dd m. W.ksa. rqdd. 

H. dl$ hilld b hdftbnd 6rr by $. frid.l9o| sSBiond .urhoriry gw peblt b.du& of 

ndllniE powd h dobdic rtht{ for do@dc od forcjg, poticiB !a G@m,ns oE. 

TLr intid Erdiolsht' b-.h. ddir.tt ckr nr lyB-19?4 \dn aeim ftjurd dEelve 

d'doft&lift dhon belEof .wiln.MidhE.AI/rr:h-ttidi.hi!*!.,sllut,ri..y. 

of rh. onfli4 an i d. ser qili! of 1956, rh. tkvilr bd Fbuitr rh. E&Drir amy *lil! rh. 

unibd srer n b.d m*. rtut dj. nor pwftl n iEy f@ in dr ftr, r, l%7 dE Eisyplius 

rh@nd th! Gulf of aqlbq ih..ihlc4yb In t! *., sdb@ tdt of Ehrh. or run. t tsl 

6rd. L . ln-&y w dr r'-u3 ds ri. !$Td.rs h..r @ a. sq rlE lodelh 

'udd..r, 

^ny 

.@ d! Jorda RiE, rd 6. srria rNry 6u 6. erga crt- H.8h6. b-t *id dE otd 

Thl Uijr.d Sote ud Rulir .ltd mr in6.nc blr *jrhi! ndrhr db h.l!..t r.ph.! c ruyt .bG. 

Ar rh. sovi6 &bli$d Ddt b.s i! ESrpl ! qndi! bdEd ba*a 

d Eg/!i$ F€idot arE .l-s.dd, F.!@d i..oii.do[1 bd dt |na r'Et yirhd!* fim t xr! 

Era ir' 196?. lt. lin tiq ritr bvii3 r.n . iarr b ra s.r virhdnwrl fisn 6. sji.i paiel| 

iorlwiiS $. 1916 w, ntusd sdlfr mdirir jd 6jodd uded stiar DrBM b yjrhdw tu6 dl 

@pi.! kibriu. rn o@b? 197r, @ Ym Kippf, ra. I'oli6r .t'y h rh. ,.vi* 6L t{, (lF fuDri$ 

ald Srri$ Lrd a s!&n .tul dd &ov. rh. Ir&li Am, brcr i' | lurp.j3itrg :bd of sDsrh. 

TIE riaLd ridi 6lLrbd..4 seld.j tIl Balij! Any i! s. snIi, rd dab.d b @ jl 

of E6rr b itrvd& s.d.l|,!oLd b Br.dF. ft. sovi* bditiad r6pr fq D inin ido rh?

Kittiigd & Nixon *nd BEnruv b .by our of rh. rd. ]rlcy *e *nins by puliig rh. hnions 

lucLr fikc f{rc m |].d Bd ih. afri@r.lo olfald rh. otrrc kud! 1r4 d4ind.d m trftti 

c.&fid bd me $Flyhs of rh. 3trftsd.d E!'rtix folE 

rc.dod bJ kml uiir ft.sr..d *irh nn dhudr. virh r6i surpon tb 

.l sovnt nilidy dviiau fEm EsDr did d*t *D.d b mla6 hi' M poE, Kis-aF b.Sm r 

si6 or diF tms MirdL Fd .4able b wa* d . ldt d. D6Dh. N ra! of qhdiv. .ffod 

Oii rlb. w bth.d rh. 'Yo-Yo aqBs b.q& ir yd up dd do*n b on n) rh. @a.ry ot $c 

tu,r.d d r E,sfiE blr dtd d fnd d! k.y b r ftlt $rrdqr Hh diDlma tocu.d oi No 

.,bjcdvs. nc wubd Fc., bd vid.ut Sovld pdicipdio. RBhbliry rh. diict. h-enrury 

!!i.i'h r-6- b. hrd odi.n - r hirbtu', ad rle Mbliry A.h.t 

d.hircd d b rlroe RlsiD *aed b !hrr. .driB ir !n Mi.ldh E& H. 'tso eushr b .nd rh. 

dr3d lnl rh. anbs hidr b, b 6r&km.it !h. wdi This ndly oewcd in t9?l. vh.n $. unicd 

sd0r rrprid w€$.r8 b lsl ulinc NATo bud in wdrd FxroF ! rmspd poin$, ri. ArobdoniDbd 

orguizrrion of Pdol.M Erpoiin3 counriG (oPPc) ihF&d 4 oir .hbrio rh{ 

rlBdcd b tu3lc rhc w6h 'nd ,.p.* Mi6. oPEc qri*d of 6itu naiffi, 

n'cMirg sa Ar5 6hdi.1 I@ bd v6.s|. lr id b6 fdn.d in 1960 b F d.ehDE of 

mrjor oil orpoid (h6ily oh.d hy 

addrh, ed Duen) 6 rcd!.. oil pic rd prymmr 

b ^tuionl rh. DrodEd. By n\6 crly l9?ft d. cd inhrllo'El conpmn! $dd.nty &c.! . uniticd bto. of 

Drcdum. oPEc fded dtc ompdi.s b ii.r. D.yfd drari6 y, qulddpt.d fi. pliE of oit by 

1974 b rly tl2 6. r raiy.t*crlid b.ftL d|l6ld rdmlidid of rhl dDp&r6 p|lFniq 

ald fmry b.hv.d 6r 'E n rh. na6..l6al Anid! , $.lbr sEe/ disk. Nlw yon sbk 

Ex!b03. lre ld 197 bllrioi h v'lm h sir *.dc. 

J,ps nd W.fu EeD. b€u stchin3 nld 

'|drr.li b po-Alrb p.licid. Tnft da8. flf66 

sir.drh.|]lie6t*n,f&ftcu bds@,sii.hh{dGddly 12labtofirso n@d.MiddL 

F! (ohFEd wirt l0 D€ar fs s. Erdrdr !i oc 90 p.]td. fo' J'or), lrfujn d !6unchty 

s.4 |(i$itrtd biGty ci,m6r.d rh.r 6ey l4 "nh. md 

'dhpribl."l65l Not dly hrd hopa ror d. !\E of G!@, tun.i ro sh4 bur h? blti.Ed rhd 

Wd@m Eutupe nad b6.onc hir 'd..p€i prcbld. 

Tn. 6da, qn& *dE hft @.d in 6. d did frtu tladlc of dx ,4Jrb-tsdi onid 

a.|E', r9a5 d rh. b. l9mr, 6? wd Dd l@ d$d.d nc oit ud mi.et ds hrdba 

u.d h lrr F.viou Eod.n hinory widr 6 p.eDr of dE lrtd! potlLriq rtE unird soer u..d 

rdry 10 pd$o.ofdrd w.rhn.l661rn v6rcouldnotco inuc b iicr6& ic .n4sr w 5 p.Edr 

surlly, ply lw oil Fl6, d dl i.flni@-p.iold good! 6 rh. pcrot.uh psdu..R, Tik {s 

.4th!iai by th. lhd of Id4 *hc .rn6 E dE wur s!&L4F oil .xllfu. Dd *i. q. 

Wohiiab.l d ru@d Mjddrc F4 ni64 sdiBb d' Nim D€nB "Of @ Or Fi6 of oirl 

n !o4 6 ri!.," ln. $in &cLrd. "cditrlyt ho*! Yq {rvtul inda'.n d. pn6 orwhar 

you lll u ^nd 

by 3co%, md rhl s. fo.

Eftr.d { pde\hicu a huidld rimd rrE Di* yotvc Diid b u. 

n,ye rxorrdpey noE forojl.lld! oy ..l0rimnoB"t57l 

. rir ory frn $d, noh iow 

'Itl NiroD.Kisinse Doliois w flllidg .pd, Tt.y h.d foo!.d d R!&ir rd ChjG b$ rh. 

.h.lLdg. now crm fton rh. Triil world. Aei@ po*r w d4 undd&k h riin an ie u 

'd Kigiild rd s'4F.dt e dhi'.d ! ". d.!ar poibd r 6. hd of- ^lrdic.." rn? 

R.pubrt.a itdid e de.diE b rlE eo@d Ann@ f6 PDgR As r@rib !.d !@i . 

rcivnig iiq*i, l.lio! only niq r.!pe* *r b Diopsr itdui.s d'c mosr of m ibry ms 

$ld by rhl unihn s{4 &4 i't chn. h.rpi.s. Eilit t &giE.'el& AlLnd.. Bu. arLmL! oEGw 

di.l mt mre. n@ ih&dl d4a. b ltt e6 $ey of @ rFild rhd t i. Andiffi 

Dd orhq i.vly .otrliig ndiotr wE rbrding 6 fm. ila bld or di.i M.. r d*tormar 

'pdiculrt jn.pDltprLb for tb. w{r.h Hdisbe.l6*l 4jn hL bis.!o*r diplo6-y ws b.ins 

urd4r by dE Tri'd wdrd. 4*' dE .Eg/ ai! id. rh. rLjla'!' pGnh, for rhc lri' Afr.riri' 

ble r! egiird:Dd tidc.d in la!. p|n br v@t .td iaoil tu, *nidqubr{t d h.Ma 

1970 rd 1975. siniLr d.agtr a9plrln r! fic nodh. cdrdr! rldbjo, lqiodi.it , bok!, od tatf 

ib indEty wE.iohiuLd by rh. uniEd sd4. cxdils b.eD p!r!E 6.n dn bi]'De{lrow 

gjc Tid.Eopa.d e n cbiL PiqETtod4 !€e 6.fid c5di.' Fno. Dirib b h*r in 

di. sdvi.r UDiq strhs 6Bd6.id . 

'J. rd *irh 6. R@is. In t9R .ric .ofutr {* 

plied on foDig. itrvaetn ia fd d'. f6r tn. f,\llha dF I 9?or d!.ra of cediu oit sd i.runl 

ea, upd ,hi.h l.!8. ec of e. Unibd Ss d!r# @ 'lrdi6ll, h pria ud rha d 

FGwa d b..& F crniiarbdrdE @u 6. e!.d of lo4fr.tlT.s&,. vbit. (it i.F 

sledEd fa w ELrims widl rh. fou nrjor blod, h6fupb4i. uit, *bioh Andius hdd lo et 

h nD !/.& rldirhc Dd Mi&|. E i( u.r.d sc o6.irrr dH n Id b. Eu.vd ihi h. 

Sovi6 vq. rol di@rly iNolv.d ii rh. n * dov6tormds Dd did n6r ihhdirbry plorft Aon h. 

amdi4 tubr6. rn 

^ttq h4vs, rb. i4d!o*.d ndty 66dr.d adr dha in ' 

oirir rt r 

tpifi.d i[. aw C.ld w' th.r rs d.*lorhs i. ln. l97os. 

sh* l9m, Kisinsq hd Bmd rhn th. Pdg!a.! rhuEb di.lr 6lony h Ansol4 euld hcl! 

midin lbhtjty in Ani{.l69lln 1974, no*e, t!.foriy-y.T diolroEhip in Pmgd f.ll. AUlh 

b@,. ild.raddr Dd br!.r ftrutoui.r vi.d fa DoF. rr. Amne Ed ctnE rsli.d @ 

fidjm, *h&{i.sdi.b bercdrb. rd9rh! no&ly vo! rh. Patlr ruoMar 10.6. ubalion 

of AngoL (MPL+ Md d.dliig of jl $. RNidr fl.* tbNd. of Cub,n tooD! inro Angol. itr ! 

rov. 'h.r Ki$ilsr .ond.m!.d o. dut.@ @lrdd of.h. Cold V/d. H..rr.d C.!is fo. 

Deiw id b op rhi5 sdid .t!6io t Firv., h! rh l4bLh ndt r.6,!.d b h.@n. 

innd!.d in . p.siblc Vicbelilc 6i0irt h 4fti6, Tnc MPLA triutrph.d .nd lho, in . {nd6$ 

bn of .v!n!, ucd u\. cubr tooD! to tdd rh. Aeri@-M.d Gulf oll rcfin.ry (d. ol m. 

Dnd! mo'| im9.tu ftcilitie) sd lhcd ai@iogly ro wrehils@ br rehslosial hrlp.

d. Aisicor ud Ru!iu.. 

Bu. Kisinsd did noi dry rhd L$q. fi. b.liatu\d rhd Amdc@, .rD.cialty ln. young *ho ,h,v. 

bc! t@dr, by Vihe G w w by rruic\' L.lad rh. eiu io erd up ro.h. s!vi6.t?01 

Hn ldm rn EBcd in lr74-r975, en n .h. uiicd snbr.uk iib i 

sbe irn 1930!. H. ha, hoD.d b u. rh. nitioor .@is porcr b ' n,n'3.' m. Rusiu, coF 

!N, hFd4 hid 'r'r.dr !trdftullh. 197, ridc E9i ed iD 1975, *nd Ki!,irsE ai.n b E 

a.mbiBootrvh. .xlotua.w.r9onbm!l.6.sovi.r!b.hiv. ida6.i...rr.nmdousup6.r 

orDor6r fro6 aDdioi fm @mhmirk. fod.d bib ro brck doM. H. aflccd otr hry difficuh ir 

* lu policy c.*6 b Fed e[n rr.r 4ide.n b b. rh. ilriodl iod€r, *h.n dd job h.d b 

b. do& in r privr..m4prik eonomy.lTrt 

r{traic; lejsn poliry inpmv.d tidt. |lid cdtd Ford E t.ed Nird in Aqun r9?1. 

ADDojobr by Nird b b. vie Pr..id.dt r{.r spno Ag!4 hd ro Bi9 for.kinS itrasd ,ryrhts, 

Ford hrd b€.n ! ladd in tlE Hou. of R6p4sdid. Bur hc h.d lird. F6onrl prAri!. hd no 

b..ka@nd ir hEig! p.lty- wh.! h. dd.. sic as *hjt. di*BiDg rh. MiddL Ed. m 

JoE.rist p&&d n on "crtar da h. . ir wB jun j.ry htkins .bod djnca h. do.$l 

Fqd h@. hqndar. vid@ E fidty fllirg b ih. Mnunr, Tn .A6d d[ Xii6hsa 

rBori.td n rr3 wirh Nord: &d sodh vidu bnd Evd ,or.d, EBid.nt Tnid aock.d rh. 

omuisr 4pl.c!d in s.dh vidu\ ind in Lh 19?3 rhry b€& dlirils. Tniclt jb@ bn mF 

roxr6 itr rna rb& d!i! nE hirEr. oa rE fEhrn! b 1967. r dE s, dmc ! tt@ioFridit n unibd 

sd6 .u ib rid ftw fi bilid b t700 hjlli.tr, rn 6ty 1973 djc sdrh vi!tun.!. Arny b.sr b 

dii,'bsd. rhi!.dr.d for pEidqi Fod b Forid. rh. 

^ncia ,ftI fo..d, !.ebd by Niid i,, 

l9fxl. Elr Ni&'fr t9?1 F6i. w6 of m cf64 t. rd xisii3d hld d nd. rh. LG Nblic (iiddd. 

Ki$insd pDbticty daild h l9fi m{ oy !d unddbdh3' dll€d) dd cms.$ hrd pFhibirld dE 

ftiihdr.do of argid fdG i! vi.tu. t! Ar.ir r9?5 sdfi vj.M cn itu ffi ii hrni 

Tl'! ihiny-yo *t *s ova. 

xisitrlE -hd Andis b pin viM bdiird lho { Geg. Eqd Mi'8 nw . ftu iisry 

p..f6s, ftr rh. l6N ro bc t4.d *.8 My $d c i6l Tn qd dlmoshrd $d mitieiN ft. 

uDr.d s@ @rd !d d!8Lih&ddly d.fd dorrilr dovddc in aL Ns dn I |l.€ dE eomic 

.rd ni.l '6t@ b 6gtr sh . hdr. nMdliw w. Tt UnaEd SbB toc gBr t$.ntibiti, f, 

nE dowDftn of sddh vicun Ttrc iryotvtlmi w iot 6,pub|l b ,^rdi@ Gpdsibi|ny ,s chiM ir 

6. lgll0a tt gdamd of b.6 sorb vi..m Dd csbodi| E! rvshj''Abn! qEtjor B.dr 

d96d.d 96 r|f uni.d sG fa dl.b*im,8dh ou+.n,nc lh. Ancn, ftrE *nhd* h 

tir &fuq dE d.hino risd-y djty wkd. (DdDilc it.3m. b wtid d. pi* e tlid nd. t 

'.quE rcal .fh.r d6i& 6G rut6 b d rh6 uFisbr. dEy d @lLr) êid ?lqiddE 

$rrorqt ii rh6 dly y4 hy cdeB! 6d pubtt opiDi,ii n.& rniqhry.ftod 6 pdp $ dr doninG 

in Souif,dr Aljr ud rhc @,1.r& duty @ud.

Ford &d Knsblq ti.d b Ei.visod iEic. loticy (nd Fddr h@6 fd ri. 116 Fitadt e) 

vidr vo dD'ilo 6.'n r hsrod b RDir in l& l9?4 drd {,!.d *ih BrdlF d 6c dlin. ftr ' 

SALT il €Ien.d rhd sd nd limi! qrr.! in Mry t975. yh.r 

cabodiu Evrl Di! $iEd r Ami$ dBo.bb,6. tolge Tt. riae eu'd id .n r 

vitu fcll, oPBC hrd quidflpl.d dil Fna *irh.ur & AFia epo*, md Ki$iisa hid h6 

MbL b sbp dE MPLA i Ansorr In rhir potitiit .lilDt , Fdd, *!b xisi46rs tulg a..u!s!m@! 

d;d,h! PGitt46 h.€ oQd d.n. in jihiLr siuioG h. u.d milibry foe b lhor dEr h. *E 

deciriv. Dd ror rf id b 3{ roreh eirh blnDDira. unkno*n ro Fo'd ho*.v.r, rh. cmb.diri 

sov.6md bld r.LG.d $. $inr

F,on CoU ,yt ro OU Yo.: X.aea,. M. g Cubtcho. &G.Il. V. Bt/Ah Bn$il 

h rho l& 1970r AMi* tually .ma!!n f@ d. ai*r of vi.bh md Wddsa 

d[!dG'dtmnslii{iuxydl 

h in. old Cold wo Andi@s hd djoy€{ sp.ior rucld roM, m un.h! ds.d @idfry, shng 

iln,*, &d I h!.d InFid PBidlir ro dd rhit iicRlibt. r.w rs.iin ln. s.vi.B. ln rh. *w 

Cold Wrl hows, Rusih for.4 r.hn$d nucLr.qD,ljt Elch !id.6urd otrlyphnro d.nroy ln. 

dh* tuny tiD.s: tn. p|d involv.d r nili!.y ddh. k'o*n c Muort asD,ld Dtur5n. or 

[,lAD. Tt. Unitd sEG ..fumy rcigEd $p..ft, bu ii $ch k., i6 s d.?t, uromobil.s, od 

dikr n m bdgd @rd qhp.c in wld drr.{' tr didl, @utd m lrSa bar |)E 6rhi!3 blrd.i 

of dlltitrg ^nai6f daDdt 6 b. b.r rh. slob.r sm6 conrn 

poucdD Mowhilc, rh. .llise ryM fdba o!.rd sd rh. ropdirl p€id. 

d'r r9roc Rdld RaBo murd morc b btE d'e ch aa€ by ryjns b oI b.t rin? b E:om d. 

brppid dry3 of{[ old c.ld w{. Bur lid Jimny c&r, ind much iid.dirion iid .otrruion. 

l,ucl|d Frici6 dr rip&.d dr. Hy for R.€m. A r linh-tnon c 

cd4 rpp.eld on ln. el.virion shov i\'/hafr My Linc?a Dd norc olrh 

h. *u or*bd t d . TiE r@ lier Cer dh.d rhir umyniry irr 

redin ftc uBhingroD ssndll. by.nphdinng h. hrd !.vd bc.n srociar.d vit[ rh. .lpiiat3 

pornis. c@ jBr4d 3fts.d iir dc?rc, rd rcljgids b.ti.fs, md qorild, .r,lt ir.r r. yor I 

lir." H! ks ts a bugh pot icim Ti. M sid.r of his .hrd6, ln. rc.ti$ic potirko dd rh. crins 

Ch.irii4 oftbio.d h his.ppni.'t of Nircn: "r d€pi.. rbc bfubrd, bur r prry rhd hc *i find 

'It. 1976 .l.dion pEduc.d io crd forcis! poticy hDiidc. cer on.o Etu!.d b !r. .btr 

pcitio3 Wd*iDa borA !id6 oldrc poliri..t.h.r. h..vok d dla Mb. of! fho* Sonrh.m 6n. 

wriv. *hs b. d.kri6.d tril*tf !r r. populnr jn rb. rldition ofRi.hrrd Ru$clt,,(on ob$ .r 

r. c sryji! tt" ,rr i! sci.risr in rh. hdnioD of H.6.d 

Hmkr.)lt6l wirh $ch wordDhyi crn* rc..lvd sbon! luppod fbm lnd.p.nd.ne !, e ss 

rclur! Ddc&, who ipptird.d hn fi8n. .g.inn rh. w.rnjigbn ,6ribtninrrl" lnd.p.trdlrb 

6rld Eill c yordr ofcrcls rop.ide, Hhnbn Jodmr 'f, lfrd d. iD,usunlion, you ftnd s 

cy vre s sdErry ofs'{. Dd zbisnjd B€iski ! Lad ofN i6n.j s6!,ir, tcouncilt, ln.i 

I vould s.y v. frilod. And rd quir . . .. yonr. goitrg b ss tu* r,..., nd id.s., vaic. dd 

B4tGLi,d*rly@rdinrh."6bbli.hmaq"b€o.sEEryoasc$dndion.l$E rydvisor 

E p.ctivcly. Jordb did io! r.ristr. 

c.ic''! foEbn p.ricy qnickly b.€m. .ontu.n s Bzltski dd vu...tshed. Berin.kisaw ln! 

*fd n@ nr bi!.b. tu ri b.li.v.d ih. sovja pold ilm6di& gtoblt dm!s. An ihnieror 

&d $G eD of. Pohh diplomq aariEri h'd bught d cotmbl. uDiv.Eir],, *ic h. *rob m y 

bdor, on 6hnui{ lytu. ^ f.udv *tic H@ orfidjrr o y h,tf-jok.d m, Bazinsri .njoy.d 

&i!3 'dt. fiEr PoL i0 30o y6 in a poritid 6 nrlly Ii.t n b dE Ru*iss., H. h.d cond.ni.n d.

d.bnt pollci.s of KiliiDscr, r P.dor *lrh ryhon h. h.d @o!d.n p'of.$io uv !in@ rh..&rv 

1950.8r:jGki bdn fs.d in "i.d.pad!E'of $li bloc ie a RMuir rd cidciz.d rh! sALr 

qL .spddlr tr ln. RKim3 did d tha Hrv. s Afiro n th! Middk E 

b bdnv. "lnd rh. u.. of nucl.r w..pons wuld b. d'..id ofth 

.s6mric."l??t Gn via h:d i6 our.trd in ofii.i.r s,vi.t nilibrv ddti!. dl RKir could 

lurviv. i nucla *.hsng. md, di*foc, thd tlu.trinb for tuoh m .xchangc br pan of ov.oll 

hili&ry lLdirg l?31 cle fidd .ine lC7r, c|tu 6lLd Buitrtli "ory rh{' h foErsn 

Doliq. BrnGU .:rhin?d rh. otodd! by Eb'hg 6 ! p.$sc ir sqPrE! clot4 id whi.h rhe 

ludor, wirrim strro[ ddcdb6! i luari.idg rfuit beN6n Polod ed rba souL\, M p.opls 

bEd on r hilba da oya6. d.f6! d . c.

a-bE LlAEdn-U*.!5JJd@aiit 4 i!& 

@miri6 eldon .E!d o Mm polby. o!. moba dlmis.d hir oll.g!6 a nft "b66i" "d 

bnn r, of v.ry sphini@d ReiG.,I30l Em Baziidd, r fohd&, es disilulionol. By t9?5 h. hrd 

ml'i.d mi 'alvna 6. i!i,!in'l wlds F!6Ls E ld i'npo.bd (rd o{vioBt mE dimcltr) 

rhe n im up b d. s.via. 

cdEL.rn dD 6cftrn|lE*.* fa. miturtoqrD r6[cy fi@tn. Tnh6jj$i ad h. *s ubt. 

b ddie $.n . nu.s* biNlt a hi!.d .ngiEs, lE .tudi.i pdhLmt cs bv .e, 'tik .n 

agdaila ddar di.rii! yd tu ce for rh. dh ..d ad d A,, B m oftEid m.*.t. H. hd 

lidk hilriel ki.*Ld!. ud n.@ bll![tuivr !drg)/. cer 

3dt'id.d itr 1979 nd hc had R:d dsc hi6y !!s auins h. whi! Houc rhs in dt rh. 6r ot his 

ljfclllIsdiGlt .idpry9lnd.ditt'qElvhavErnk'i!*i*n!hinqnn ditrcD.poricy 

m.moud, ft.0.dd*$ on sovidpoti.y, c.nd solvld dr. prcbt.n by iDtinc rh. *o m.nos 

bednq 0 d. bris for hi! ryab.l3rl 

sucb rtr lppro*h hrd *ork d piln Amdicu vd.B, bur quickty fiiLj in rh. *o!td of unir.d 

s6b forcigr policr. cd.r, for .x!hpl., dodaEn lhr bk onhihmr b hDnh rishr es 

"rbsruc." Ir I9?? hc oD@ly oouliA.d RB.i! di!tid..6, eh. d.Mdd roE Ftiri.rt F."dod' 

Tn. gsr0re inturirbd B@tn.v. Tr. di$id.n6 rutfti.d udq tra mckdovB. B..is. C.tur 

*a riEul@urly ryine 6 D.so6i. |m EddjG sirh th.,t! lll. RKiu! speut.ad th.r his 

hlM riehb poriqy ,6 . r.E "brslinirg .hip" b hdq Io Fjlily, rs tu&.v young dhitu4 d. 

policy wG nevd irhoughr our dd ptei.n," !o ir rcoftrd inoff@rlvc.l!31 c.@* buSh tine yhich 

includ.d sh'rply ,!d@i!g .id, did 6u!a mitii'y r.sinB such ! rho$ ii Broit, ciit., .id 

c .ppE$iv. sourh Koun sov*nn 

un&d sd6 wiiy, bo*cv.r, s jr @iv.d f.K Dubjjc letu6 dd mrc m.. wha c@r 

us.d chini b ..& ib dicbbdal inDisntid oL! in r[c inrrcn of hunu .icb6, vicc pEhhr 

ra8 Hriering (D.nsxir.lins) smilinsty ropond.! rh h.eoutdb.s 

r0 nilrid iidiatu! .gtr Nry.. cu' dEpr.d rh. isu..ttrt sovi4 s 

lbour rhc rholend. orpoliricrl pdlon.G itr chinA.v0 a! h. cordlnn d hotditrg suci prisonG ii 

RBir It. mr &rhs ud 6sn) inoci.er @n'!d in ttu. sAvAK .h. sh.ht 3mr Dotie. 

b@d ud impriDmd upw.rd ot50,000 r'unN. Bd d Nd y.d, Ev. rt7. cde virih! rnr i 

vibr I.k in UDi6d Stu! d.fis. !bB. He bbd m. .h.n for hdinc t6 "m islod of srbitiry! 

Dd fd d..4i!g "tn. 6r.d. ln. rdehrio, ud tov. *tic[ you papl. !iv. ro yo! -ts5t A 

y*r rrtu ! rcvorution drov. rh. ihrh fiom pord. Nor rlt ofrh. dtulion ws cder! flutt ar hon. 

b. iDbdir.d. polnicd tu@ dd h.d bibi.nly d.r6i,.d d . !d$! Fr] rylra. x. hd nd h.r!.d 

b, luirB a8rid paty k d6 md in. .Gdllishmor," hur jo sy o. dE sy! 

dgc ordj'iitrEsrilid b.fft tu 8!td.d 6 dE 'lrldit sa r.b rh. v@m N:hd hundEds of priv.& 

srulq m0, q.€aritrr | .itrgL indd (fd adprq d.drr ur.de daL6, duc@ @ d oriibdtion 

.dvoeb!), who$ m.mbc6 lobbnd hrd ii wshirgbn. No mrioel @$nsus .outd b. 5h.p.d 

d of 'hd D',wt fc8.d !o!..t35t sp€nl emic irtu hdm .E nm div. $ iinitor 

*yn.L.rd 6 0 Mul d. of 13 p.ft.d in 19791930. ltr rddnion, opEc DrioN riDt d oit fi6 ro

Mly s35 . bf.t, &.hids rh. u!i.d s@ of tl00 bi,lid cn y* {ibdr ry .fft.riE €por* by 

rh. Peid.nt a a t{nabd Co|l3a S.m ..Mj. @im er i[ Alli.d L'd@ tw dlqcl'-td 

eith i{h dtuiy in 6. diD rhd s$.d.dt Ld rh. i@i* wld 

Dsptrc rh6. 9rcbld bd ! l*l or @.?ul DLdi!& Cc di'r g! dhbdrjc vidiB. HG did 

s @ nosly *ba h? ftllowld $? vrd-s.jnhlYtu3 etftih b 1973 rtu S@ diftd dE 

Pr€id.nlr tag 6rr rtnen tu Corl z.n. b Pebrdq ttr d MtrM ym while pot diig 

rh. Anaid !ia!r b r rd d.t d ti. d!*.r. SiE Iga? {E PrE[ic bd ftqE ly iotd 

4rhi IE Amai6 e! rhr divid.d d'.i @rr. vh.n bodr ridB lod lio 

lolus b.![ r Id dhtion hip rhd wld 'rcog r P.@d e@trt i. dF Cad zoE. I br 

foud.r6 b Mphc rh. .drs Dl@ Tt. d*iiE Sd& fig'B ,4 d'a lad4 Dffit 

Robd syd of v.a ViBjnia od R.arblioo Hd{d B*s of Tm.se, eh 

lubnibd bt cda b D& |nd u.?bbh b r.trua.B Btrd &d B.r. |oot htb Dobr..l ri*i ii 

frshlitrs s.h oroonaB G P"?ubli6 sdnd s, l. Hrrthh of cllifm[ vho prsdly dot d hs the 

otriEd stB bld &iz!d dr qj r.Bion i! l90l .d rha cl.ii.4 "Ir! oG 

!{le.. ce ad dE sa& 6r!d dE @ inF(tur :dse id thiEd sbbtJjo ar6io 

TIE P'6ida. dr.6[.!*d v.E'. ngrdiB |tan Ati., d..pn Sdnc i!fudd !'d AcdErfs 

orpditioi, wba wdu? npcd o r bor.l6 b@d zliE (. Unit d stu dsje) .d Angoh (vh* 

Sovid rdvitoE rid 19,000 olbr toori @.b.dJ, 8.&itr!rj ur!!d did i,,volHar b @n lh. oc 

ru.isb I Lle a'dlw Ydng urg..t i'!Ed tur rb? uDi.d sG h.h fnd "aniq $lu.ir 6r 

Af.i{ p.oblhs.'c@ a..@n YoiAr rdvie hd rh. wrnE dbrid.d. Ttu Sdi.!, hdad, did ior 

lhd.idiLr '!oinr- TlE, int H.d ii tr o*aic Hm of anir b rll sdi4 s!nD, sd 

Et'iopia.B!lsom1iiDdsUd!..oonlhEwou'$.Ru5ias'Brczhn*b 

loud d$dc im.en ir ! ddy, uM.hl$L milit!.y op{€, od h.nalf ol Ed opi.. Utrril 

You! fb|lry ailDd a uniEd Ndim Db.s& h rt9, hi "ool' .lpdch w .fidiv. in 

rlvis.tin! d. *bnlp@h ofAn io odiodlm. 

A fmd Cc timph ocori in 6! Mili{c Bd dub! s.Dhb. l9?3. A }w .!rti* Eg4rid 

Prsidet Sdd brd dla tL bj&ric d? oa p{sry $e3 b lt-l 6 b.gi! . Fe F@ vin 

P'ire Minic lvraD.ndn Bcch crc rha hvibd rh. oo kd6 ro bis Dfi@ tu d csD Errvid, 

Mql'nd, *h!c for $it@ @'wnlo8 d.r! b. lFlp.d 0m haDE od D !8Nmd thd s'd.d 

dE dinry* I hd}€ lr.l !d FaOr It pd 

'.nid'd 

ra llzij rrldrnl nm dE tugc 

Siili p.iidub, *hidr b|d b.a E€$f! mtil ds I!16? vd. c,d.r h.lp.d .u EEsin s Gcpbrcd wid, S3 

billion of dilldry.id. It E rh. Gds@! Dmud€l |@r a Patu! 

F6r thd poi in S.9hb6 1973, IE Cd p'qid6cy blgD . lotrl d.olc, tllLd doq*td by 

incnll divnions ed !trmnnolLbl. .xtlnrl .vd!r. sdvntAnrid rclarids b..e $. nd 

imoctut yniin of rh. dtusi4 EB rb. c&p Di,t tltan@r *dq.d Elrid!, te in l97, c& 

ldt Brcdn.v hrd isu.d ! join. rtfu. m llF MlldL B&t Th Rsid n& tienifMt @€iG in

tu f. rh. Pr6l,6fs sul€ |ha fi.y dld t l' 6@ i Mijdl? Ert Fe. Ti. E6FriG. 

I:fuli, .d D.rcrtul prsleli lobbrins gml,. iD W.lhingh lNdty ploBr.d rcintrdu.iis 

B€IE/r uN&l hud n' nE Egion. Averur by fi. @rioa Clrlll iinDly rr&.d Nry frm ri. 

lhb4rlr to Br B*zisli! w&.l37l lrfrlnkj S.vid tada ruh.n ne m3 6 fi.nds ii rh 

Esio4 includinc syril' bd.lt &ch.ncnv. 

Pdbp! rh? mcill M in $c supqlo*.R krrioBrtip, hovlvfi d 

Bzrl*i, ovfr voe s objdioa, ft.y .o cbin ind b.su rh. proe$ rh.r dihar.d h tn. op.niis 

of fo.nrr dipro'.ric Grdio$ widr chinr on N* ya/. Dry in 1979. Bl@in*i hopd o pt.y rin 

'chin! csdi ro hnp Sovi.r polici., in Aiiq .id rh? Middt. Ecr, snd on rfrr 6drot. lD r.kiig 

h dnu.iariorry agrs.d iD . !s? rjth cbin4 Lrd.R r. * eho *! m, mri solid. 

BrzrEri w 10 ov.dhltned yi$ rh. ct n4.,' crtur r.qdld 1,.r, r[d ,r rotd iim i. hrd 

b.6 3.jr..d,l3sl Ir is not,cdudion, ho*vd.,bd on. hv.l, h,lfw., mud rh. wrtd b 

p6p.s. Bl?io!&i 3 monrhip prdu€d ioo.di . Eslr!. unii.d sbB dDotu ro china o.lrly 

doubl.d in I t79i ihu Ab.ricc s@Fd agritur fi.n ,.psd. rMlr id rhc gu. ro s. which muld 

&Eldp rh. lda-ftbLd chhr n rr.i c@-cdr (i cdSjlbs.d fim clos ro c!er) hr6 dn.d 

ib firt pldr rn china, *irh gud d nking ,Kc Kou Kc L.,(r6$br.d.! -rdry H!ppii{!,) $ 

B€Aovat ,Odc ro Joy'pl.yld in ln. be*s'ludlr9l (p.rdcotr *hoe officik wE.t6. ro 

Nixd., h.d .&lid ohbinrl ! modopoly on rh. sovid son.drink m.*.i ) 

In 6ltri, chio phrtd D .An4iq c!!d" cEn nc .tIedEly .g.hn ih. Ru$in. p.tirs t.d6 

lha'dry tim.d ln. tuourc.m.nt of fomil drplomdj id wirh $. utriEd shr6 so rhr ir poi:on.d 

r mdi4 h.eEi v|e Dd rh. sovj.B 6 di,.B s LT rr. rn. sAl-T p'!B otr!.{ed', E 

f.blry d.hy.d Tn.i cni.. r poyqtul Ldq, vic. prdi, .r.Ds HrcpDe, vutr.d d. unir.d sa@s 

in *ry r 979. And bjs Eluh hmq h. heb.n & invsio of Vn6,n\ RBir! ilt, in sourh*r 

Asi. By hk ridalg rd8 6in. n.Dp.d s ifd. uoir.d sh6 '6.3i14r pftd in rh! i,rvsid. 

Mo*o*, ,l har, mDd h.vc rhoushr of ir s o urion by R$h3 rwo t.rdiignn.mi$. In 

wahiDdoo, 6Mhri Gnd had.o fm jda ofrnft h. 6 h.ding. .Alt $aty jn his (.Mn 

ouifir," rh. Pcid.nl! 6p ride, l{.nihoD Jord.tr, rbpp.d itr B@.in*i\ offie in nid 1973 b 

oba. d'! c.lrit Dd bulhnds ri.inn mc sovi4 v! "jl a big rcr&D! d *ho u. h.lt kFwj 

sd4 rh. PBi&i. vi mr v6 ri rm. diddoD Mofu.,l9ol ti fro@4r mid- tr3 m,*.d . 

!hi!p tuh ir sovi.GAn.iqn relrrionr. Bzzin*i! iinuh.. ro* s 

chitrc rfili6 fi. sovi.B qft trl.d our ofrii c$r D.vjd lrnsd.nB. Mml|B hF I hiah 

chitr.* oirici,r ..ptorcd rh. nom4i wh.n, ir 3pt.trdid vhjrc HoB. c. 

ed BerDlld, rho M.d b ni, dst&r ! dd puhticty iD chine, . 

o.nrid rh. sEclry ofsd.; whar't hb nm?.l9rl 

Ti. i..idaq BFrud, no .tobt hu'.d &r.tdld h$ $. sovi.! ladn q6. ni tuno.d by 

Nin! Bisdioo od dr. s@t a@tlid of 6. 1972 hd. hr, rid hd rndd 3ird.d 

dd.nb. c.n{ wr b6oni4 a politiql Mfdtow ot rhc hrbd chicc. Evidions nom E3ypr,

*4 .h.9 sr b& for rh. Ru$i6. BErftv i.v.ii.l6s hoEd 

driosrv.l92lscu(rin8 dardh @!ld invotv. p.yi4 i hieh pi..,lspdh y in rh..coiomic rid 

'rh s.vi.r .6ioni. :y*n t.s. td .f6.iat s oficnd Fhnuid id@tos, (rhar 'fi8-t!.f of rh. 

''*d, 

a K.mu hrd ..lLd I ir l9a?) *inq.{ F.* p6pL lill sbr.d 6c old hAr {,{ dn.r 

ftvol{io$ suld fouow dE s.vjd dod.t. Nd did uyon. b.lj.* .h.r . ubpnn .omunilr 

connunity sr jui ov.r lh. hdd {la*, s i Ran jo*c pd iq iylu nrd4rbd $n u 

hdilotr i3 d iorgttrary lh. 6d r*.n 5 a ,N .pFlad iL. Bur .hc id4to6/ outd nor bG 

di:!w*.d b€N3q bDkrurr orno! n l€ imiad rh.comun p&ty' momp.ty on p.*!i an.r 

l97l Brczhnd hrd dn.npEd b slv. rt* @dpkr p@bt.ns rirh . dut appbrhr iocrc.sins 

ftd. vi$ tn. rvar b iivlgod rh. s.vid cmE , bur bfubxy roring disiit n6 (*nit. 

llloyirs norc J.*! ro 4ig.r. .o lfl.l) lo .n:u! rla par9,, 6nrol. By lho lar. t 970i dris potioy 

hid hirld.'It. dp4r.d diohic piyofir ton dabtu r*.r !DF&.d. 

Tle soud unior lctodry ouFe.d rh. unibd s@3 h coit, rb.t, aDd emcnr pEducrion. and *c 

0r. *orldl lasdr .il pllducgi blr i ililFlronjub .he of rlE *.drh w.m ro ndprodudiv. 

Dilidy buded or dispF{.d i. rh. flourddins Cub! d d.rohr.d vi6D edohi6. wid: ln. 

*o d. leg6r er of tirrrbr. h!4 Ru*ir coutd nol fcd its om popuhnon. Equa y .nbdshs ro 

h. @nrsi!r, und.r r paqr of rh. fm @ e! p.ivrLry own 4 bur ir cotuibur.d s Duch s 

40 p.Gdr ol$. oaq dliry 36ds, r.d vlg.btl.. ^. @op@d, decdic icb, ud orhd hist- 

dh.oroS} goodr b!cm. ducitr f6 highly iDdurirlizd loct.tlct, i slidr nn by iim, tsny 

off:cirB r.d f4ful busue& !rv. ladh dmurr.dd ro iuddid. p6j4ioc indi.led lhrr 

RBn bjdr .q liw b irpo( oil by rh. dlll93& @td n .ould buy nssjv. Amdiu or 

J,pdtrs. tehnology b *ploir tr.v fr.ld! 

Tn drlo* 6 bLdc sin6 r 9tt rh. srn6 b'd 6d.d 6 iFo. r.n !ro$ .srion.t Drcdu.( nor 

rheush innov.rion b!. sihpry by aployitrs nm l$ffi. tn rfi. rr0!, howv.r, sovi.r srowrh 

Bt! dalird nlm 5 p.rc. snuany durinsBr.zhrvs fBryaBinDo 

a sh.rD drop h r!. binh nrc dBiis rh. 195& ud 1960i t]hr f.rd hbo@ ,nq 1975. 

a.Mir'hinsry, ddh es dd inhf mo|ldiry m. dDidly iI rh. t9'0N, rls fd rin su.h inc*s 

had.vd bq nor.d in suci r d*clopln utje pd ftdicrl @, .to.holnm, h€d !f.ty iititiri.s, 

ud d. &!d@c, of s.via w'M b hlE r.Eni |bonic b.fm fnalt h*i4 cnillla Etdiwr, 

ins fgua, popuLtior irftrd @cu 

cchhl &i! dong Mod.h sDup3. Bur tidic hrdr djvi.t! rh6. D.orr* fim rh. Orar 

Rasirn' eho rur.d &. r'nd. s.vid tad6 ftuld Sivns r. .rhdc r6Dl6 tuiE @mic 

rord.l93l Brcrln.v od hii .lod eohk ffurhiL sw oldlr, slowr, .od rorc .^f.cblcd. 

Bwinlki Etdk.d b cdq dli "uda t nio rh. sovi.r uiion ws ut . r.tiliolt revivrt, 

rDd.r sr.rin rik. . prkon, undd Khtuh.hcy lit. . oircG, dd r.ds BEd'nav lik? rh. u.s. pos

o ghiver nom di.n otd sblinilr fcar of iopibttu lncndrh.d' 

continn d to 6l rdrd cMps A po$ibl? ]|m.iBn-Chin6cj|pb 

sovi6 wNh fl|!t. ln Flh Bwp., e@Mic 4nd Dd rh. .ia6/ cM.h nd. !\c !.rcllib 

!6B6d.$'Yu3oshvi.b..ro.uprcdicbb|.oTib(*noh.d.mp'i.d 

d'. sovi6) bam. rd etiv. ud dl.n di.d i! Deo.prl 

Th. mos tunliu crilir 3udddly ipp.&n oi R$sirs o*0 .oudrm bord.r Tn. sh,h or kin! 

dyddy odd.nry @rr'ps.{ ltu h|d bdr ddu.itr3 6i6t. sjn.: h.tf rh. p.9Dtdiotr @ ,!uns.r 

a cxp€cr.d ro qu'drupt. b 20 hillioi in jus r*.niy fiv. y.,6; 

!n oil{.p4d.nr cFromy prcduc.d f.v jobs ld D d!.nding ,oput ioni70,000lruniss cdu..ed 

cr.byd$6id(3J,000!ton. indi. u .d sbktr.tun.dwi$tibda!.fr€di!h$id.s:ed_ 

of {.,irl i,nplfue-dd!4trizrjon rhElrr.d tn 6unrr! !nci. rdisious ri!s, BF.iaily dr 

Mdld r..d6 (rh. ourbn4, wno wF b.6dii! inpttabj. f4 of rha rhrh Tn. sh md*nil. 

!quud.F! rh. mrion! wrlrh by imponibc morc am nom in. uniEd sr!r3 iq rh.l9?4-t9?s.n 

$m Iro nd bougl't ir ia .arn. hjrbry. Th. .h.t u.d SAVA( his !.er Fotje rld hrd cloc ri6 

ro rh. crA, ro movc.o.hi.3. By 1973 h. -6 narnh*s lo!i4 snftt ro l!. rclisious hd6 

$d politicd fddi6 {rod.@ l6dd w@ d.nd o, in pison), ud ic vs ,uffsin! fion 

^m.rjclii ed prcbibty sovtd, offi.iih und.Gtood f.* of $d. d.v.topm.d. Ar rh? ,Kins of 

xjDgr'dtul4 utrir.d sbB inb Bmc h'd titur y no @ibd! virh opposnioi pdi6. ^r rh. 

i.volurion girhcEd fod, B%zimki .nd van.. lpln ovd r Hponre. BrzziBki uB.d heLpiig rhe 

3hrh 66blish . hiribry E8ift rd dowD tn 'wh i! bro.&h.j or, irrhd fiil4 nobitj2ins uni&! 

l.!deE, dkhe lihs.lf fioD ln. !h$i 4d uum. fi.t ry nitibry nov. cddd tsd b m. dj3_ 

itusnrion of rh. krkh.d ltuim Amy. cd.i ls,i! .dld not o.kl a chr choie. on F.bdary 

20, 1979, r\. r.ding rctigioB fignr., Ayrioltrh Ruhoftrn Khomotii, l.d foi.* rhsr d,ovc rhc rh:n 

udcd sn@ foEtn policy nrd $ficrd i mjd dcfar m. sovi* publicity apptrld.d rhis sb!.k, 

bur rh.y .6urd mr r.k b nn.n plaN. be.u& KhoD.ini t.d r viot.trdy D comnunisr M6t.n 

!6!p vh* fd.tjci.b 6rld 6ity tFrd b dk l!'3. ud .xpandns M6l.n @ldion in Rqin A3 

rh.* EvoluriMy fE bm.d in b. @on of l9?9, David Rocrd?[.r, H.ni] Ki$ilgd, md 

Buziski, rll w h cto* ri.r b rh. sh.h,orvincod crtur 6.ltov lh. f.r y iLtmon@h inb h 

hosDibr.tett E,ri3.d nob! invrd.d d. uoir.d sbEs lhb.sy ii r.han md ciz.d rixg_ 

^n.rnu tr'n. no$its. xhomcini r.loG.d si&en uom.n ,!d 6hck bur eoutd nor fr.. rh. rohiitriJ,s finy, 

d'!., vho, yi6 rbck d.fid. dts06, b.8D 6 donb& Ahd@ @t.vi3id lGns s rh. An.ris 

prs id.nrh | 6dpa i8n gor u trdcnay.

csb". foEigtr policiB b.ge b unvd .w oF nriit Ar t .l|bna @!ftrag ii vian drirs 

ry |3Ed on . SALT n p|d nid rifisd d. nrnb.r of nuclrli 

m! lon.h.6 on ..ch !id. b 2400 (*ith no m@ tiu 1320 b hrc MlRvi rh. nuhipl. wh.ad 

eld). E .h id. ein d i! higb crd. Fr rh. Urj.i sd6 rt c"d E n. mll .ruii. ni$it., 

ynich couu ny b hw for sovi.t d*crionr for th. Rcaior ii va $.ir 300 hu8. lfld t*.d 

ni$i|g A! cd( sr rh. rat ro dia comic on $. 

ftaor Dug6 ru!.r..d d. r.rt. Esblj.ld id 196, l|. 6mni.r. *d h..n.d by P.ut Nnz. rnd 

Eul.r. Roio,, borh wiir loig wehiigbn .xD.i6n.e, ed borh driren by $e ftr lnlr Amricln. 

i$. Tb. ..v.!9-M-y*-old l.li@ 

rhatoric fiom NsC-53 or tiirt yec b.aoe dd lobbi.d rh. Sd.& ine$.nrly mril [. Td orhd 

oppo&nt! frDlly $ned $.lr.ity, som. hs ?rDd Did(.n Ni@\ hiShly thetuicll nsum.is 

ap'i, bur crGls rcLriG *irh cm€B rft $ to., .id rh. c.ld wr horphm in rh. cd ry 

. Th.y did s *{ lnd 

Bra,nn.v 3trdd. y alrow.d moE rhd 50,000 i.w.rh? higbsr runbs in hisrory,b omiSi& fion 

Ru$.. in r9?9. ti. dE d...l.t dor or$. Dddeb foq bDr r.irh6 rh.r 0or Cfr mv 

Th. k.!id.nt wr! tr .r !tl.!k fron .ll3id.s. Th? IrrinD d.-brc|. djss.Ed.juop ii oil 

pricd. w6h Europo AUi6 bLn.d rhc UD .n Sbb for rtujmp, ud ln y rko c.iri.iu.d 

crn.rj ind.cisiv.r* io phn ns r wqp.B p63rm i. d.frid 9.deri Eu6p.. Afrcr I snmmn 

m..rii3 yjrh v.i Errop..n l.rad itr l9?9, c!!. Ecod.d in his diay, 'v. rh4 hld . tMhon 

rh.r * vdt bjtur sd unDlMr. [u/d G.Irm Cbeellor H.lblt Schnidr lor p6onrlly 

.busiv? bwfud nc.'1100, Thc PE.jd.nt md nn idviros 5ko grc* rigry ov.r .fpc by 

schnid( ed od'd wd Euop.s b pbtir nm noyiu cler b MlE*. secr.Ey of D.fii!. 

HDld srcM Enrlad cNriauy rh.. ihr A[i6 Enld b {y, -Y6 $ft c'otd b. r itivision of 

ud you dcfiDd u.' Brcw rdded, ?hrf8 nor vhd i na by 0 

divi5iotr orEL' B@itr*i Eliblt dioolirid rhe f|iluG by w ila lha th. "*ond h.d 6crcd I 

n * ro{-Ee qric @'lr0rl 16 rcrl'te, dn .ld tu h! riir&nr |ppb,oh es dad -r}. 

ti.ndt in rhc iidurtirlizd W.em *orld *ho yould fully 

coopse in @ouilias Sovid poB q dieipliri.! riird world nrelDrioEi6. 

Ev.tr rh! 'Amdicd belqud" scd.d unsrr. In ruly l9?9 rh! r.voluriomry S.idi sb rorcB 

ov.dh.q dE di.urorial somu dlary i[!q viin rhng unii.d shc .upDon, h.d bcn rutins 

Niclr.3ur sinc. $. hid.r93&. N.n.d rfiq $. p.rsr li8hcr Auguso Sddiio, *ho hd 

succerfully foughr unn.! shras MdE ii his .Mry b.r{eo 1927 od r9rr. ri. s,ndiiirLs 

had ban bdiDa sqmz! b.6l dtml aE{ fti Ely Mt ya By m. L& l9?& rh. di(do/t 

sled oc p.minry wEd 25 po@ of Ni6's@ |!n) od dr surds tuis hat Md m6r 

Ni6rsq L'crudiig kdn's bu.iK fi€!r!3, ro rh. s.!diin6, !il. a Anaaio smoa wa abdr b 

fil! lFws, dhy ce ti.d b Mh ': 6. or!-irto of Aeid se 

6 Prc.'dar lould ftr find . singL rtsf$r hn' Antsid

lrps.tu Ho da di.d b o6&. rhr b6r ofr b€d lidid 6y sjdg coig6 fn s7, mjltion iJ, ijd b dnv 

rh. s.rdinio govl'man closd b wGbinlrol .n rc* ,.*ion howve. d;d d *.nr b noE 

clos b rh. idion iha h3d h.lp.d tilt is ruprod fa M d.{.d6. Tnc slldbilc ddmii.d b tolow r 

mdigi.d foEiri poliy, b{! rha {nw d@ b C.ubl *6id ttrtt luppdr.d r!.m in |l. trt ndrtu of 

fto *e md nov lcnt lnousnds oftu.hft, h.rlrtr .rp.n!, sd fititly advboB. 

R.rdio$ *irh Ni.regur .pprcrch.d rhc bE*ing ,oim ii r9r0 s rt. smdjni.s suDrti.d 

inequhbr. socidi.r Dd hruhl niti@i.t ir tn6 h.misphaq El sajvrdor ,s dp. ior Evotutioi. clnn 

rdry cur .fa rid b rh. lovoo ,rtjoric chuict*om.n kc 

hu'd.rcd (rhc itlo hd bod scru,ly &sttd) in t& t 930, md sityadoEn oflicilh djd iorhin!. 

Th.r E rurr foB, rn r.lr, b,rd oobEd rh. €lm. Br ft. Ewt@-.. ,.-.r. " ..r; 

oF.Dsiv. in Jd!&y 1931, sd Cda qui.kly mpd.d,id chrn.h. His !r.jn Ahdcrn poti.y, 

6nblin3 bi: policy rh. A[i.s sd rh. sovi.in b, n n g06!. 

'id\ 

umbL 6 d.vie oh.rcnt poti.i.q in mid-19?, ce $izcn dE orly rtcrn..iv!. He .nbarkcd oi . 

mrjor Diliby btrjldup drq ii rlspcr * $. 68. d4rd of 6. rciE nitinry gaditrg 

progm un&nat4 by fi. R..gm sdminisdior in 6c 1930, Th. Dcfcnse D.pffi.nl budgd h.s0 

b pry s crfu buitt b4 in rhr p4,m au|f Esin Dd udui:.d , eo d R4id D.plormr 

Foc dd (d kan q p4d) dtd $jrc quic{y iib Tnid w*td rgionr, dD6i. y in ric oit{irh M iddt. 

Ear B@ineki jlq idsitud rh, by 6k rin!, ,Tn & 6 tr idd dj,logu. i6 dd.ffia in our 

chrimnb",ih M@s]lo,i T1E Elridl,i' bn ba E!..d b s^t_T 

dad beo& ad dht pFvld b tisilq bo polhjcdly .xpo6ed, tD @ry rho ln.irc burdd or S.viqhai6 

E|ji@ Ir rEd.d $. riad of s,lpo.tidg Ftitidr .nd @dmi tutu rhd Nirc. &d 

B@hi* h.d ri.d io @r rnd ilu! hd now b..n did.i .d 

^' c.tu otrr.d 6 'n bjliby, o did snd&v. o. Ruir! bolna, lh. Mstm @ of^Gh6Le 

bcgb to noE siy f.m ln. oontot dr{ dE sovidr had *iclded lhrdcn pupDd govcrim.nb. li ri! 

Ddd6 d.ul Britkh colo.ialiN! hd .Ld rb.d .rh. sd e6. of 4Di-r ih dE Nd &{ i 

gh. b rhjcn Afshsisb, berus of ns pjvoul toerion, k , criricst p 

ndlil. chiM atd t6 ruo by Modm fsdic dHh.d rhc 6unbr. ln r9?9 $. sovn6 deid.d $. 

$*6 w6 ydh i..poitrg rh. s@. Oi D6drd 22 rh. Rd Am, uvd.d Argndnhi, 4eu,.d 

on commih.d holy l0o,o0o roo!! ro , long, conty lhsst. 

rnn MEhr scrilh!. Aftd6 qFd srE!t!.d ir *fltd b. d,c sovid vi.hd. To rreid ssh r 

disab, rh. Rusiu! usd bo6t toM, itrctuditrg rbl kiling .f.o cg! stud.nr who dcmoEroEd 

r8rd tu cur.rid &td.a de odald !{ tlrd of RKia di:Ltid.nq hd}ditr3 Nob.t hjF 

*imitrg pny.icir 

Îdd 

S.hnv, dE Ld€ of rb. Sovid hus nsnB nd.m. . A hieh srr. 

D.ptu.ir omcirt b.tj6v.d tuuhc hvsior xd '@6 Btrlbd in pd trm , d.m6ric 6iln 

riniio dE s.vid rFh. . . . h my b. rhd rbl rhmodylmic bv of enrop' is tii.[v rd tulv 

@di up *ith rh. S.vid rylbm, vhi.h tr@ M! rD dp.nd noE .ias/ d ,mpry n.iibiniis iE

.quiliblium rhe or ihp'wint irdt we @uld," h! dclu&d, 'b. s@ing . Friod of foEisn movlhhr 

d|6n of irsDrr dsy."tiorl 

A bcl.lgerd CrF, njvcly dnphini!3 rh{ d. Sovid hrd "lio.t" b hq |bod6.t F&tu| tumb6, 

@hd.d ht milify buildDp, *hid hrd b.lur b.tc. rh. Arghdsb invatm. H. rirhdw SALT ll 

frln ln. sd& (wr6 ft E R" dad nywry), b.su Esirkitrr youc n.i ror $. dnii, 

.hbdso.d unibd sb6 ebd ed @hnoloo| crDd! ro RBn. ud o'dftd ADdift b ai6d?w 

fim tu 1930 Olynpic Gr@ io M'q*. th pllii*d 6 n@ {ki4! !r..dq by t paqr in 6l 

Es Findly, d'. PGidar dmni..l pLd3.d ndid 

in€dhtioi - uil@ally if m6s'y -if rh. sovi* dn..ti.d w6sn hd.rb in rh. P.6,r 

curf cgio. B@io.ti Fluid.d clG b .!t'@ lh. dodie by dttdly @prbt rh. enb b 

TMds ir r9.7. Th. C.ortiD, uho tw.d rh. d|nr Prsiddr. ro 

Foppins ur drc dorino.s of wsr.n civilidim.llo4l 

cys v@ E6B!d 6 i'in d* cru3.da H. b.lb.d dE sota htd irld.d Afd.nnbn be2s. rh.y 

hld . "d!trgdour prcblm' otr then bor{.r od, mor6v.i, bld linL morc 'io lo$ ii (t[.ir) 

El.riship wi6 ih. U.i(d Se.'lrosl In AFil t930 vda lii.lry GigEd vh4, ove bn pro@, 

C|c od.Ed . l.d miliEy ditsior b ccs d'. fifry-rlE. Anqiu hstr€6 in lEi. Ir'? 

6mpla nilsion liil.d a a @llnion b.*.d M of rlr. h.li@pr.6 bd . trnspod pl.n. kilhd .i8hr 

Th. Pdid.it .nt.r.d th. 1930 pqidoti.l 6D.i3! * h on. or rb. 

r.qr hbb.y (, preDI n.3diE, wnn 32 F€t Fs.tivc lor hn t ndliog of f@is. p.rtsy). 

Spirib srnk !o los lnai wh.n C.di tood w ro S.!!br Edwtrd K.n!.dy! oiilLn8. for rh. 

D.mqltjc p..r odiodioi b, eplyin3 'l rl ,biD nis c,- CrErs ofi roB m. PEidd Ur ir 

hd do& trlm for $.n noid. lhe atinios tl.€ dE willir N.kd oorc.n' of mo hs 

b.fo*.tl06l Cdq tri.d to r.8ain th! hnidivo w h bir ifu bulldup. H. &odly ligtud 

P.6id4rirl DidiE t9 (PD-J9), *ht h .{,4d daiE ffi fo'B l'in b qb . Frro.a.4 ririr! 

.n PD59 vim Nsc-63 ot the d!o.d.s .oli{ *h.r Sovilt 

milibry Dow lrd b..tr d,€g.nr.d, Am.ricu Doli.y bdd. rhrp.n by I risid m irr, 3htE/, 

I Epid sd .xp.nric am.rico d, huirdlp run d, tuion mourc4 solrioD prcbk.d 

.&aldioi,0trd irislc*in! rclction s*.pt thmtrgh Ahai@n pohks llotl 

Tn narid! poricy ss oriig. M b..t b 19t0. olrlfulcly rn cd 

rum.d mr .r.ll. In tG roEbn poljcy h. r.i.n ro odndjl $. Rlpublic 

lom thc rldr + mi$ioo ibpNibl.. Aila sdrl ym of ioomi .ncy ed ind..tuion, C.n. 

ri.d b r.tun b tno.c siDpLr d.ys or m. Tm Dodic ed NSCj3. H. .griD Ddvd m tuci 

for Rasm ii @vin.iry Amdi.Ds to .6brk on qu.sa ror &. Holy Griib of AncricJ! Cold 

R.!3s €!.iyd 51 p.Edt ofrh. populd vd. bul @ owhclminely in thc Eleorool Coll.g.. Eiir 

polls sbo*.n drt mn vob limply tl$u3ht "n d .ioc f{ . .htus.

lad.r.hip. Ttey we d!.ci.lly dndrb.d by luch dofrdnic pmblcm s inf,iior, bur Anaiclns 

bclidcd rh. urioi h.d luk inro 'd!A bd laioN bubL.' T[., tvoEd nore noi.y foi d.fctue 

nd dc q. off@ ir dis€.llo8t Rasb bd. ri* a!!dio!. 'ne Dkr 

a fomd N.* D.ilri R.uu ch&gcd rnd dnllng *i$ connuilb in Ho yrdod, rnjng ot piyins 

higl FMI h6n. l's, divorci4 *6 JDr w'd, bd frryios .cfts Ndc, Dlvjs, *to$ 

fMiry *a $v..ly corerydiv!. As kLvilioD pibbn.n ro. c.o.bl EteEic ii rh. t950s iid 

sov.nor of c.liromi, in d. h. 1960., bc btsbd f.dnt lovdnh4bt poe.6. cov.mor Rqsrn 

.js !.h.d didrt turioi for s!!h! @cn rftn bdw.d.id ngns ptuoR on crtifonj! 

0mpu6. h de r970s h. bdm. rh. bcrknow ,pok hin for r N.o@ 

d.brldrd rcirl (da ed ndD€d gorondr spddiDg .r hom bur coetv hitibo. riri. 

conmunid poticiB ibm'd. on. N6 volo of rh. |96ft. ri. ri* 

or $. @unhuro..j ILBlrl Gdr s.cidr,. &d IE iDtovai of ln. D.md,. by rh. lib.Rl 

'Mc€ovhic *4" had 4ard rh. d !'$ b..h sDau.d hy 

m'..nN or do 'd Si!.D Dy bEm$ soups ro 6ubhs !u!r rghcvios rhht 6Dr! s |}. Hd.rlse 

Fou.ddioo '!d .h. no.q rnditorion, .rh N@djvc bk i&5 si6ly. B.ljdii3 rhli 

ribsalirm hrd !..n I! day, rh.y {o*.d ro cor. up wnh n y prosrms. R..!.n rcd. !n inr.[.cru,l 

a fetr a poPukr *!v. in6 powlroet 

Tne rfl Prdi{tcDi r for.ig! poticr wd lidpL ed did: ruad .nnlty on 6!p6iig rh. S.vid !iim. 

cn re Nim! rahiddd d&,r bd cr!*s anti. aplla { Nrrh-sodr i!.u6. nasa 

i$bd roor Cddr 1c79,1930 mti4ohnuin poticiG 6 o tu.. "b! id dctudc duMlvd., h. 

del,.d dEn€ ft l9r0 mpoigD. .rtu Sovid Uii@ ur,ati6 ,ll {E DD6 dd L goins o. tf fi.y 

*@r d3!g.d io rhir !m. of ddnhB, rhd. wtdrl b. my hor rpo6 i, rt. wdtd., tf ak d ro be 

hm speifiq ho*.vq, R.raa @utd rs vrgD ud dtus.d H. drd hb h.$ h ,B.tivi:r,*nih 

vitii'lg Br.al, ad h I cind djon.t ad.y ft.6s h. hidt@t Bu.d dE Sovi.r sslg milit 

w r,4d dm 6! s9l3 beu. nin@ b r Lsd iunbd db cuh6. By bE tgst hn Nsc dvird 

66d hnn $ isDd of fmjgn poti.y nudrE6! da h. bqs .ho*itrS d. n6id6r rimph 

3orfuo&n@ sturidlt hovi6. h dee ei@ R{go asx.d f.B qtr4rions cx..tr ,iwh.r do I 

aut ba d!v@d !N 6 pLp.ring fd p{blic .pF|l|lE in *ni.h ha u!.d hi. Horrywd hiritr8 b }tl 

his polici6. To s-!p ed hotd r vaim . . , - rtd !l d,. v., ds.q I b.ri.s, ofsrcdtul Lddhip _ 

nd ory d dE 'ryi. d *hc I t 't!.d ir, rd ddyeiae"turl R-sx fliion.d d.ft.ri4 dE s.vnr 

Utrioi ii rhc cotd Wr. H. d.sBibld rhe U,S,S.R. ro tndammurilr rltisiou tcad.R 4 ,rra.vil 

anpiq" ltd h. bld 6. Bririrtr psliedr itr r9D dd ,MBibtab h" *s d6.d ro ,!. sh hap 

of hisbry," rn r9&, L.onid BEztn.v, butf.bd by w& in afshritu, chin6. hoditiry, ,id a 

delini!8 ccll'myi 3dr r icP|e. tcq .*id3 tor dr, 6 !m r.ddim. Rdro Etuidi h. v6rd 

itrcd 6 r&.b.!t Sdk .ihpqiitis., tti, pqr|ji., Mrin.d fim. "H. opd6 on r &p€d. pto. 

frcm dE r$ of 4' r salr k.dd m!d. .\r. mry tiid hih ni*.d h.dN. h. dGit kio* inc d.uik

. . ., ad h. 6 hlE I tidpr" dirrolu? *ib ln. v6 . . _. Jidry ce |gEd 

[kt n. InG 8uy 6 da.gE !d ]d 6j.l hds Cd" 

Th. ,a|d rd R.4b 

h.yotrd hk p.ddiry m.t movi. l'!@, hoBa. tti! virid dtloit d l!di@'ot'lsovi. ft.lingl, 

rhr d of{hid Ir bf,l b rh. l90n iad {E t!g(L ald h. o.btrly 6'r.d ln6 rlry w6 cldt 

chd!.n PeopL b *il. ih. srd flssle ..oordins b vhd R..lD hid qll.d 3 ldivirE pln !1lr1l 

Hi. 6Eien poltcy @i6 fd rhwil8 (h. Sovid d hlncry. 'sh h.{'' wE hr s glnd 6 hn vkim. 

lnd..d, dddg &. fd fiv. y4 of hi. F€irt i9 [L f@'gn poli.] ldg.V brr.d dt o b. hb lilibry 

but4 Th 1930 R.r!blj6 @Fjg, pl.rft.n rdirld i l|Bivc blildup Dtil $. @dy @.n d 

''dr poririon of niliby .Dpoiioty n\n d'. Ansi* p.opL .tarud.' Roguih .hrs.d drr rh. r9?0s 

|d ne hld b€ Di o'ly b' ln. s&i.d. odE h@.v6 poinr.d d fid dui4 rh. r90s Amdi@s 

hrd mod.mizd 50o Minubmb nksildi intodu..d rh! d.{dry MIRV ri$il., vim ib mlltipl. nucl* 

wrhadi bunclEd P*idd {bdaiE, *irh h.ir Fvaftl rd hienry a@ T ddt nis 6; boilt 

200ndlyd.v.lorrd@l!ri$ik eI d6.void S.vid Edr tulriur ud dcrloy.d a i$ sheci. 

bonbr tum idvmn thm oy rh. Sdid d.Dloltd II €lity, R@€a! miliEy-foc blu.prinr l6Ld 

lidt. dirf.'at n n cirE . But nrft B b bc mud iftof n: lti tilli.a @ frc @ isbd of 

carF/s plo..d tl.2 rirriotr.llr3l 

And ir & to hG us.d rwt rc la4ivdr. S.dry of D.tu* C|4d w. wcnbaSc B 

trnknh.d "C.p th. hif.' b6!- h. hrd dlt' fdAlt 6r dcitrt somDar bodt 6. Nd, ho*da, 

h. FBidd ovd DhD 6 build s. r.s t[d sL fisL 3 l, *6 n!.d ttu !lob.. (Nixd I'rd 

rboud. th. qp.tltr, 6 fisht I 1/2 E w .Dll8n.) Ib. biild'4 .ko lin€d 

c.prulity of pMilinS" ir a 'prcrsbd i@l& *r, Scidi,. rd .@ orliby orfi6 dud srn 

pbui'! zhcrd - {E fd nak adrg6 dld d& ddr or rh. tln 6hnnn6b Ptdnr€. 

ahcld ur \,r'riih.g.rr F.j.d.d frvcyd budg.r ram.d @ 3mill. ft. 

rdninnhlio4 nlruvd '.pqr.dly hiDcd ir *ourd ili..vow c!r.r. SALT n dal pirh &.2iEv ii 

rdd ro build h.ydd dr p.4r! linia. Bur jud a o6dq U.S. ntlibry ladd *d.d dld if SALT ll @ 

junk d, rh. sovLb colld build !p f.5o rho Arei.e. Ra!m. who hd rcundly .ddmi.d Cer 

ftr rhr My, @eqmrt !o* &.tdcd b .bid. by n.[r.l 

Th. burdup, howd*, cominu.n Md o.usd inruios lon @ ?. x. Joui r P.nrao offrial, 

puy.d d.h dr cM. If a tucld qe beA b. d..h!d, 'Dis . hot 

dmtr md rh nmv dc fed of din oi bp. xt rh. din Gir do.r it." on. ftwp'Dq .diror 

wonaB.n if Jon6 w6.dunlt . lh,da i! tt Doo!6h!y'od. riD. Anorha Raas oiiicirl 

amd coDSA thi 6. U.s. tuil wuk h? .kliya.d !fi.r . nucld *d '.vo if rh. lufrivm 

dtr od ol nmDr. H. futhq Eled b dM& nn hiod .tur r 6osa 

miir ourd b. dimoft $h.a "dE. yill h. o rd&e, m ',*, Do bl€lq m ho{c.' orh6 ir 

tlE ldminilMrior:..n.d simillrry nisinfon d. In 1933 R.rgan dound.d.id.t by ldnitting hc 

h3d jNr di*ov.f.d rh rh. s.via hd ?0 r.@r of 6ci' r6Esi. nucld *apd? on L'd-b.s.d 

hissildi rnik Anqions h.d dly 20 pd6r of ri.in lbd b$.d Nq h. sljad, Ratr. rddd, 

,hy for Mo y.s dE Rustus hrd oppo$d hi! Dropsrl b 4r l.!d-bs.d 3)sM. ddidlly. But io

@hludd o.u.d Hb cM stobb.nly cluu b rr€ rensio of rwinning" I inct.d *rr..lt r 5l ln 

1933, a h. pr.p,..d b ru for r sd rF! R.rab ri.d b 4u.h rh. cnticho by pioporiis. 

shcgic D.f.G. I ridiv (sDD: i tpr@-bd.di conDurd-corr.o cd d.tcnse th.r eoutd ,hdt 

iton rwl* di$ilq b€roE lhcy reh.d drn l|'s.rs. p.ihson dvison [d tons dhoumd rhe 

pssibjlity or "sE wrlsl a rbis Drcp6.t wa bb.t.d. R6gu isDc.d rh.h rnd .lso moj 

b 'uca6! be.e n ould d6!hiri4 bo{b u.s. .xt sovid nin in d@r d.bEe. TnG s.vi.s for 

4inpl.,6ighr b{ild Dv rimr norc ni.it6 s dry cdDld rihpty ov.tuh.tn iny sd wii! def.n$ Nor 

@ d;ri! t'sftd *nd n * ellsBrd $. Rasr niah. he &tar d. i,a tun iir t940 novr., 

4Muda in rh. An," h whjd u irucndy'indu Ftri*@/ hocr.d dsr d.hy prd..tl t6l 

Dling hir fid h h of6cc Rasd ! d.GGG pLs ird tinL vljbh .ftd on Sovid poti.i6. Frh sid. 

bdqeod n'n Rsbr dmiudoD of E.fu hlorq e.v6 afshoi!tu. .outd i4 6. d.d wi6 by 

.6 h. rhd of lBld u. Me im.dida mFonjEy di€ re n .dd b p@E dE sdi6 

nage, hov.vc, hid ffidq.! ro U S, f.m6 pBuE dd [n!d lh. gnin .mb.rgo Cd$ hd 

i'ir.6d 4!ie r. R6nE col]MiE orumiri cdB, rvi[ bir4ly dctr44 ahG doinkhrion 

.viddrly lov6 o;.rc. ne lhb n bdhs cormbnm." Bur v6. o*urud ii pot.id, Tnd .ouin] 

h.d !.ddr.d i&rf *idl r t20 bi ifl &jr d@ bdry r.4d l9,0, nduEirt nsda djm pld:. tn 

l9&r*l i,.!e rld Lod shodgc td b -adFad ud. Nar !m? u! !odi,n8 lppeu{e or 

soridri.y (D ind.r. La! .oi4.muid bbc uniiD ft6 tr. rh. p€dj.r.bt. ffikdoM b, polkh 

comuilr nirjby tad.B. lno dccid.d {Ey *odd d. n b.fo.. ln. R.d An, did n ror dxm. R.rsr 

ihpdd !@nonic sodjoos on i!. potith cmmu,ii rclln.r but h6vh 

s.yid fi. fqrd himldf tuins rha .pp.B.d .d f..dhg di. orr..$. potiid dEld j.b ftd 

.npry gny Milisht dur mey R!$ians hld lou vih.d upon rEn miShbc.lt itl 

Ar &. Wdr EiuNpas ddEd lll rhjs h hndd, d.y b.ah. tagd 3 n.x. n.3d w6r c.mmy (by fs 

dl. lrrgd W6h rdi.g p6e qin dE U.S.S.R.) n d m|td dr I muhibillionjo , d.aj 6 h.tD dr. 

sovia blild | 36{xhik p(qcth. rhd wtd drry trdn t !! fiu. sD?i. b sn rvd E@p@r @umi6. 

u.s. o6ci ! dd.dod b.d| EuDpan da.r+M of {d pNibt. dlpada 

(vd Gd-, pr.r.d b oh6nr 3t p.e of i! itu l as 6m sibd!!) nc wd Fem @ti.d 

rh.r sovi.r 3& supph. *.* noro d.p6dsbl. rh.n rhc Middt. E(f!. Mo@vr, rh.y rdd.d, hrd b 

gla ofirh. 6.ck ofrh. popt. " od mr jnrrt fr i! Ih. tuk aL4 N.v.nh.tc, R..sb d€ts.d 

" il'3rimr *.liidrh.vood br& Ru$hnd rd rh.n bnonnc.d ftlr ErroD.m coDor.riors *dutd 

ior b. ,rbv.d ro us. u.s.-li@ns.d @hnolas b h.tp brild rhc Dip.tji.. sh*k d Eutup.atr drli.i.h 

r!,ilr i6p.!d.d rh!. hc hld no bBin6! inbd.rins *idr corponnon 

PErid. b.ckd iro*n in hr 1932, .Dd ln. DiplliE sc b!it. h 1962 p6jd.it K6n.dv h.d 

foE.d 6. vd ca:IB ..d kdi@ b girc !p ptb, b b ld . sovid oil !ip.un.. Twn.y yr6 

r.tci, io rh! chdgcd cond iotrs or $. nrird cotd wd, R.rcb no li.g.r .orld dtco@ ,o .v ro

||. djoy.d ber dults, hoEE, in lr3r, r[6 h. *dl.d ctmly wirh d. wd cmu 

corsrv,.iv. goEmn.nt ro clry rholgh Cd.r'r prodi* of 1979 6 innltl n.w P.6hins 

iitmrniGtuSe hi*ils d C.@ $il.-I}! Dnril6 w b ours s.vi.r *aF.r isbttd 

8tur l91.Mssiv. driw lbct cruptd i. EDopr, *hd f.s gEy rhd ln6. *.8 liB.rik. 

. Bur vilh rn Eumpe sov.nm6t 

d.ploFent b.gu. ft. sovi.c *rlt d our of m! hlk iD s*ienfd in pd6r 

Tn. Rdsri .dmini'r.rion 1 conftlioi !hr.d h pd fiom is poti.i.y .oftrdicrions. For 

*mple, rbe P'Biddr ould &i sd rh. lovalful' d of rl. lur.9he" eil .t rh. !e rin. 

rcmis 'dior' Morcov.r, .n4 h. 

L.ritr 

^ne @ d.b. (wbich.Dp6r.L! t0.5 rirrior) dur b! Goly.d by privrr. b.*!, n quickl) 

Ev.Rdhj@rf dfjn! r si4t. *.trdd ii t932:rh. pEidar orcd rh. u.s. lowhft4r ro sd 

Mai.d 13 billion !o prd.d rh. lour6rn Dcishbn fim ddlauhbs on i6 tSl"biUion d.bt .nd 

poaibly b! Dpiht u.s. bolr ro *hd ir .*.d ed.y.lrr9l 

Srch Dolic, @nrldic.ids, domv.rr M.d roMld by qu.dion.bl. lridalhiD Th. 

3dnionhior rocB..l on domqric su.r, *p.cidl, r d dL Rags k 

narr roFisn poricy. BeeD r 93l md t937 b? a{r dsu3h rir vhtc Hoa. Ndiont sEurty 

Colicil advkos b.forc hc found on., c.ncEl Colitr Po*clr, vn6 borh utrdds@d for.ign .ff.iB and 

could su..dnrlly @rdid. policy. In r 93 , 1932 sdattr of s@ Al{a.dd ltiis .lihi.n $. 

rop wbic llocc $!ff wilh hn ,br'!iv. pesomrity, hit uidilgutu.d rnbihon ro cotuor foFigi 

Tb. whit fioe !)euyr.d Hrig inb r.riS ng rr JUE 1932 c6lg. 

shuk b!.e. s.4tly or sb@, Nbo. t Safrr or s. rrury, ! bDg! WGhiiglon infishlr, 

.otr&ivdiv. .6nofti3t, ud nul.indioDrl .o'Dorltior.xsnriv. who puioDrr.ly b.l'.Ed in lftrr 

dkdplrq Sb'ljE @i rdLd Ragu 

sltulE b.M. d. doniid U.S. fmiE, loltryo.L.i "H. eG i Buddha hlrd ro dd-dd b. 

lmk.d lik d., "r whjG HGc or'cid obfti; riin ger .nq6t, .v.n iD hi. l.E jjxrjs, h! \:s 

bcyond rdigu.." shuhz hid oe bq ! ptuud u s. Mri... H. prcnh. ry d!'Drry.d non. ous ol 

$ ie in bi! sbE D.pd.m otne Tn.s*nyof src f.lk!t, b.ri*.d dd rhc ihrd of 

rorc. had b bc d*ly ser b.hi ht diplorey, .rpoillly ii d..lings wid, ti. idly.6nsiis 

ndio6 A. . .bu.n 6.*Miw, hry*r, shdd h&d 6. id.r otora.R usins fo@ b ovddvd 

so!.dhdb-uil* . fm. w! us.d to ov.ihmr sovid{uppoftd Egim*. shrlh md R.agai s 

!mbs'do. ro rh. Ui .d Ndioi.. J@i. J. Ki*p.rick, di.li*.n .r.h odl.r p.mnarry. bur shc 

Ki*plbick urSod th.t A6.iqn. rto 

Iis, bae 'jny folloy.n rriblid eeDi. ri&ida3, @.p.dqt enn lh. U.ir.d sr(! ud 

*.8 op€D ro ciiuc. sho *u&n rD{r orpo.nid4 oD 6. orha hud, rorlo6u@iu agin.r, ruch 

d ih. comdunrlb', bc.lusc ln.y 3bhomi qribli.m, s.E oti-And 

lib.dlchdg..llz0lsh. b.li.v.d ttd C.@ujd{oLliEim Egine Kuld rcv.r noy. rov:rd 

ftll dcmocdcy unl!$ prdsured io do 5o by mililry rou-! beli.r rh lG d&prcv.'t itr Est m

.bet tfurdd we u s t trd2aa h't 

Eutup. b.foE dr 1930s *d. ovd 

Ki*panid(\ ed Shntrr vicws lhorr using toG ,adn{ Thnd Wo.td roubt.nrlss fir *id 

R.rgu r b.lid ri.. Andion! h.d . ni.lion b sad d.M., drustnr $. ddr. bdidin rdD 

hjdu ddtd brck b rhe &vdbdr c.ntul, od hd roDd ! tu6ii.&€nq 

1ViL6. nc REgD dB 6 r d.+ Eb daêi rijdi. lrc flld hn potic' ckny in hn "Rasj 

Dodi.d ol 1935 *ih h. it6t@d: "o$ ni$ih i, b Nih hd d.fdd nEdon rd &Illlxruy" 

amia! h.d b l|4pon lb6. ,m.wy dirt tM a&i&itu b M*rgo _ b d., sovid_lwrd 

|vrb *nja |'!E bqr 6 trn biin . supFn for fr!.nn fEh6 n sl., 

.3sEi!' i{ M =a 

d.r6*." Tni! policy, ho*aa, f&.d . nljor prcblor: ,itrs d ]o& h. vi6hd 6ni!| Anot6s 

.lidil.d !!d;g ln.i ndE . d b horir {ldl riws b f€br bn*y @nif Ragb d.d b o€, 

.od. 6u pebton by crlliig v;.l@ "! nobr. @&, ,hn moy tuitu dj$€n.d. a r932 po Fshd 

dur ?2 pqqr of rhd. @.rrd b.liqd 'lb. vitu s,j h nn ne r nlslq ir w turdfl66l, 

rEDs d imdrl., rn ra3ei6 da} *ilh dt p'!6L! 6y $p!dii,e dE d&s/ of 1ow-,ftBiry 

6rni.br (Lrct. rn!!, ot vi.bd_ryp. w6. LIG urod rm,lt, lp.cir y hii.d @unc isurg.n.y 

r@ (iiiv. e U-S.) eno d6uet Fliriol di.. sd suqitl}rrc wfiE dt( ffi . tons p.don of 

rim., *.ii dom oDponmb, Llcs, mo@vq, wr. ctdivcty .lx,p ad e te_kly dd msr Amd .es 

hlld D6y iid. etm b dan. b r &E Dc. .nrcd 6 h ceDbir Rolurrm,y 6did i!.in, 

CoMunLr sov.ndmb io such MrioB u NiErI!|' A&h66b, an3or4 rM Klnpen r 

(C!bbdb). Bur bolh ih. R S& Dcdin. sd UC d,n O, @ cm udq a&t C ri.N m.d rh,r 

LIG @rd 6ily ehr (! in vrtu) lld dr n w.!qud 6 aFE G3lnc ,n dtur r@ (* 

Kmsllla) *h@ u.s. itr@b u.Iq r b6r, v.sua Miliory otr6r qc, 

bplEs d b oFad.d.u2ll 

Tni. divirion ova Lrca s6t.d i d..Df, mft dog@r sptir lnong R.!g.ir dvioE shutru 

b.rievcd cn 'l. ilH! of fdc. bd b b. B:n d dalibs r $ fdlGD |'ii6 ed dur d dB. roE ie|r 

hrd b b. u*d iD 

'Bt an r!i.g n.joB b dc dr 6d cldibL sd k*y of D.fd. w.i*.Er 

ardly ogpocd Bhs foM d h @r or ,oc. w.iiba3d3 v * Efl@d rMB bj bD mir.@ 

ldEb's *lb bi @lud.d d! U.s fG N lE !3rjn b. di*!d ,ib doo 

fM rh.ir ntn bBin$ of oppsing sovid (nor Kmplch.o or Nic.n$m) rofti rn Nov.nb.r t9s,l 

V.inbdB6, in a Enrr$L $ar, pultily @@r..d fid rt. Uni&d Sbq ,Adtd e mitjbr, Dow 

dt tr4 dh qdiriod k b4 u sllm of lon3.h pblic dd @g*iod juprd, 6 

sr@b ord 6l wiha. woutd b. tude ,*[oterqi.dty, ud *ilh fu iicdridn of ,\Jimii&, 

d i clar d.toidon 0.6. objdic rh! ,R b r. srhrttr2l ^n 

6sy siurE p{dic, 4udio.n 

w.i'iag./! lin ofddiid, !.d pri{@ty rsd..d rhy rh! nitibry n*d . ,rclcbilion budc.r tf ir 

rpFdy did no. inbd b fidr 

Tr* or.didr@ bd divirioB i, RaSD!-rhnd \yald potioi.r d!.d mjndi!|6. T1* fiB! ed d 

ofri. w1 @,id h rh. Mirdr. E3r tuns t9!2r9!3. Fir.rd on k .!ins rb. sdi.d our of rh. Esion, 

u.s. on.nL w@ uneii ot bov b d.!t yirh rh. Esion! ftDdm.Mr p

mrli.!. Rago &d Shule sbod by a! hi+1r32 *ha r:r,t innd.i tA'u b ddly dE ni$i6 

of @lffiy (dd sov ftiod)Eri .rrir.l, B.iru! ro dBhy 

th. Palstinian Ljbdnior orseiario'! yhicb c9@.ibd Prldjrid *ho E!€d b rctuh din .6 

.r.d.n by bcl r0 lEn oh @ihl. I}. lleli. b.dD b.8!.n doh mid curhd rno* 

pouri.., dE l'.1 of . 9.liri€r @ i. Ir-t Dd sr,rir Ic e4rli.d br M@. r/ha t@tir jd 

Irbr4 C''.idi!', oi.d our bloody lllrs!6 |e.i!n lhldinic *ho tiv.d in l!@tiwhld 

chpt, Inel suturd . politiql si.irl dd -Frh.d by ft Udn d Srrr.. +irhdftr iB tuF rr t932 

(os wei.bscdr obj6'id), u.s. faq hov.d in6 B.id b ry io p'!id p.lenini6, @dr.e. 

k..li vjrhdrmr, bd r..p p* b.tra cltri.ie ri M6k5 tidm iGid. r._!.M. t. .!ril l93l 

liv6 9e l@ *hd ih. Us. &Dbur in B?irut e! boib.d Movhitq U.s. h6. hukercd do*n 

nr& rl'. B.iru. riDo4 w.ft nor only oD( b lnipd (nc bur v.& mv.r cter rbonli.ii nissioi. Oi 

o.bba 2r, 1931, I e@&. boo6 ki .n 19 u_s. stdic ii rh.ir b{rsk. nasa d6t J dd k .9in! 

tuD. in L!b@ *a oow .srrl b N ordftiht oi I stob.l s1.. Bd {E PlEidqlr _hci,4 tus 

publi. .nd Derce Drr6ftd oppdidm, b.virg m rutoblc Mrddk Bd policy, sd pnpdins b di rd 

El4iod ..--.M BRi hih&lt H. pulLd od di. mrni.c 1600 eldi* t baM bem. a btoody 

w ec in *hi.h s.vid+ulron j sri. gri!.n rh. u!9a hdd R.!sD! Middla Ed Ftio n.Er 

@v*.d ron d'. di!&.u2l 

or odoba 25,1933, s! dry: ans lhc B.id b.nr.k borbin€, R.rss ud shutr i3sin drptoyd dEir 

nllib? r

chotur tut.da wd | ! t ttua'nd k ttu ..ne fu ss R l 

r.': o4' h. obrrd), hi! lioibd but sc.*tuI k offo€. id Crc.rdr ud Liby4 .nd ln. 6@hiig (if 

d.hr-ridd6) @ic iims a,6Ld hin b win tdly, !. Nt of finy rhc in r tsdiit. elerid 

vitury @ ft.e vie Pr€ir5. wJE MdbD b tgd,r ttir.dvis Le rdni!.d 08, hd u!.d hrn 

b.void baigd policy is6 indio tu4trisnb4e rrE w@R.4a\ di! wh.g Bdh.r!d.rh. 

d or i .lEw prtidis" tur 'e.t d ia #tu *ih |n. ooDubnt of ,Rubo.i , novi. dl.|e who 

ltrd ri. ,*0..d Sa* in wdi.gb &4 ir dE bd U.S. bit .6t E didd. .insLJq&nt 

tuld b vid4 Ls.d w dilibrt bhmloly, $d @shr db cdnnui* r las, Tn tu in.lud.d 

I Bo@ njdtlu!, Rlnrdq llE silag w tusE, i!'u.d r0 6[ha 

bufi{a.r . nilibry .!*lE n26l 

Bu nd .q Rdbo .nd i.,€s! r.eic .ould tuk d. trilm dr rh. pBil.nfs o sij'l pothns, 

Kidte'l! dvie b luFd'rd'ciantu" ftllod i! bodr Hliri md rh. PhilippnB, vhd ton! rim. 

di.le f.u (dqir. Ragb! F$.rl $F.d of 116 mril rh. td njiur) rn H.ni r btoodoin d 

niliny srop b.* ovd lncr dlc UnLd SbB ft:dt h.h.d p6h dE btoodrbin€n "arby D6' Dunti.r 

nw p'lw. I! rh.I't!ilt!9b6 U.s. ofi:.i, . 6!dV h4.d t pl|.. m. druDt did&nl p of Fadinod 

M'6 *ih Cdl& AquiDo! lofu i. lt36 Eu *in U.s. .i4 ho*.6, 3n. E ui.br? io .b 

rhc spHd of bort mption dd . Combnlbn isuicdcy. In s.dh Aftio4 *h.rc 5 ni iotr whib 

dLd 2l lillim blr.&r rlhgb 6l brubt pdrt /d (artr..d &gEsation) poti.y, R.rgm fo o*dd i 

p.ric, ot "codddiyc 4srs@f du. 4 6fu b& rd @Mic ri.r frba rhs bsh tuiN b 

.&.prdhaid. By 1936 rh. ,lpbich had f itd. con8Ht, d6 rh. ft4idmfs objlcrioB, inpojed 

dBnic a@i6 d'n b.!0 b !4@r d:! sdlh Anidtr ffiy ed hclpcd onvhe doa rhs h.rf 

ln.30o U.S. rm ia rt. ery b k E. b r90i d. b6i.ad rtriE EBi,F rbilly fi,..d tu bp btrcl 

r.rddN.Lon M,nd.rs,.&in hd !p6i 2? ytm h j'il But Qrrdrdd monly Emain.d. 

Nn 6uil dx R.rso Denh. !d Ki'i$rii.t! 4or*n rE d'? PEidd(r policn h c6ht Ah6io. 

Ttu 1930 R.pubriss prdfon prditd b Eplu. Nj.'r'su. sindhitu widr a ,n ! ed ind.p.d.na 

3o@L Rasu punb.ly iL.l,Ed h. ii di b drl 6. Sliins oy,uncli. ln ovanbd t9t I h. 

3igi.d i. 'dNdiNr s..uiry DeirihDiMdE t7 (NSDD l4 etid Ddi iuit rh. cIA b lFd 

milli@ b hin ud b .qdp Nicelw s 4 or ,cdrd,,' who wdtd fight rhe Sldjnbbr ti ctar 

violrid of u.s. rdrlity r"i rh. cIA hiD.d @d i. rtu surhm unir..r sbr6, d4 $ipDd rhd 

rhbnsh Hod@ b ltlrt iD Ntd|'@. ft. Sndn';b! hffvd, sDoidd by buitdins i foic. or 

65,000 Mpi tusrh.ning lnolr potiriEl hotd d ln. 6ury, 4d obbinii& [.tp tun wBrd 

Eepa! a *.[ a rh. sdid ble. By Lr l9r], d. dha 6itlE t.d rb. ct^ b 6t. orcr 

oFdiG d'I&*oy.d oil Efddi.r, hin d Ni..r.gu lEho4 ad rin.d { Nii.dns sr inih 

omcid! a .tuin.d u.s, couft$ di!@vd.d rho. !d cl^ mi$ionr. cur ofimilibry lid b rh..onr6, 

!n s opbim F& i!di.&d taid sppon fim r tns. .corry of 

u.s. hitiury |anas 

|.rb vdd m por*} rhd h€hr for d6 b fidn D uipoe r h ^mri:n ii Niongu Ralor .4hic 

$dionr pld.d md. .ttcdiv.. Thcy h.lp.d nrlc Nics.gu! 6 anmio b.kd ac ih'r tack.d m.ny 

lernar &4 by t919, rrd.d o rdcli?vrhh 33,000 p@r bnlis d I}. SDdjnirn\ iMmcks, 

h.H b po*di d.air. 6c 10,000 kilkd by dE dh w, md 1990 *ha p*tut .kdioir rr.d

Io rcEbbdinl El S.lvrd&, R..tu sltdd @ihq d.fd *trd hc fta(!(| b d.frv rh. 

turudd'iy f.nbu|do M,.i Ndild rnardd Fd (FulI) dd rild b ovqriov dE u.s.. 

$pFrtd cffi.d H. Etu d b 6llow w dE lr32 fMLN ofiE b nl3ori& md ii&rd polEd ,!ou 

$ nirridn in6 $.r 3mr[ @mry q.b d,y M rh. 6r lir ]€a. an li@ vid. y rook ov, rr 

wk d.sarvrdN.@8ny.Tn.qA!i.rrrok@poulofp.w6dhnEbiiddrh.t ..i8hgtuD. 

ihd hi'!d "d.$ !qu.ds. b *iu 666dt of ilpd civitis. tn l9!9, DvdEr.n $c hr.dgh pdr, 

/tiM t$'uiet Nerodtul pe14, @ n do!.1.t djoB. iro .Nry Flrjzcd. on dE tcfr. 

,\c FMLNr 7000 bops c&i.d out blo.dy @ks 4d tn dE crlibr city oi nE dsht u.s,,bbed md 

r$pli.d s.rviou hjribrr l]l|!erd ik J*un Fi6r. (*ho h.n l.d $. @Dr b 6d rh. vd and iB 

brudiri.. ag.id civilic) .!d k rc@. u5 ot6.irrr .ins hau of jgtrcae , D |brbd 

@q{A d f6t bluEd rh. FMIJ{ ftr rte .M, \v|la ir b@ cl@ ri.r hv odi€: id 

d-d4.d il w$hingbr ddtudd 0 itrvdrig.tion od cmvicrionr Thc en.y.sr {n hld ct,j6cd 

70,0m l'q rr Lst tFni& le oivili$ deljhbd 6, dehlsi4 niti!,r+|'l.d darh qDrdj, b 

rh. hiz.d sjvddr gorlmoB b.d rykod d. sb€L mjlib,, ofi.nl h dt t9ro, u.s 

milirry otr.n& dhar.d 6r d. FMIN a& d b. d.f6rd -I}c er ud rhe boolfty i*eni.t6! 

Rqeiitns rt hiluF of us. totkt, c..E Rir ?lsi&.r Clr ^ri. s4tp h rlE Nohct p@ 

ftizc h r9r, 6. dir.bnE bgr6d . pla 6d tid b dld 6c f,ghios in Ni{.gE .d Et stird.. nld 

b.3ii . plg 6r dolldic ddim Ut. of6ci.t disli*.d Arir! ptm b.a@ ir ![o*d 6c 

S$dinbrd b elh in pNd bll ddtrqd.n $.r th. db diltmd. Arixk pt& .idlod c.nhl 

Ami6!, trd Ndrh AlHi.rl! b rhrp. C6fij AEid rtrli., ft. rhc tu!.im h. qbry. T1* 

Rat6 DdiE E d sdkilg wlt ii *hd h. u.lct sc ft.d b €|l c .b..bd.. atu]r. h. 

D&xy.rd ud ih. iow tud b b. hBt rte s. riiis: lre lnd 5m,OO0 Salldm (& abdn 6. 

in.igh9 liv.d, ill.8arry ror rb. dqr !r4 in rh. Udir.d S6 o oeD6 r]l. blood:r.d. Eb.*hd. in m. 

nrBtbdlo.4 c6or Mtul ^n.dio )rni€! sird Fw io pam duios 1983. A h.rrift hfo,, 

'Er h. (k cr^, r,io.i.g! hrd &.g'sh rrh nm dE irhddd dru ffic d[l iod.d us. 

tu. wGhiryh otfd!4 hdniis Shukz Dd Vi. Asjd.!1 C*r. Sud! igro-ld NdieSr! du- 

runn'4 4d poiiriol .otruprior ft.r.vq hr hin DiltjoG of do u h.@ hc h.tpld 6sit rh. 

$ndj !6 whd ih.y 60.[y ri.d b oEt6@ Nci.3r i! r9s7-t933. h. d.fEd ln.n. tu A.!s f.ftd. 

U,S, !.lar E n rnB$G migr|batEod n@ d t :n vbta{ trtsl 

T1* TIid weld Flbkns dar.d tu gu 3 cnd disA. h l9s4 Middb Ed b@i!q ruppor&d by 

Lr, &iud u,s. .itje (iEludinr r.6t clA .sa!) a bor.g6. R{so, *bo nad 6nr'.N.d cdr 

h I$0 e. rcsodd4 rh. t6c. i!u,6ri@tty d.j.d b. tux € bilrin *rrh &@i& rn 19s5, 

ho*w, h. dly *.q&d M rr*u FlDej b lld &dbtc &d l& dirilmn si$i|6 b h 

rvn i rhl fid U.S v..pm *d. &d, tix b6bgs vd. b.hg hetd; by mid-l9s? njn. Amdicss lw

h.ld hosg.. Ar rh. tu tift, Cog6 ddlEd dur .I nilibly rid b6 cur ofi 6 rh. [|pl6 .oid. Lr. 

col olivu Nonh, of R6su! N.riodt s..urity comcil, prcpo$d &c.rly b div.n frjtrds frcm rh. 

Imir hr {16 b qply rh. 6ntu. R.iem l& ddid h. kn.v $or rhn &r, nad. iu.sit hy d. 

dedioml odq, .m ddslj I *o pbbrLt iLvid by hn cb* fridd u/itlis cE y, dr Cr 

di's. rn. Pt tid6l cey, rd Ndir we .5*G.d *hn ovcfiDwi4 d. s.trdjtrjsB. ln td. 

r t!5, hovad, r kbD* jlMil EKdcd dE h! d..ts. A di$to$ro of rhl i 

oE iod+6dc i'vadg'no. (by r coDonrio lr.d.d by tolrM R Dublitu s.nrd ,otu Tow of 

TdG) @cid.d tut resr Ld hiLd b rravilc bit NsC sfi d b proDsry ov6E U.s. Ftiry. 

Nodn *a bbl8li b riii io t939 ud 'Eivd I s9.nkd prird se@ tor trine b corsnq 

dctuyitrg d@D4!r ,.d @Fns iucsit p.yn.D6. cey hrd di.d of a bd, tnnor b.forc rhc 

,eod, rrok.. \!n6 n did belk !!l le h l9ttl937, Ragul Fqidq.y u.hcd il! ndn. lr29l 

Ttis pori.i.:r 'iri. dimnkd *jdi oDoDic diLmd rr u.s. llft budg.r .pprc&h.d 53oo 

billioD by 19t6, Th. Sovi.. w.r. rpodi.s tr.dly 95{ bitlior (A[ dndi rh. so d\ trdions ${r 

rbod 1930 billi{, e nm rhd rfi. mbid.d il.m of de pdrr h.lf of rh. vorld, on ms h t9B6 ) 

Aeri@ pddued fiE.EL.' sdads a.n dr1..rrf, s.vi.r, etdi'! b cra dimG, h.d uurly 

kEkn qlI rh& rB $adii8 b m moE du . 2 p.rr @rl sF*$ e .na t96. Ti. cr^! ft*3 

diyld iu! r Drry$s disd6ld thd !\. t I I niltion of u.s, nitibry 3p.nd 

hid boughr hrdobly f* nw {4m. Bur c@p.im .an.d mD.nt s $500 rlitd s 3nd 37000 

ofr6 r*4 *4 dnoq.d d dic nnibry Ld3r hdlt Fody-fih of rh. i.im! brd mirirry 

(lM .e unda dda!.1 iicdrdm fd ill!.1 rj*b-l6 rd oErh4€. N&ijr.p c..F.{ion 

k .hoBd yim b{yiDs p@ liom ! te't R dio sb.t @ b mr r d..dtin aq lodu.ing . nilih! 

indldihly idle gnir.n6 lyn m, On @i!E'!M wd.r.d vhdhc rhos di$ild wtd iir 

'vdilgh d [t@y if E rc ilb ! 6."1r]olRr.rr Ld it@ld.d ! 7 6 t0 ra6r itre 6d F 

h dF nieiy budsa H. L'd r...t!!d 16 dq hdf dr |d[r by rgl4 .n dry .n@ch b 6vr $. 

Bee or d,i rp*i4 ra o ii$ilfty b 'ds itdic proeM, $. u.s. buds.r Nstwln ir ,!d 

ii* ud ee rho tr rirrioD or ddr pit d up i! r. R-sD ya! Ar O. $. rift., ri. Us. ttromi 

nrd k b@ac k t onpaiiE. h l$7 ln. J.FE p.s.d rl1l Amdi@ i. d. mtud of goods 6d 

epi.a aldled pd Fsn. In 1937, a *.11, J.pn, *ift n lfrr poputnio!, surya$.d rh. uniftd sht s 

a rh. rdld! ri.hd! dion. Trd. d.6cia iir @rd hisbs a lDdim bdqhr t l7l bilion norc fton 

.r'rd ltx 6!r rl! 0I 'dtlftioi, .rpdr 6rirbd d! i b@oi|a $00 bilim d^tt ntd. in ln. unild 

sc Bulrr iI' t5 binim 6 l25 biuid h.ng iuBrny d i.qd ad ]/a b Fy fe h. dus.) Tn 

ehnoni..l &fait Bs ord. up h pon by for.qn hv6h: by l93A lncr h.ld tto0 bilion ol U.S 

indury, $,rm billlon olrh. I rilliu diobrl dlbt 6d 2l pa6r ofU.S. bodii3 eb. Ndty rI rhlr 

nd.th.deiv.drLrly'r-{d4inlii€rbr}{rdn 6td C.ld uri. B} 1935 & hiri *rE!h.d 

@!'.d Jd hr yEE b.tuq *hd Raga hld acd rtl Yrha Hour., d. uDird s!6 hr.r b..n (h. 

*odds proud l.lding .Edior i.rion, bu. noe ir id sudd.nly .lid b.lo* Bnzit rDd M.rico ro 

I8

*oncjh. rdrds r.rl.d d.bbr one drhori9 d.ct!.4.rh. u bd se h6ld 6nrotofis 

fr.acll olta b fcbm.' b ln. t9m e ftr rtu R@$tir moiDdu! G.oB. Busn hrd 

.cc!!cd R.ism of folloeirs 'voodo mbrr By t9t5 r rulltE @hn r nd.d, 

'R4mhi6 is civi.t vorroo . b.d 'l,m'trJt I 

Tn. tK sp.rpows .rch h.d rpmr ritrjonr of doll6 otr d.r6$ b .h6kni! dE orhd, dty io 

da@vd rhd h?r hrd sm tu h DdaDi'itrs uxn m do@ric *idi6..rn Sovid fouil rh.ebo 

rEh lm ofirn! $! Add.u rtr 1959 xlirlds hd plmjr,.d rtd sovid ndufy dld $!Gr 

dE Aeio tyftb in ta ..pib pDdncid br dE t9?0. St da riit-l93or, e. bp S.vi. 

Lrd.8hi, h.d b rdnir $n un hd ha r pip. dh. rJ.fit rb. 4ilt!'(x, Br.dk t:d buitr !p hi, 

nilinly ty sFrdi'g a huci a t5 Dq6r ofth. cNp d i! (Anldw sd .bod 6 Md or, fru.i 

rdgtr cNP.) B' rs.v did e !l dE .xp.b* of rha i!r6r.6t dd ctvitid eh, A @npr, 

drrlclr!.rhg $8ndid r.t in. ft. onmrt F*tb nr. ,lidn *im aE p.e il@. as rh. 

srld! ltld oil Fod@, ud it tad.d d !.rolu dpdr fn 60,{.c[ ot i6 b.dly iad.d 

h.rd.urucy eiog: (doll.r!! y.4 r,Itn a), h. s.vi.s $furd sct s 6.j. Fodudio 

laLd oif Dd ftild oil pris *ltdld dMNvd h rb. r9to!. c@r !o@ wE sbdy: 0r. 

U.S,S.R. *E tn worldt lng.n ptuduar of llis, but rh. she! f.[ lpd in w.k or obd ii 

q.4ho'u hr& :o fc* wDk rhd. psdrcu{ pis 6 hucb #.1 e rh. Unnld s@\ rh. sovid 

ffi rhny! 3hd of sb.l bqe 6.y *!*d & nul.!d Fldrod b lilk of sod quliry. M:t rif. 

ct{scr l*-"d b d..tb. .Lni'st (66 rE, b 15., 62 ra ,-, by t934} iiilc ton L uta 

.,9qry tuio.d 'ao, l0 y{ tongE Lfir rsrdit, @ sd b t ftL un .!d of ,n rh. iF 

Alohollo, hdid hGpit t fr.jliria (6lairuy f* l@d givhe bid), md food shotus* rbolid.d. 

'Ih. |a.4 ill Bp!!.v std fnd m etdoi. A bi!4 iok ci@&!d hons RBiG. Sr]n. 

|(lrui.h4. .n B€r'R @ ddi's d . hir rt6 n b!r. doh. To slE r!. Fnhbn sblr, ldvir.d 

rl6ih9h. d€ina, KhNheh.y rgs6td lnioiis rll aw -d sjvint $d sorha cbse __$d 

BEzItr.vhoushrit*dtd b.bBrbpuldoMd. {itrdor:6adq ird pd! rh., Er. ioving. 

B@ruovs h.0pnciry d!. turlt\* u&nhed sdbr bt4 tus6. ft. bbc w eoo@j6ly lhk n by 

u.s.s.f, shipmdb of ns n@i!' (..!ei:lly oil) 6 ,u.l' duirA ! porln od can6bv:*iq *ho 

sr s.vi* i@i.glr hf id cDun&rd r@d. & oil Fier si( rd 6. qu.ri9 of rb. 

tuund&d good! wer4 ll. rrd. ti,lo t ) d EE Ditituit , h. w.* 

bdet Sd,ia dld d Eodair. rh.i.Ii.J tcs HbSry neond.d e@i.nt by ryilS b 

uj4 'm F@h.*q dfdr, !t r4r!.,!sin. h Ru&4 Ed ctuy, $d cajdt v.tj! 

Elrond.d bl j.ilinc disb. Potod frov.d .L6! io cotlpd! ,nd B! ftu y p$p.d up Bib mdhl 

8'.d*v di.d i, 1932i Yqi Ard,.roq *ho ifi.d b t93a, 6nM.d hid rn 6a by e,c.4 j[, d 

iE .i*.d x@in oEE*q rt did i.196t, Ardq.v, dE *n8rie KcB (*sFtie) cni.l 

h4 6. ty.Emr rshM ed rird b @dy thd rh n6h pott j6 ed yMsa, h€t rhjio.l

ch@t lufnd w4 u \ I ttuBLd h tb.d1@' er ! s{r 

l€dqi *l' a MMrir Got{-Lr_ Bd ho$ Aldltov .!d cli.na o urd d. sblinie si: ot 

,izing disGn &d ! Nob.l Piz. viMina *iadlr A rli s.lhev, 6d .irh6 djliis 6d e 

Mnimng lbor D iued' b p.yrhi&ic bNpinh. Poli6 lirir.d rhc aa of fi. Etdiwt fty cayiis 

fi.!;6 bd polml 6pur4 b.cDs rhe Llo'6id:L' iililr s sry * 

actiq dMr, ho*.vdi dn d& ds(ins ao@y f adn r 

b4n'd ffiils W€h l,ltu 6{ *e rlt d by rh. ns Ebmk 6,. Onty J40oo pc$n l co@6 

*ft itr rh. us.s.& (Amais h.d l0 riuil[tr !d d.' wft FcdoB bdri.d wem lwhin4 s 

,@ .E sG k!. oabto. 6s&B r*d by rh. sotmdr To ory D dictc ! sovia $i6ri!r 

wirh U.s. diplom! for houu typing our do.una! on oirbon pap* rh 6 d isr. b.6 cahd in 

By 611 1935 d. nsiu rylh ddbLd . *im 6dion novi.! hu!., ! 

rh@ins bd foEd *r mE sloyly. sovic-l\ndtd Eraiou F:.n d . dolmj tov p6inr. rr 

rlpL.d!Dotk dd(in.clG.ty@DBdldat.dion)bt 

Mitun cflt.dd. B@ b l9Bl, rh. @ lain p.e.i E t br! potnic.t lritL rhd b'd nprdly 

rBhed hin rhFush rh. pdy nnk u.lil i! l9t0 i. toE by ftr rhc yai3d tult h.,nb6 of nE ||L 

powadn Poli6'e, Bu d dJy ,se md. him Nol. UtrLL (h. Br,lF Chaat o gdp, h. hrd b..n 

w.ll .du.!cd n Mo@v S* Univdiiy, *h@ h! hd ed W6h phildophy s w.ll 6 rh. L{inilr 

lddnh.dddi.ddnG.iEs.nddf Lv.HitwifcR ilah:dluiEdhdddmEinphito&p[y 

h r Esirc rhr ri.d b ddroy ElisiN 9ddi6, G4rah.vs mln.r B . d.vdr chrniis vho h|d 

b.diz.d hc $. ( r sdid l€da ii' t9N3, h. 6ov.d ory lBhiic d rt. Rsib drodor church 

a n ekad.d i! roocy* divEHry.) Gorb*h.v n nor. hNH, u isld.!, * pn mnad 

n d'!r [id haom rduh 8tur sblii! &!rh, *a wtr ednBrrd in ri. 

pmfi*ionq hd b*n iBpi|d br K]lld.hdt d.dprd Efoms> qs rcp.ll.d by wh* ir rmd 

Bi:r'ft/s r.pBtiv. '$anirion," dd und66.n h* fr 6. coury we frlling b.hi'n lhc w4 ir 

td'mlos- Itis tw .h$! polii€ tugd ts ddi.d io @i@rr, bur Mdi.rtly h }s dE had 

Flf.siEr drs i" dE *ald k 6 .+ocidly rSry *nh d. ssd ryh tnlr nj..d ch'@r f6 

'.wodd 

i.d r hd.r lif..lrrsl 

Gdhid.v idr&d dr rhft: ,Only o ifuillvc hbhly developod .conony cri gurnde rh. 

cosoliddion of d.. cob!,y'r p6ii@ i! rfi. itrbdriml eDr." To r.hi.w rhh ssl, h. FTpd.d 

p.@tt, (. letuin8 or dE Emdy) ud dder (rdliciry 6d pohiqr op6n.s b en6ms! 

indivil'd inirtuiv.), Ar rh. pitobl Tfdty.s.v.n6 comein p&v cduEs ii F.bnryy 19&6 

Gortc.Ly o!.d fd'rni.l €fdq" d *b! h. h|d h.d "nd rhi ing,"'ft. E dm iictud.d me 

iid.pana@ ud .vo pm6r bithc rd f.m .i iDdenr 'nrs.F, tr .t$ inchd.d r do* 

Gvrnpiog oa A. pri@ 6d mlrtd syshs $ d.t muld nm uuEr.ly En4r rcllity and r(E fim 

dd ildtrilL eo*otr ro md mekdDl@ d6od' ftk nd rhjnking mi . o*Ed p@ioBty 

impossibL pive t6p.n!iv6"; b.]trra 1935 $d 1933, 8,000 p.oducitrs oop.rdiv6 od 30o,oo{ 

frhirlom.d b6illBE |!!dd sd. 50 Frar ot 6c sdie *d od

@ ltiddly b b. nt pliv& hDdq Mor@ offichl! m@6d Tbc 

pab6hip! *ith w6km .dp@ri@. a g.vi.r .@nd'y clN.d b nd c.piolirB ludde y had 

Anai* E:plE b{irdi.8 hdA B6tiFR!t6n! {[ina 16 6idyd fraam of i. .16 .loDs R.d 

qDt, M*l Ph.|l!.driols w*irs *irh Sori. @rd ci6ri*,6? Kld! tr.ad McDdrtd! 

fry4 'boLr.i Ma" r,i N.[i.o urils R@i' h.*nr dgk{rst 

r.tu d sch dfmr ii p ncipr.), 'h. msiE p{t od rovffmr burud..h! (which rar ro$ of 

d.tr M pows dnn pdvrr.t*), rd My wdrd (h wa orinaed nhr 16 mi ion co0td toe fi.ir 

jobs in p.6hik ) H! fough t6.l widr a *htl*!d ofloli.icil drs6, Fid n! broqht rru6d 

advboG on@ ni. tolnbuo 16 rlple mot of h! s&div? ononac. In on,l93j b. DpitrEd , 

rongridc 6n.rau., Edud shr"dDrd4 oit liry.l.E, b 4t& fi. lqry{iE yd oH 

amyro ^ndEi 

- f&!(gn mnn'b. Tb. agEq 

'd 

ffi, Fdi.ly .-#,".n k? Fr or S.vicr tisb, 

rd oF.d dd hi'dy 6 r |lqnndim 6d n d (! d.6.|l hi*[i!r mrj6-) .Ms,Gd,l 

@B.qu6c. In. d..ld.d itd "ib. 

'!lid rdr ofsbtitr ir aqd[ dd 0tuBMbtd tcfl! of his 

aim ac.iBt dF p.Ala Hufteds of Doliri.rl aiLq i,.ldins sidb Adli SrDrev rd ha *ie 

Y!l@ smE, wo lleL El.e, .lboosh nMy hod drn.d h FirD. 

'dm 

w mi edrng ftoddnig bSS.d. Food E .ae dtr 

b.fi,E 193r. H. liql b 6i* F.dEniy .i 6r d'Idr rkoholi.o b' rh&ptt jidrj!! rb ot *b. 

Ay l93t corb..n v! sl6i. 

.nd ildrr cqh..hd t€d. klm a "r5.d. Jc. Hk -ion l.d 6 t6 0f u |ttfuc Dd a 

gYE ssr 4dh!. ! RGiG b.sD ntdi! bombsrcd tiqa (on6 *iib ! Fir.i$ly hign 

.r6hol6nht su3r 'eiry .H t.d b rttw*. of i€ M, *6ich sdid @guE. 

GlanGt r6whll. dulcd i. .udd.n dmodr by .rhnlc d.djti6 in povhE fit nm Msw for 

moE ind.pe.t n@ od n !dom. co'b&h!v hd Fr {rioiFed 6e odbFit!, od rl$ tutod.jB pur 

son 016{ dM wlh fo&{r] 1 In didt9SJ mF bo 36,000 dl_Djn. yoa6 rd! o dik.. 

'It.' BR mB dE n6r fivd.d olsofi w*.a hr i[.t liv.d ; bftt .i L.I!d E*ni6 (for 

cl[pb, Mr dl, @ivcd m 6lc of :d, 4ry po mirh,). ud lrFd .o* lh. 60rr. 

'I}|truchd! dw ei6, tu d.vr reds r alird h. plrBld polnd oprchs ed 

b!€rcd vho, ha cLlhrd, *ft ryiiB b E t. oir.. 6 d!$ry bn Efom' Tla djru otrhii D.tiry 

6c i. M,.on l93ti wh6 hc m.r&ed oniwi&d otio fd . n* 2r5o n m5.r ploptde corg6. 

Mm, Co.Tmuniri p.dy l.rd.E suftr.d b@il jn! d.f.u in rba elatjon. Tn toItrg bd lddive 

Polirbuo, .r tlc r!.x ofth! prty !dcbr., @nrinu.d !o hrvr ln. fult rad Bur is ! n* 572-netrb.r 

supl!ft soyid Gkdld by rh. P6ple,s cong6) rlpt@d i. ol4 to|beHhn, $ptrru s.vh ed 

dD*! b iEr ri: b .icr ondB . y4 b d.r.b ksnbtid adly. r'.5.6 h di! pioEdns 

p..I.mdr wa 4.i oicd d Ebnid b db..lld s.ri*. Go,t clp rhB did b @ 

gEDod, or opans, ro lill orF6ii! b Fdlel lt p!t!d b idlLdl! od aolrg.d o0qr4 

rn hc @. o*Ir 79r./ .d .6 m of Al4-d{ s.t biaytr! b,.r4v 6iti6l nwL of s.vid 

hisryydtob.rvlihbh,Movnssud{"Liniava"!d"LttE:syiob.yoeg? g!v.sMvisof

*0*6 ad rli.ied youdB a did tubhgty Forltr ck n6ic $.r em.lcd froft und.lsrcund.tlJ3l 

nErmrttbLF6'mr€ a pdfm&6 brr.d h F.eu., r9,9ro by rh. lavbqty 6r[in*jt.: 

tu{na rd dE Connmtlpolry ladclhjD $dt4d th. !.nys s.nty$ey6M[ n6oo.t of 

powr ii rl€ u s.s.R, Tn?y hrd tiri. 'lhdiva Eqnomn: €fm and d.c.nhlidioi EqliEd sme 

plny tuutd pmbdty chlin $pr.m.. bur ii woutd !t5o p.obably 

dividc b.M.4 rcbrDar !.d cnd.riv$ Dd .votb ldro r morc outlip 

ftnn( fioh pliy coa.ndjv6, corbioh.v ftov..l @dd i nm *.@{tylr prclid.n.y md 

dbd:yrGd of govamar *16. po*a v! b..od oD dE p.pordy .lebd pcoptc! consK. {. *6 

op6i4 yiido* ihr hld ba) shd shur fd let corbeh4! clE 

@r oly d hir 6.!d of sori. polittq b! .!o i" d6n'e 'tB. b..\ v,srftt, 6r' omih.n6 ,bod 

[,ld irur.ii&ly, hb llcs i?au o o.ldc m3 d..e,tu ArdidE s h. dtd adle his 

TL B!q€6 bo&!d glia *h.n b. m b poE n l$5_ U.s Sovrd rchrid 

re &cl...n thd lh. critrd...gim.ra b!.d oi ! b.li.fii dctuyi.g govdn6! tik outs," bur in 

1934 th. Psid.nt sddmly ua..d 6u6q H. vnibd chini lnd 6frcd (o c. ir \ih so{rll.d 

c.nnun$ qjin. fic *h $Dt highr..h *a!o! ro dE chin6. c sineAm.ftan trdd! boomed. rE 

sovi.!,.ob.ded vhn r.r of a eid! *drm.d C[ii* D.jBhbtr, sr a Sino-An6i.rn &is rm ins 

4rii.r dtu. Jd b.fdE n'ga h'd gm b cbbrt 66vd, d. sovi.6 hrd lhor dori I civitis 

(dd .irli!* s.t, thcy cLin 4 h.d iihd.dt fiom dE 6.n hiebly sitiv.6rm hjlrb,J 

b€s. a u.s. o!3't.Jln bd ba 'ndg rh! 269 F.rL kii.{ M66v en.d d. ftilhr , d.tib.tu 

!..die." war .sb ddjld dE pLE hd b€r d 6 id[iqa€ niltid od 6 .d rh. Aus6r l9r1 

tu{oM a johhu d or. sovid ladd &ctu.4 'c.'ndq d. inh.rionrt liNlrioi .r pr.sd 

b wlib ho! rhNuShly vhib hor. A U.S. Mrii. C.rF6 sarrl dnouocd rha a U.S.-Sovnr Lrjr.d 

wd w4 i6 l|mon in.vtrblc p.obabil y i! rhi! !.n.nrid. R.'sm hin*lf adnibd, ,'Tt.rc how be.n 

rimB h th. p.r rhan p.oph lnou8l| bur n.vd rryiiiis rik. 

'nid r tlov bu! etuin chog. b.sD. PEpoing b rui for @tdron iD r93t &d lnE rll|! s otr 

porr rcEd.d, moE ob d.-rhird of Am6i.s f..d n *outrt 6r. dm jnb. hr, Rr4,i c6hn 

his lhaic. I|. b.g.o b ntk r!.ur p.e dilcNioD 6.io3 posibL b.4u* hn hs buildtrp hid 

cdEd Tn. runin8 poinr, hou.v.ri cd. *h.n corbrh.v ssum?d Frcr h Mrch 1935. ll. hrd 

alrcdy publioly d.cl&cd thd i dernr. *! po$ibL. Hir .@iomic ptffi n 

corba.h.v inply rcvcro.d sovicr docrim. Mo{oe hd dgud fiar oit, locirtilr *outd !!div. 

nwld *q Go$ich.v *id ir vo d Npn oo oE - nor d.o sirti*. ,s.oiiry," h. uiohccd, 6trld 

'mly b! 6lvd ht politic n.@,. lor nilidry l.cloffs. Hc fdhd !ryud d rh. world! 

plBbt pDbr.or, sucb a .hc dvil@6. ed 'su@ ecit, hrd rd b. 3olv.d by EotsnrioD, 

ior oifiondio.i tlor.l .iocrdcp l.s rE ,inih b ctimb.6 

rop.d bl.Uq d rh. dmhiNid. ft.y .id.r .d clihb bg.rhq 6 ft.*uDmn or nlt 6g.diq in@

To .voil ih. '?byq" Oolbebd pE:r.d R6Sr b M liE .l rh. sumi! T1E fid slmir n.diis 

F'Hr cu. in o,r.gic fdc rrd b dpa ohmt qoluS! Drc€ro. L 

odir|3 d R.rrj.v4 l-,m4 i ocbb.r t935, rh.y $@tcd rhc ftrtd by |grujlg ro .li,in . ltl 

irh?di& ii$il6 (rlcrr a $. r*:[iisr) h BeDq ft.y 'lEly rsed d .tihindiis nsty rtl 

otnd i@rE nnsir€ ad rhis tsr .@iI3 trcp.rl 6lt p!.d vid cdbeh.v d@d.d rn|r n b. 

lint?d b .h. u.s. r.eidior ofib "sE ws. Dogd od Rdsb r.fu!.n. 

A yar l@ Go6@h* prid hir fid yn ro wGhinsh. ft. t*o n.n rign.d , n.*y .tidjnarirs 

n.diuh- 3nd d.n,ransc Ducta nLti|6 (rh.r iq jl rhe *irh , tusc of up b r00o nits). Thi! 

hkroric per nr*ed dE finr tin! u.ntiF ctlu or u.s. rtrd s.vid nuct. 

Lrhird,.bur .limituEd. In mid.r9rr R6as nrd. ! ruortul g@d*i[ riD b Mosw. H. .nd 

Corbac[.v lblred m,in-m rhrcWh Rld Squn . Ii D.eob{ lgg8 rlE Sovid ]erdrt rtunrd b 

rh. Utrit d s@s and h d! o!\d, mv.djom!t@, !h@ &A: h. onouc.n hjr @.d f(@ routd 

b. Edu..! unih,.Xy by 500,000 nM qd t0,000 hL, h rwo yaE sU dn* djv!,iotr ,.8 ro 6. 

wirhdnM lrcn Een G*oiny. H..js debd nd sovi.t h, retd b. ,wib 6 !.3E rhd io 

o* }qld b. F:ord f6 potri..l c Elitir h.lidr l! fo..sb wrl!. djc unibd sG hrd 

co.rinu.d hrldiog llgfb, bu. adhchd 6rdt, scl,xt d d. R.4D! dsirt pLn w lFly 

,r4d - rhc yi.do oldadt 'Etira! ht u.s, hdgd .btui!. @d s. pabgo! Gi&t to tur ir 

vjrh rh. Drjd s @it.tt.rl 

Thc& rm d.rL w &nirhing, bur d$ inlEtur wE Oo6rchd! 4mnic dd hu@ rior 

pbpo$r' Rqad lerjo*.d "wh.n I bld tin s outd Dur or ord. o rhc hbt!, t r@kour his 

Vis od hh M&lc6d." For hi! Dd, ln. pGid.r( nkt ii M@* rh.r h 

io ron8a ln .vil enpi€. H. iddld, ,W. co took wi6 opriniu oi tutu eedidjoi!.. And $?n 

fid moding in 1935, Rogd Bhisp.Ed ro Colb@h.v, !'I bd rh. h{dtin.B itr bodr oni.oudrns,E 

Oo6&h.v h.lp.d ulddur "hardti&6' ln bdh ouria by lltoers [crcGd rmb.x of Soej.r 

J.w! b rev. .i. u.s.s.R. siG 1969 iho rMb.f of dj$ ds .trov.d b @isre bld n6r.d 

rftord'oc b u.s.,sdvis reldioi, ud ho} Sdty M@* wrnr..t u lhs dc.t dd .@nomic h.tr: 

rrTr:]|r3t (NLor:BrrrdFSi tTr€q0 

1979: 5r,r0 (c|ftFBn'jnn SALT || !mqd.d)

, but h. vd ftnh*. Sin6 19.46, Andi@ dd Rsrids h.d 

v!g.d wr, borh hd .d oB, b 6nrol ky @ly mqglu &gb*. wh 

Gdbrd.v nftG.d s.vid onbihh! to !u.h divid.4 vr-*n k€d Ddions s Afshoitu ad 

Angoh By 1936, hoy.E, bc Ev6.d .@ Tn* dio!, rlonB *i$ crbq mBtty $3db.d 163 or 

biuiod of Sovid dbl6 *im d lifi. tu rr M@, Cotrctl* d&.vow.d 

of rrdrjon, by d-lfiIg. 'ri i. hrd4i.rsr. !d tudh 6.n.dns. ddDdd 6m |bdd.. !t. 

&9..d cft by Fr.:tu'! h.r p.ricy i. clba tn.n *n.n c.tu b Ed 

. sovid dLi m r.4q lnrp in de is tro hirtm ach diy b *..p rh. cubr @my 

P* b4u b ha* d d *61 trDrr, oorb|.td luppd.d. d..L p..i.dy bokrrd by u s. 

a!3i.hr &eey of sbr cb6r.r crc.*a, ro dop rh. fM.+y.&{rd u.s. ud soulh Atio. 

sppdbd En[ lsrid dE Mnin A.soln s@dL Son. 2rt000 hid di.d in th! 6 licr I! 

Etuh, th! 30,000 orb€D uaF who hd prcEbd Ir auorm rsid6 w ro dm hon.. x w.! ! 

d.f{r fr rh. R.i€@ Do&in bur . vi@ry fc U.S. sd sovhr dipromicy, md dpdirrlt ror .tu tong, 

,ufdig Ctockq. Co rhct aLo viribd Chjnr L $qr66 {e. Mon mpofuq h. pul.d .ll I t1,000 

s.vi.r inor6 on of Arlbmisb by dly 1939. ftn ,bbdfu wi4, a h. hd it [.d infcdcd sovi.r 

eldr6 ris dntg ddic6m ad rrc.rDrilD *r,iL crdnirE 15.000 sovi.i (dd 3r,000 ri*r ln rr. 

gd ridph ^Ghe) 

of s. R4go Ddi*, wahhsbn bd ,mr.d h ovd 52 bilrid 3ic 1979 b h.lp rrE 

6!d@bri;rM6h gr 5 tshr h. s.vja Amy. Tt Mmh 1936 rh6, wi6 tug !,rDd 

nlm Cdsq dc cl se 6c triun S(i.t .ri.i@n na..aLr dd old sho. d&r sovirr 

h.lkopE lE$&.-rn. i'my E (a ldh$ Gotn..hd h.d €lohr.d) dd o@ 6. R.d Amy eahdiw, 

dE 

êia f.n b fishin8 vicicry '@S rlsnrlB A u.s.s.f,{upl.ftd Mexjr eDEIdr tN€.d 

,Evdrrody n '3ri.s d. Rusi,!, r 3wilt. hd{ oh..n 4 5dn4 p.opr. c dfi!.d 1l.rl 

CoAen y nd mly dc.p.n Fom rtd. codLy hpr, bur h! '!di6r.d Sovid .n igi6 b prtiobL eo 

|!g.l ds dd olld€d dmni! $ wll u poltd.d ld.f6 b hin. Md& 3icnif(dr (dd p.rhsr mod 

tu8ru for U.S. inl.d), h. I.wh.n r h$. 6p.ig! b swd.D fts siln wsrn EnFp. Ti93 ro 

Bo!! Prir, &d tjndd @r.d 'Gdby fdva," &d hc u'.d hi' popDi'rity b srl ror !i 6hmon 

Eu6pd [d. dd frr.Ld frod 6Ed Bndin rhsugh rh. sovtd union a Mtc w.M 

E@pan di$ bo\id bv.d d.n bt$dc 192 !4a i,r& ro @lc m ga! po*(tu|, oD.Frtrdiig 

hrn q Gdh..td ti.d b har lbN3! rh. ld Cdh $d finr up $6 rbrr dcr' omutry.lla{l 

It }a b.6miDs .td tb'r h. i!Gnd.! mrhitrg ls rbh b pid sdid feEn poti.y tim d. 

hrlf{6bry{ld Ml!ry-va{lhs@ ai! @ . n* M@y-rr(h}k;Bd{-Toky! di H. did $ f6 

lhE Girn. Fisr h. beli.yrl an. d €Mjc ao€ w ddthhs - Err!!ai-l+:,w ihdr 

iE6.d. Ami.s hid beomc l.$ tuiv. burind pdE! San4 tuy E ars hs &p.trd.bL, 

univdirry ii Ncw Ydk cfiy duiig dE r9r&), Y*ovLv I* rh. 

î.ritu @om t c inf!4d *irh

'chentirli htirri6,"idriu.qi!.1".t rdbtcybdtucio,'.ri'diat Fo. rd..!La 

Xr.C-r|l,r',' Dd r 'tudi.l r&[' H. @l|hd ti. s6vi6 atd !d yct m ]irh .ud . 

out . Ttird, 6. p dtld ota 6i.!i. NATO ifoct .!.v sld ln* S.vi!. ei$ r/6 

E{l'-d r''@6@d &r.r-r tdq. . [. ldit .tH aU.?l 

h r9l9 GdOi AEh @t!d i.. e \ftd. na-.r.t t 'in I yrtd tnd E.n-d,r!. dirqrt,c. 

A yidw .hqtsfvc nir.d ir *-lrh bt . n6.. rb d rF & hElridrl t dr .n U.s, tu, 

&!r n tu N.tr yqUd tld b wa|d ty. |l dd !. b@. t E bd rth. b.iiS dbr &u ..d 

{!d tkr tu4 b 

'q6ql 

ft t2io @ oh bn M*ira f,i torn i! Tru ot! bc Ld i. 

d.|a 6. Ts R4dio prr' .ld w|t.d ..t d.ry hrn i! bt d .!d H*ra *ianbdbd' 

Ato .L.d.n b cdcd i! t96& ha n h. rL sn|! d E d.d.!(L H. dh !fi.d ri. 

.,Fi@6 !, h.i!g rrFbld ct-do. b 6. rhbi Naor!, U.s, tt EdE h Chb4 t .d of r|l. 

cr.r{, rh va. P€ild /|M ! F|!!dq [t fdir! goticy td ond !.a ttti,t dlldir (g ii 

rt6t rdE i. dcltr4 "l *ilt b..16. Addd ! o& dllr-!o, s E i! so!r[.d a{ d ii 

l9tq *id lit &ti4..uni! dei. h dnEtot r- R4nUttarl 

P|qid.i aur u[ r nG crddr qdd b Sovi...f&r rfi- hd nlib rha t9tJ. H. ,.go..d 

@ rlductm td n fd E b @ bury rD dL lirh co.tdrv, Bd\ .|dtq. E d!.q !.d 6 

k .+ nillrl todii! hilh .dd rw qs ry*o (!d . !F E2 5€.16, bdnt , etid\ d.sir 

dit3 truh *\ hn diturtt l|yir .i!de i! t !. f,tiq Bd $ib jE pEi.tn niqt b 

''73 

Eo-r d 6. ordll.da. ol.dio..!d.t J.y nt d-sir vli 6.dFv,6. e ot.brt 

udeh.d btd.Sovid t & Eh!r S-*yof g- Itu ad.d 6..Iy dna.d i! t9!r. -Ti. 

*d! hr cl-ly oda|w rt .bh hde d. rqrl.|s 6d d.oirdd wtd Nhi. .tb Vdtd 

Wr lL' No dE, bk, dld s. |4 *i6 @ lotid- Cdt .t ! E hr'.b! .E9 ,sr of 

Lqbidslli.i! cllld !!d botnt ft. d!. b..! Bdt d,ao.t lDrd rt i poti., b*rd ,i. u.s.s.R. 

ril|!!-qleptut'. En e ody di n drn h{h..[.'jTto @.dr- .Ys i 19,]t9aomi 

d..& dr. Ftd @ lt tDt B !E Ftai..t rti$& i Ee! BftF. rd! ir ih. rn& i, 

!r6ad fillttl h rl. l9t& *||r n!. 6nic tiihs of rtB .dnDr cmolni{ Eairs. Ell 

EtrcFo r&t d ft.d,iit Vd Allr.Eqior.d bd h.d bdvcRl{ aD i! tiviaa thlh,nr 

lldial, doE i! Glahio !n raw6 tlr tu .d .r.Ird I. 1L tttt corh.d*v 

cd!..d dr. BF'IB DocriE !d |?L..d riri rld hi. $d€@ e .d t sie 

Do€im- +hd it, rtd E n Br.D6! dtd d. ttfitr ,ti.t fy.. Th. s.vi4, sk io t63d 

rfo'd 6 F.p 'p dE Uct nitiDt ry.6.lrsot Tr. 'wtr E cc6c. 

Tn. .ii..r,, ! . rot Sovi.. oatui.t rE d ir, b.So i! potud Att b&, *ti! Commibr 

r.rr4, "looiro rb. solidrlt Mr .o.t !.n i, trB .t..rid i. ,@ t9t9. !..! y.l..r . 

.LipFd wrd.r $o h.d h rt Nob.t p6 prir. br rria .o Fbd p.tod Niviol@.v, hd 

roliddrt. TL riuDl hrd . o! solid.rtt !o, foud tsr EpouthL ld o idFskh.n 

.o!mt sd . o{4 F.ph_ alr ei.G of d.4. t@ bLv i! }ll!a..y, rt!d, d. bta! @!r 

2r5

libdl 4otroric .].&m. Rcfom C.dmDnt dFv. oli h&d-linn o.l fk.t.odo8 v.i. sd for 

1990. uAain id Hugriu r.sim oDa.d ia d.ou 6 rb. u/6r an Scpbmh.r 19t9. rhoulrdr of 

Erd G.no. fl.d id . "cr.ai Escig.' rhbulh Hui!.r, ro w.d c.rbfy. Th. Ern crfrlr 

.rnn &&id lnril oldli.. Iadd v.r. ov.rtN*D, non{omnunLB rd! invir.d inb r[e 

govmh. , xd r990.t.dio.s ov. ko .o0.ped jn czchosLo_ 

vrli!, Bulgrir, ed Rd@ii. Th. chut6 oeun.d w h j'piirigly ti.it. viot.hc. .xc.pr in 

Ron!ni., wh*c lonsiinc di.uror Ni@te C.N.6ou d.fi.d reforr.6 and, ,lors eirh [is vift. 

w6 oxe.ued. untilc in rh. sovi.t u o!, *h.r. conmuisr h.d eluh.d frcn r[. l9t7 

Rcvorurior md va glorifcd by ia world wu rimph!, rh. Red Amy hid inporcd connuiism 

i ElGn Eum!.. No*, ud4 rh. "Si!r6 rrocrinq" rh. Rd Amy b 

Codnunn pompd' collap!.d. rra snrpra!.d dn.dor oarh. CtA.dm r.d in wshinlton,,rt 

ir goin! much flh rh!1 rr!n. nighr h.va u.icipd.d"lt5r I 

'It. ood dredi *d momd d No@!.9,19D, *ra s. Dd Cohmunilr kr.htr in Ed 

G@dy sdddry moDcd rh. op.nins of ri. Bqtir wrlt, Fnry ln. cotd wr! b.s-k oh and 

hdrhn d .ynbor wo*d ln.d d.foy.d ri! rwdv.-foor hisi wa whit c.me, nng L\.ir vftio! 

of! Foi Hdr ! Jollycood F.llow Tnc €t.hEdol' hoM, djve! Gm orr shsr rhd hd totrg i.uicd 

Ear lld wc rh. unirying of rh. tu Gmyr. Fe bodr aei4 6d sovhb h.d *n $gy 

flvor.d tuiriodion, bur only b€6u. rh.y n v6 rbowbr 'tlB ir wnld o@. Ndw lnc Wd cm, 

Bomr b!.d r 6rohr pk4 for dE "@fida!id' of d* tu c@yr s*!ry of s@ B.r, 

*d.d hc rflrd |ee odry if rh. cm.ry v! h NAm, I o.dnida tu sovnE ould ,or 

'w 

uer. 

cdt .ld sd brdry, "Tis. air M G.l:D l@ nn is bow biwy w,t d our., Bur ih. rrlBd 

qudion 6rin.d: a! G@3 nov.d bwrd Fhifdlon, boy 6nld .vq 

m.n? som. w.h o6cials died @ d.* rh. F,!6 b, diEing rha otd cotd w, sn. of 

nod.niuins NATo! lhor-ase ru.l. nhlil* dion.d in v.d c.mmy. yotrnudhckidine, 

wd a.m6/! foEisn minild, cpri.d,,vho c w soitrs b sin 6.m 'f L.ch wlr. ?1rrr 

Th.n | s@ld lhek hn. oD Demb.i 20,1939, a aorbrch.v w r.nouiciis borh ri. u$ offoG 

Dd sovid inpdi.ii4 Bush c.d rde lnd nisd l:l.@i6 of u.s. inpdi.lnm by iiBdins pMni 

*irh ,4rr0 t!.!l. I. ea 6c r24€r u.s. niri!ry oFri@ tie re viem 

invdld ro FFEd .i. P.m. cd|ji Ddd U.S. ddb (r U.s. Msin. hld b.d kjtkn on p.nrm. s 

d d..*.d)i h.h rhc dn8 hnic ftough pm.mli ,nd ..ptor. 

Mdu.l Nori.li, rh. dicdor rho bd d.a.d ia!& bd Bn$. clnie doub 

*e coivli.in3ly mrd. rh rht cdal vd rhrcrhld. u.s. .irizcns mdanscr.d in othd mrioi3 w.& 

hm.tu ud l6in3 500 (mo{ly civilis') liv4 Dds hmck 6 

bld my orha @ut6 b io!.li,blc Arsitu u6, Aod Ntri.g!, yhos pov.r rh. Udird Sdos hrd 

cuGd, ourd brdry d'tuD vj6l u.s. irbd6. ob.4.n iold B!sh! s6r.nat $.r Ntriqr vs 

d '.mu" rdDj 'n!sEid4. t m.d . 'wimp" for ior 

Emv4 Nori{i rho $. cboe ao* &v6t tuorl' dti.., fd 6ncru.rd rhr a!$! pin.r]

ootv.i wd. p4oulud p.lniqt. 

Th. an rhocks v.E *id.ly roli ft. iN{jm *! . di66 6r U.S.-Ldin Ahdj@ Etdbns. 

s.urh6 n.rid cdldm.d c\ir Bivll of Tnod.E R@dr, h&d tbiq nidc, Md inpotu! rhq 

besr b Efis ro cooFd fi u.s. Dri-dES oifotu TnDuc n ru. cdita onty jddd by .trd 

rijl.d b.xdcis. i! @ndnutiotr,l ob.a*! on rh. pBiddr. CoosrB! *.n !li,l.d away fioi hotdins 

appmhcd rhG ofrh. 196&'ibp.ri't D,r!id!i.y," ft! y, rhc invaid wouded u.s.-s.via EldioN A 

sovi.r officfit blmr!, btd seEbry of shr! B*d rhlr d. .nid( h.tpcd Moscow ,h.*kr , *ho 

opposd Corb&h.v, rnd 6d ir !t!o rhB.rdld ro uiddmir. rh. Kr.nlii! dkenam.d hoD?s. 

Buh invrd.d Prma iL cqhrdla ys pMDi.d *iri rh. rhird $ock $d b

.tu. rN.cdd e4-u,s./ tu'td 

nlE hoi"! d! iad or hinsy," cdbEier 6! 6td nla d. tu ot 0E unFr.dicqbti 

odhliftI. hi!{y of r.El945 r[d bd pr!d!..d w wtd G. oE u.s. oltull eet d il Esh 

Eu{p. loolad 1@ lic l99 rhd 1939.. Ars6. us, vi* * ofis€d by 0 miydoG "2,",no 

dDhrird thrr Corh.ch&'b Eft@s vid n r Chhqin lrlrcr re doomdr 'Th!rc ir no rhid hy 

b.tuq lrdiim ud nie n&rcc b.lw B.t!h*is 'nd @nsr.turidal gownndl. Thu!. izi 

cmludld, andim lhould et h.lp Gqbich.v sv. bh 6modd& Efm' cririq bEi rh.r .2!' 

!dvi!. dld mo rdditra aid. B dl. N Sovld U .o ed is im.E iwtcu @nd (! wdt s 

lairs hu.n of 6l'h EEa.) did Nrd .hd.[361 

Buh, ! e.L did b b. 'prud !- br . rriin lrD d of dbr, h. Dd ao'n|.h* rscd on I 

Bur' w Flt ..d I nd .rrddr b Ed@ tuar nsLt' 

w.TcE rdndt dd q!i*rr, ! d.dc '!daio. of .h6id wTdq k r @mi 6nBio! b giv. 

rL ?a6bilcEdilc' .I'h fd*r4 ed rrohdy roeld 6fc!E b dat wirh rh. d€dty t$. of 

3rob6r ffiina uil 6. "gEdn B." .fd A sovi.r o6.irl a'nt4 'w. e 'w b.ns d€lr rjdr c . 

mml 6unt ," Bu6 .d Go,h..tr4 h.d linb d$4. $r b oFrc dde bs.d.itr3'l 

In hnll bolh rup.rpow L.n ld mu.h of rh.it qp..iry b !64e *trld ,friid e .rty B t973, vh4 

rho did phe of rbr cold wr b.g& By tlll rhq rh. hjtr pmblaB .on6d.iig wchingb! od 

Mmv hblv..t not a.h o$d a 6ud ! dr. ddly im4iig ydt4 ftcy .t$ hld ro d.rl ridr a 

dulddio..l@!l of nucla *.rD.'rq dvimnnadld.rg6, ud rdr vetdDo t(ion d hj 

doubl.d riG 1950 b 5 biuim p..or. ud h o hd. r, 3 bilud mrh' b ft.d hy 2m5, ay $. lt3& 

ln. Sovi6 w idp.blc or darhs virh d.n M gtui'! hErr rtbbnl' td rtd. d* rtob|| 

k6 Nor, by 6. r930r Et b'is ey to'lld d,L @ str drn M hmt jn tut pobtms 

! 6., bd h.tu e. lcx)r Tm s.bob.i Ke Rda qd villi:b Ttdnpor ptring Am!,ntnJ 

diLod i! r 40oys 6Dr4 .oftlud.n r'n rb. unir.d soB migh. b. loll{',4 $. M. ot fil6 

.hpiE3, su.i ! ih. Bnrirh. n. aldi6 d.Man &i dd I Dnim b6olu ! gdr wetd powr tuolsh 

nilnry vidi6 rbr. nu. bc p,id rd by hd.hid4 (! Arcic$ hj p6id for vt@ry h wftd wr 

Il). Tn &b' b.con. s er"esiv. rnd diiihg ilrd dt! iston lds ib .onp.drirc ldvans. ii wo d 

@d@. n d:6 ffi iDb prob&rB prytru 6r n! niunry $psioriry. Trlins @ Egrii dd lupqiciq. 

Pl|ld \.d ,9dp.d 6. ..ury i! drtrUsll 

Th. li( of .ft6 llir tufifuitr h.d d U.S. DoE w ldu_ tB onDdiriv. in wtd dnd, 

A8i@tuAhrA.hd..r.f.Gof$3ollruh i..ldry@. nFn&u6(r.dd6d.nbU3)tuy 

|b|trd ! dlt.hft orrotd neEy t€4 !b@i( ft6l0 Fl6r h l95o b 3.r p.@ in 193f.As 

*!dhy f6tnd norin io b hy U.s, lovmr cur iq Ardim in l9m wd prri.! 6Gc 

&Ei3m6 |w thai 160 6illi$ iD inE n lloia. n. Ancdcm!, noi.ov.r, n. toisj conrb .d rh.n 

om fFrdi!! od bdk! G $.y had b.for 1971. rn. d4it votum. of inadrmt fuecht now! d.h.d 

ovc tl tillio (or rhc .mo d r }!d of U.S. govmdHr .xpadhrG), and Ah(i..$ h.d te* 

lu6oity ov.r i\d nood of noey, MuhlM.i.ml 6'p@ionri oic? vir*.d s ,'Am. crn,, 

inssi!3ry u*d M u.s. r,bdi caidl ed .v6 0ft4 a fi.y mv.d itu ih. b@nlig pi.ifi. Rim 

rrdoE &d rh. pl&*d pd-r992 Eulpq! cmo Mrrd globmi9.0frl Th! ont sbe vs

Dsbrp! rhd rh. s.via! wrc itr .v4 rw! 6rF, o !fi. cnnunin mod.t b.d Dr6 ii Mosds 

6D{y !d\ c\br! dtqddr q&r, {d --+.s dt -i. chi,a $n4 h J@ l9t9 |g.d cmnlntr 

ladd kilLd rhousit orFopl. iNolv.d in ftd.trlhn danmdid for nG d.ne@. 

^ sadni *ir.r, nliInoH Nhblhr id *rDd id b.!t Anlrid Dd comuiilB b 4it hrd 

ti.d b csrc F|ni..l md eotmic dilmu !y plEir'! rh.ir fihn in nitfury twi n ! oE or dE 

ntGi. of huoD nrlc th.r *lril. rd of q c utuotr!.iou! of e iD.vir$t. niiur. in orr 

motiv6, *. er b .roft fof dn.rcr by 60 drlll.nph.i. on .h. rr* in our mlhb.B phh[ 

*u rs.i.* n. rr* rbd k in ou Ei'iL.'Jl6ol 

A wlb.fiti,! b6!D ls F.didbt {d d. lFFr.r driry b 6!br r@ dnn: rbo k eE.- 

Ni.hh/! Fior 'winqt .a6r. For m on. 6dd mtud. 6d .v{ if l[. CoLI u/, w da, dE 

wLl lud bM. i rLr pL$ ir vitd r. tE. li. oDd'r. old b. rh. e I!. Br- t9lts uU hn 

liv.d yi6 rtr. ira ol ou.L.r i.t -rd hn i.d e.d 6. tvo td poyc wdd d.iddir potiri.rl 

!-ilrt. Nm r[. sld tuld ibdf tivin! h & |s ot t6di.S rELr ihral on ttc d ofd. M 

pM but inoair! poliri{l i Lbjlirr, 6Fdty i! thr hib.ic !..dn r of w Caftt Dd 

E&DErnt..*U!inrh.F a.liilwll *ls Err.I oadF 2t.3 rilioi pd- t94, *r 

d..I! hd @r.d, Il Sdi@ !d AD'is .tt d. H Ni.6!pr Nnh! dd 6.d ono snod 

'i6 $.n nind, h d..li'! vi't !lo6.j rlnnr, ro ! ri. c.td v./, hjsory vivtdry deloeG dq 

@rd b diry|tsb rh..tu i. or'mbd"

References to Chopur* 4 

r. Rob.n w@" s4yid Rair aoeohdsl vid,"sw?, xvtr (vins le?l): Fp t-I5 

l. wirri:n H.q s'rhmcb poE ^ 

Dd R6F6ib ir/ TrE [f. od Tih6 of TnEdm R(@k rN y 

J. ,^'{'u s.rjor vrren: Tr. shssr. ft. mubtiytgralgl s (p,iicdre6o} p 4s 

.. w.lE Lipp mm, Nd pqlbrn {M-d 21,rere), s|9t mr 

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7. ]n. Nd Yo*-riD6, Jue 24,191I.p 7 

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D Cr B@ktitrgs bsriotjon 1973)t &d sephe s.K+lrq Djplotuy or po* 

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(N.Y: H-F c.toPbd, te64), P. 1 

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(N Y: Hfto4 Blu !d wnt4 le55), pp.269-.274 

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.ds! thc cdtrdnd ofsdvicr FoEigl pollcy (N.y: Aldin., t9S0) pp s{72 

15, Eric F Coldr.r, Tnc cruid D.edlud An4: Am.io t945t960 (N.y: viibgq r 9O), p. 60 

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25. ft. ,d @F!i'! &rttjl 6 riL.did Eri! Oq! r.d,ilr bdinmt b.&. d* Sac 

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26. For.b Rdd@ ofh. Uobd S&+ t9a9,vot 5,USSR &d Edr &r.F (w.hhab, Da: US, 

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(N,Y: HtF c.lo}Da\ 196l), r 32 

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3t Ii.tdadpfq!,aDrhlirh.dhttt *Yat'fir6(N.Y,ttl).pp.62r-.62a 

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,r& Iari c.rb,'ft. Kisbgc t sr.r," rn. NJ Ti@ M|s.o< 1,t976pp. 7l--{2ir/i ib sh|fq sid6how 

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sl, rr'. $nd.rd |6unr is sba*r*e, siddnd.{ei.Iy pp.t02 l2t Kisi 

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55.S.yn@r M.Lm\ Ttk Pft.d *u &eony 0{.y 194), pp. r r2_t 16; w.rhing16 p6! M!, 

35. Plbli. P.!.d orr[ pBidma...Rjohrd Nird---- l97l (w.!hinsbo, 1972), pp 306_314 

s6, B!,y E Hugfi6,Th. D.idic mdr ofah4i{ Fmi5l polic},(so Ftuci,o,l97s),p. ,7 

t willi& $f!q a.foc dE F ll (cidctr ciry, N.y, l9?5), pp.434_43s,452151 

s& H.l[r sonndf.tr Dd wiuih c, Hyh.4 s.vi. Dq?.criB d l@il, 0ddo4 t979I pp 15- 

13:RlhitrEdhor,r,sovidFpoticy, lgo-t97t(Lodotr t975)ch.sir9 

59. nDua L.HuSh6.Fctnpoticy: M6 d M..!E Arldi rrrdrht @xxxlv (od 194): 

56ls?ne H.Gh, T1* ftie ofpow (N.y, l93l) ch.19 

64. In. N.Y TiM, M.y l,l95j. 16 

6r. Roge Mod!, Uotuii Cldd (N.y, l97D p. 24 t iTt N.y TiE6, Moci 6,l97j.p. .17 

e Mc€6r3c B!trdy,"vnod! uEc& 4d prsidatjrl pd.a, F@ign AfrliF Lxv (win@ 

1979."1930): PP.397-404 

63, Cong*iorl R@rq Jut 2ql973,p.sl l37it; nrbel Bldiq,Hus Rlsls .nd iio u.s,!ssR 

Trdo Oan ol t9D-r974: Alo(hE vid," UoFdllh.d 9F, t97s 

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65. wGnlub Pd! MGh t?.rt4j. Al2 

6d Ri.hrn Bud,"Thc w6td Rsu..+" Th. N.r ydkd, April 2l,t9so,pp. 45{7j rvshiisbr pGq Flb 24.1975_ 

67, Tn. N.Y Tin6, se 12,1971,p. 64 td ho br.tsMod, J.B E/ojN Tr. oit clitir: Tti. Tind rh. 

Wolf l! h.E, tor.tgn Atraib, LI (Aprit rg,!):pp.4704n 

6& D.rrrn4r ofsd Buudjtr, M{lh u.tgtslp,365_367 

69, Tnr Bd brksorld ud lhc *.J d4udr N h Mohmi a.EtKhNr bit B@ 

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70 sp€lj of Aldt l7,tyr,Dq( of@ adrdnr, Mry J,r97J p56o 

7r. Rour: in ra AiB.t6, F.b 2,ly'6pq oflrr. Blnrilt irrEh t.lt5.!. 272

Adc*utuawt U:,Ltrbatdtrtkdr .oru z33 

72. Ridld R4q rft'dN@ Li@b N.Ydlc ltt) PP. 17,(l3l:00 

7J, D.t of @ BnlLiiq De r.rtriPP.?66-'t6? 

?a, Rory A.Plo*iA"I$@ 1n th. 19?6 C.nD.igr." ln 6hld Pmpc,.liTft. clEriotr of 

lr7(N.Yo*,1977).FP.50-54 

75, Jd6 Wod.i, Di.hd (N,Y., 1973), PP,3r-19, 

76. C.ven wodvd4''rhc Bd" Tn. N.Y R.vi* olB6L, Apil 3,l9l0,PP.l0-l I 

t7, Elir.Ldl Dr*,'B*ids*l'Ih. Nd Yo r, M.y I ,l C73,P. I26;wdhitrsr.D Pcr, F.5 r3,1919.P 

ca; w.!ti,'gr{ Pc.! r.b 5,rt7l. Ato 

7& |lsia Fd s.d md willm F.soq Ti. Am.d FdB of rb. ussR (Bonldq, coLndo 1979), 

7r, Zhir!i.* BrEiD*i Pffi ..d Primt'L Mtun of ft Ndimd s6tri9 Advi6,l977- 

l9tl(N.Ydt l93r),Pr2G-2? 

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tl, ItrFio{ D@ Ohqdc-rs. wabinslon P6l, F.h l3,ltgJ. C4 

t , .r@6 Fdb*, 5is visd Cy,"I|.* noDubli!, Mry 10,19t0,P. 19 

33. Sbpho F.C.hol olmab in D@E or D.belc, .ditd by Fd $/h6 Nd Or.Yoik, 1979)i sd 

Stph.trFCoh.i,'WhyD.Mt od wo*'lnquiry,D@19, 1977,P.16;'dhoB 

3,1 va3hhsb Pod, F.! 4,1979,P. Al0 

3!. hbli. P!F: of dE p'6idqlq Jimy c.e, lt7, (v.hi!gE\ r93I PP, 2r--222 

36. Tt .&E Lrq]:E E d of LftcrlimtNJd\lCr9)IP. 5Ml Jo.r S h.y,"rh. hd of Ami.s 

Poht€,l9lo-l9s{J4rbti'b..1 Dt€.l9m,PP.t-l0 

At, SreiDi.i F.Eed FieipL. 175 

L Jimy c.d, rqing F ih: Mdair of ftsi&! (N.Ydl 1932) P. l% 

!t rn. N.Y r_uq April 16,r931,P. A3; u,s Dct ofd6. cir Nov 1979J. I 

90, B@i$ld Pow md PriEiDh.222 

92. P.ul Mmrz,$@isr Polky," ln Aldb&r Orllii,.drTlE Tw6t Finh corysr of rh! 

cPsu(sdfad,crrf'lm4le77),PP. 39-9r 

9I Mich&l Bitlso4 Lir. in Rusia (N.Yonq 1913), PP. 39ro,t3-65rohn P, Hdd!'Hi3hligtu hbhn! 

.rd PEs4; in U.s dlgK loinr 34ML coMic, 97dr @gE 

Ec.dony h dE l93oks.lEr.d Pipcr (w.!nio!e!, l93r), PP.?-lr: Mch 

dni!:'ft. Fril'r. olu Edmic rych (N.Ydlq l933), DP.I00-102 

,{ Cd x@i,B F.id! P.223 

e5. P.!r Mrets"Dlsi'gM@vt.ii@q" probLD orcarlmih rx\rnl (M!$-^Fl l97e):a$- 

50 &d rq'6|wins T6is in Flfu 8&ra- P,r6l'!r of Cdurnis,XXVll(MR||- 

96, At{l ysid M|.g (r p6.h.)lvty d!. Us Ilmd I Q'ft--c.itry or $/nii3, ^m.d 

Fod JoEnt lnlldi@I. Jm 1979,PP.27-34 

97, &uiiiki Pow*.!d Primiplq PP.155,33&.193 

93, C!lc., K..ping Faith, PP. 452-451 

L FFd krpLD, Tn. wiuds of AmaS.ddoi (N,Y, 1933), Pr l?8-3raAd,en Ulm, Dh3.6a

ch@ | 01rcM y6. ust t@td i' t' cou'e aruss Lt 

nl|ard: Tr. sovid UIbo ir r/dd pohil| l9t0-ttt2(N.ydl( t933I p. 2t0 

r0o, c|d, x..?ine F.i4 PP. l r2 

r0r, &r..trri Pi'rq &d eio.ipLr stt; rh. Bo€ q@ it 6m $. Nd ydt Tih6, s., 7, 

t01. M.lvyn P,Irfila,'Fsn rb. tMo DodiE !o 6l qd Dodin ," Diplmni! Hi6ry, v[ o.tl 

1933): PP, 245-265idtd sbr.y Hoftn6,'h *h ofr Fc.ien poltt," Tbc N.yo* R.vjd ot Bak5 

l0!. Chdlo W.Mry:E," ft. Wdh h 19t0,!S Dlpt ofjlr?' ofu potiry, Apdt r9ro.pp,l_3 

roa. BEii*i- I,oE ed ftirrcirl..30 

105. Crra Veq Hcd CSois 0{.Yrl, l9t3} PP t3t-ll9 

106, c|tu,X.rinsF rd\PP.464tohiivr$hrhpfl!J ylo,r930J,_At2 

IO7. Fr.d M.rrplln,'o'r Cotd \vr Fticy, Rir Jo,-Ih NJ rm6 M.Sanc M.y r3,t9ro,p 

9tjed Milor t iorahd&'Ptr..d, iit DidiE (p.D) 59,"Jo'Dt ofp!.e R6.{d\ )(vlt, (t9r t): 

r0& Tlny D.ib.l, PBidarE Plbtic oginiotr nd pord, rte Nie4 cc ad Rash y4 (N y. 

l93D,PP. t4-l5idioN.Yo*Im6Nov9,t9t{,,p,23 

109, Sldnct Btrcmanh'r, Ilr. Ri$ of rbl @unr. E bblirlnd 0rc*ydtq r9so, p. 2JO,T1. N.y 

nm, D4 2r,rr30,P.65j Wchinsbr pd! M.y t2,1935, p. F4 

lrn Tim4 D6 3,1936t. 3,r:$!b. Trlho( Dldty oMbi! (N.y. t934), p. 271; Wch0ut n pos Meh 

27,1933P. C4i wrll SM JorDrt,.tu. t,l9to,p. I 

lll. Tcry Oi.A.r,"Ras&t Micd LSi.,. FGit! poli4r, No 7r(Sm. t9s9): pp. t}-tN. 

Pdi.! rnBina o|rr-tE b D.d. hbtb OlM n dE A!..r!w & Bqii* Ol.ydr. 

rl1 8r@o64 n&c of 6. Coud -Edlih-( pp. 252_253sbB R w.i'na\"c5 rh. 

nqjc pMill. Itu N.y Ydr TiG rrg,i!., AFit 29,t9ra F. at;vrdinsb, pct Nov 

21,1931,P. AllJbi4 MGr 29,1931, p. A6; Sroh. Tdhod, Tt RNic od Rasx (N.yo*, 

Il!, Tnohr J.Do*n.y,'We ie d'opp.d od ot ih. eld i@,^wshjslbn psr, No 29,1933,p. 

alTr He a. Bdnc,.rhe rrr.Iidit c@tld,st *yok tuvi!* ofh..k4lnrc 10,1932,p,3iTh. 

N.eY** ?b6, Juiy t3,193o,P. t4;wthilMpar,Jtt, r2,trto,p. As 

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r57^db Ulu\ Detg.c R tdis: Tn set und j! ln. watr potiri.., ty,o-t9!2tN.y. 

resr) P. 2uj.ftir Roi4r jddlg Ni6 @t'| n !D.. rrrib.' sr*s,," rih{irl 

s.diry, vltl (wite lg8'tgrt: r,rt rvdiad plr Mrt 5,19 .p. 

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Wi2ird 6f Am|g.ddoi (N.ydiq lgtr), p.333j Od|.l( R.!sD, pF.la6r57;w.Lor,,C., rh. mmL 

Pr.vil?'P 43ino Nd Yo* rim6, MGh lg.l9la.p. A3O 

lr6 crry wilh, R.€dh andica (N.y(h t937), p. 16r iwehisibn pa{ lur I t6.935.p A 14 

n7. M&!ni[ Lcotdnn.ussR in nisi! (N.yorl ttt]) pp,t t3_t6l; Nc'gc*,1& I !.19&2,t. loo 

rrr suFb !@u! of h. 1962 .!d l9a pip.lim tui6 r in Brue lmrtaorq ,i!.tji. 

poliris (ldu.lNdYclq 1935),.+. ch 4 rd 6,.d rh. fi!.t cb. n 6c F,ot cdisliorr Tn cold

chd4l'lttob '|t us] Intut dh tt...t|d. otuss&) 

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120. Lrrry spalc, s!.'thc ou (NJ, l$3I r 7t;J@. J. t.idq.bd.. Dt@6[b. md Doo6t 

SFdd! {N-Y, l9t2) PP3-t 

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Doo@lq )O(l (F.5 | I,l93O: pp. l4'-ta68obd w'T\!tq"*qso! t.policy,,,F*ign Afti6. 

LXVllI, (r9t9) 2lSided E.N*rdr ud End Rtiiy, $inkins h ,rin. (ll y, 1936), p. 105.0. 

Lo*ini4iy -&nB" clllar r.licy, N..?31; Mlchll sbrfd," rn! unt.s 

inslB.n.y, "Polid.al s.ide Qu@ly, cjn (spMi 1933); pp. ?5,?7_73:c.bri.1 xotko,"FoEign 

Polioy Atu Thc BL.toi,,(July t 933trodudipr i' turho/! p.dKionr Mich.d f.Ktr.,lTte N.* 

US Stugh Docri..,,'Tta Nnb., Ju 1.r9tdp. 597 

nt- ft. e or M ibry poE, "Nqr tutdr., ortr of A$itut sc@r of d.f.e {pubta 

r21 T.b.i, Rq 6 sd R-94 pp. 3a,j7wrhi! rr pod, od 30,t931,p. Cti Tn. N.yok 

TuG, ru 2r.t9t4, f, al 

t2{ spal@,3t6*nrg ot P. l6liwshiogh pb4 od 25,r933.p. a?3 

ta.. T1. Nd Yo* Tmns, AEil20,l936,p. Bt 

126. Rlclr.r.l Bbd By &. ckcb 'rd ole6 (ttr* yo4 t990) pl rvi Eliab.rt Drd, !A pol ic.l 

Jouul' TL Nd Yorl.d D@ L tgrl:P. 10? 

r27, Mry a,Vodsta, tuvdturid sd F.potioy t NiEsu (Botd*, cdtondo, 19!6), pp t27_ 

2o'iBrry R bh, S.d of s@ (N.Yodq l9t5\ p. 2t9;ft. N.ydi Ttrq D.c. 24, t93 t.P. Ar4 

l2A Chlinin scjae Mdib, AEil2J,l93tJ. r, r.9.n.d h catd aei6 N.r*k Aqit ?r- 

M., 3,r$r,rr: Tn. @ ydr d'n.r Jd 23,l9a,p Ato; rbid: JDty ro,r9iz,p, !t6: tbidi le 

2r,1990, P.zt;Nor Hmihd.b! cl!!r h c4ril Ahai6 (Bourhr, c.torao. tgssl s rh" 

*r,0., aM dd Kd .syr oi Etdvn4: wlhi4h Fdg AF 5,193!, p, A16. w.hf6a. 

Ih. P.un! C6rl (N.Y, 1939), PP. t93-215 

129, U,S Hour bd S.fu, l00m @Igruli rr S!$ionj R.Dd of rh. @ryrariort @nnjre 

hE ig.dq rh. Im,4o!h AffiiB (W.$n'gd, 193?) pp. l-51 oD Ni.$gu, pp. t J7_2cr9 on 

Ir4, .rd PP. 327-19 d Neln 

lxr nlyhan Lcroo4 D6r dd c4ns[in (wshi,sr.A 1935), pp. ?95_79i-DE N.y 

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